微地震压裂监测技术研发进展
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摘要
本文对近些年微地震压裂监测主要方法的研发现状从地震学角度做了简要的回顾和评论,讨论了它们的观测和处理手段的可行性与局限性;特别是依据已有观测事实,讨论了在地表布设千台地震仪(检波器)以内的地震台网时,拾取压裂破裂弹性波到时进而实施定位的可能性.文中强调了:研发和评价任何微震压裂监测方法,应当明确压裂产生的大量微小震级破裂和它们具有剪切成分的特性,也要顾及日常生产应用的要求和一般监测环境.井中邻近监测和实施传统定位处理,在检波器阵距压裂点几百米内,信噪比高,应是目前精度较高的最可靠的方法;若数据处理得好,它虽然不大可能作为日常手段,但可用于科研和检验其它方法.对地表大规模阵列式监测,定位处理因成功率较低和施工复杂似乎不能用作日常手段;若实施叠加或偏移处理,即使使用单分量阵也要顾及初动极性,以及最好避免大批量的非安静点的设置.微破裂向量扫描应当是可行的,但仍然需要进一步完善以克服其局限性.
This paper discusses the currently principal methods of microseismic monitoring for hydro-fracturing in respect of seismology,of which the feasibility and limitation are analyzed,based on the characteristics of hydro-fracture consisting of numerous of micro-fractures and shear ruptures,and the requirements from oil fields and detection environment.Especially on the surface,the possibility of picking arrivals of elastic wave emitting from microseismic sources is discussed.The down-hole detection and traditional hypocenter location may be the best way with relatively greater ratio of single to noise and lower location error,but it may not be performed as a routine,even though as scientific and technical test to other methods,due to the limitations of required short distance between monitoring well and hypocenters,and higher cost.The large scale array covering a target volume like exploration on surface with a lower success ratio when using traditional hypocenter location and with higher cost,can be also hard as a routine,even though people overcome its limitations of lower frequency of seismometers like exploration,and stacking data with considering arrival polarizations for shear slips when using Semblance stacking.The technique of vector scanning may be feasible but still requires further development and perfection.
This paper discusses the currently principal methods of microseismic monitoring for hydro-fracturing in respect of seismology,of which the feasibility and limitation are analyzed,based on the characteristics of hydro-fracture consisting of numerous of micro-fractures and shear ruptures,and the requirements from oil fields and detection environment.Especially on the surface,the possibility of picking arrivals of elastic wave emitting from microseismic sources is discussed.The down-hole detection and traditional hypocenter location may be the best way with relatively greater ratio of single to noise and lower location error,but it may not be performed as a routine,even though as scientific and technical test to other methods,due to the limitations of required short distance between monitoring well and hypocenters,and higher cost.The large scale array covering a target volume like exploration on surface with a lower success ratio when using traditional hypocenter location and with higher cost,can be also hard as a routine,even though people overcome its limitations of lower frequency of seismometers like exploration,and stacking data with considering arrival polarizations for shear slips when using Semblance stacking.The technique of vector scanning may be feasible but still requires further development and perfection.
引文
Aki K,Richards P G.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman and Company.
Baig A,Urbancic T,Viegas G,et al.2012.Can small events(M<0)observed during hydraulic fracture stimulations initiate large events(M>0)?[J].The Leading Edge,31(12):1470-1474.
Birkelo B,Cieslik K,Witten B,et al.2012.High-quality surface microseismic data illuminates fracture treatments:A case study in the Montney[J].The Leading Edge,31(11):1318-1325.
Branagan P T,Warpinski N R,Wilmer R.1996.Measuring the hydraulic fracture-induced deformation of reservoirs and adjacent rocks employing a deeply buried inclinometer array:GRI/DOE Multi-Site Project[C].//SPE 36451,SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Denver,Colorado.
Bullen K E,Bolt B A.1985.An introduction to the theory of Seismology[M].4th ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Chambers K,Brandsberg-Dahl S,Kendall M,et al.2008.Testing the ability of surface arrays to locate microseismicity[C].//2008 SEG Annual Meeting.Las Vegas,Nevada.
Duncan P M.2005.Is There a future for passive seismic?[J],First Break,23(6):111-115.
Eisner L,Williams-Stroud S,Hill A,et al.2010.Beyond the dots in the box:Microseismicity-constrained fracture models for reservoir simulation[J].The Leading Edge,29(3):326-333.
