中国大陆岩石圈最新构造变动与地震灾害
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摘要
中国大陆的地震灾害十分严重，不仅分布广，而且频度高、强度大，对经济建设和社会发展构成了很大的威胁。晚第四纪岩石圈构造变动是地震发生的根本原因。一系列巨大的活动断裂将中国大陆切割成为不同级别的活动地壳块体，地块内部相对稳定，边界构造活动强烈。这些地块从晚第四纪一直持续活动至今。有历史记载以来，中国大陆的１１９次７级以上地震有１０４次发生在这些活动地块的边界带上。因而，活动地块的运动及其之间的相互作用构成了中国大陆晚第四纪构造变形的最基本特征，对中国大陆地震孕育和发生起着直接的控制作用。
hina is a country with high level of earthquake hazard. Statistics of globalearthquakes indicates that there have been more than 100 events with magnitude over7 occurred in China in this century