Fu S,Liu B,Li W,et al.1980.Tutorial of Seismology(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press.
Geiser P,Lacazette A,Vermilye J.2012.Beyond'dots in the box':an empirical view of reservoir permeability with tomographic fracture imaging[J].First Break,30(7):63-69.
Havskov J,Alguacil G.2007.Instrumentation in Earthquake Seismology[M].New York:Springer-Verlag.
Holland A.2012.Examination of possibly induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing in the Eola Field,Garvin County,Oklahoma[R].Oklahoma Geological Survey,Oklahoma,OpenFile Report,OF1-2011,28.
Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.1979.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics[M].3rd ed.London:Chapman and Hall.
Jdnsky J,Plicka V,Eisner L.2013.Feasibility of jointly locating microseismic events with data from surface and downhole receivers[J].First Break,31(7):65-71.
Kasahara K.1981.Earthquake Mechanics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kidney R L,Zimmer U,Boroumand N.2010.Impact of distancedependent location dispersion error on interpretation of microseismic event distributions[J].The Leading Edge,29(3):284-289.
Liang B,Zhu G.2004.Microseismic Technology in Exploration and Development(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,5-80.
Ma L C,Wang L,Shen Y P,et al.2012.Vector scanning:hydrofracture monitoring with surface microseismic data[C].SPE-152913,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Maxwell S,Deere J.2010.An introduction to this special section:Mtcroseismic[J].The Leading Edge,29(3):277.
Maxwell S.2014.Microseismic imaging of hydraulic fracturing:Improved Engineering of unconventional shale reservoirs[C].Distinguished instructor short course,SEG.
Meng X C.2005.Analysis of Seismological Data(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press.
Ren Z C,Zheng B T,Ma S,et al.2014.Hydro-fracture monitoring using vector scanning with surface microseismic data[C].AAPG-1948512,Istanbul,Turkey.
Rutledge J T,Phillips W S.2003.Hydraulic stimulation of natural fractures as revealed by induced microearthquakes,Carthage Cotton Valley gas field,east Texas[J].Geophysics,68(2):441-452.
Shapiro S A.2008.Microseismicity:a tool for reservoir characterization[M].Education Tour Series CIS.Netherlands:EAGE Publications.
Shen C,Liang B Y,Li Z T.2009.Principle of vector scanning technique for micro-fractures[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),30(5):744-748.
Sheriff R E.1991.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics[M].3rd Ed.Tulsa:SEG.
Wang C L,Cheng J B,Yi C,et al.2013.Microseismic events location of surface and borehole observation with reverse-time focusing using interferometry technique[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(9):3185-3196,doi:10.6038/cjg20130931.
Wang L,Yang S G,Liu H,et al.2012.Application of vector scanning for fracture monitoring with surface microseismic data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),51(6):613-619.
Warpinski N R.2014.A review of hydraulic-fracture induced microseismicity[C].//48th meeting of American Rock Mechanics,Associate,Abstract.
傅淑芳,刘宝诚,李文艺,等.1980.地震学教程[M].北京:地震出版社.
梁兵,朱广生.2004.油气田勘探开发中的微震监测方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,5-80.
孟晓春.2005.地震信息分析技术[M].北京:地震出版社.
沈琛,梁北援,李宗田.2009.微破裂向量扫描技术原理[J].石油学报,30(5):744-748.
王晨龙,程玖兵,尹陈,等.2013.地面与井中观测条件下的微地震干涉逆时定位算法[J].地球物理学报,56(9):3185-3196,doi:10.6038/cjg20130931.
王磊,杨世刚,刘宏,等.2012.微破裂向量扫描技术在压裂监测中的应用[J].石油物探,51(6):613-619.
Baig A,Urbancic T,Viegas G,et al.2012.Can small events(M<0)observed during hydraulic fracture stimulations initiate large events(M>0)?[J].The Leading Edge,31(12):1470-1474.
Birkelo B,Cieslik K,Witten B,et al.2012.High-quality surface microseismic data illuminates fracture treatments:A case study in the Montney[J].The Leading Edge,31(11):1318-1325.
Branagan P T,Warpinski N R,Wilmer R.1996.Measuring the hydraulic fracture-induced deformation of reservoirs and adjacent rocks employing a deeply buried inclinometer array:GRI/DOE Multi-Site Project[C].//SPE 36451,SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Denver,Colorado.
Bullen K E,Bolt B A.1985.An introduction to the theory of Seismology[M].4th ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Chambers K,Brandsberg-Dahl S,Kendall M,et al.2008.Testing the ability of surface arrays to locate microseismicity[C].//2008 SEG Annual Meeting.Las Vegas,Nevada.
Duncan P M.2005.Is There a future for passive seismic?[J],First Break,23(6):111-115.
Eisner L,Williams-Stroud S,Hill A,et al.2010.Beyond the dots in the box:Microseismicity-constrained fracture models for reservoir simulation[J].The Leading Edge,29(3):326-333.
Fu S,Liu B,Li W,et al.1980.Tutorial of Seismology(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press.
Geiser P,Lacazette A,Vermilye J.2012.Beyond'dots in the box':an empirical view of reservoir permeability with tomographic fracture imaging[J].First Break,30(7):63-69.
Havskov J,Alguacil G.2007.Instrumentation in Earthquake Seismology[M].New York:Springer-Verlag.
Holland A.2012.Examination of possibly induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing in the Eola Field,Garvin County,Oklahoma[R].Oklahoma Geological Survey,Oklahoma,OpenFile Report,OF1-2011,28.
Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.1979.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics[M].3rd ed.London:Chapman and Hall.
Jdnsky J,Plicka V,Eisner L.2013.Feasibility of jointly locating microseismic events with data from surface and downhole receivers[J].First Break,31(7):65-71.
Kasahara K.1981.Earthquake Mechanics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kidney R L,Zimmer U,Boroumand N.2010.Impact of distancedependent location dispersion error on interpretation of microseismic event distributions[J].The Leading Edge,29(3):284-289.
Liang B,Zhu G.2004.Microseismic Technology in Exploration and Development(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,5-80.
Ma L C,Wang L,Shen Y P,et al.2012.Vector scanning:hydrofracture monitoring with surface microseismic data[C].SPE-152913,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Maxwell S,Deere J.2010.An introduction to this special section:Mtcroseismic[J].The Leading Edge,29(3):277.
Maxwell S.2014.Microseismic imaging of hydraulic fracturing:Improved Engineering of unconventional shale reservoirs[C].Distinguished instructor short course,SEG.
Meng X C.2005.Analysis of Seismological Data(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press.
Ren Z C,Zheng B T,Ma S,et al.2014.Hydro-fracture monitoring using vector scanning with surface microseismic data[C].AAPG-1948512,Istanbul,Turkey.
Rutledge J T,Phillips W S.2003.Hydraulic stimulation of natural fractures as revealed by induced microearthquakes,Carthage Cotton Valley gas field,east Texas[J].Geophysics,68(2):441-452.
Shapiro S A.2008.Microseismicity:a tool for reservoir characterization[M].Education Tour Series CIS.Netherlands:EAGE Publications.
Shen C,Liang B Y,Li Z T.2009.Principle of vector scanning technique for micro-fractures[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),30(5):744-748.
Sheriff R E.1991.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics[M].3rd Ed.Tulsa:SEG.
Wang C L,Cheng J B,Yi C,et al.2013.Microseismic events location of surface and borehole observation with reverse-time focusing using interferometry technique[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(9):3185-3196,doi:10.6038/cjg20130931.
Wang L,Yang S G,Liu H,et al.2012.Application of vector scanning for fracture monitoring with surface microseismic data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),51(6):613-619.
Warpinski N R.2014.A review of hydraulic-fracture induced microseismicity[C].//48th meeting of American Rock Mechanics,Associate,Abstract.
傅淑芳,刘宝诚,李文艺,等.1980.地震学教程[M].北京:地震出版社.
梁兵,朱广生.2004.油气田勘探开发中的微震监测方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,5-80.
孟晓春.2005.地震信息分析技术[M].北京:地震出版社.
沈琛,梁北援,李宗田.2009.微破裂向量扫描技术原理[J].石油学报,30(5):744-748.
王晨龙,程玖兵,尹陈,等.2013.地面与井中观测条件下的微地震干涉逆时定位算法[J].地球物理学报,56(9):3185-3196,doi:10.6038/cjg20130931.
王磊,杨世刚,刘宏,等.2012.微破裂向量扫描技术在压裂监测中的应用[J].石油物探,51(6):613-619.
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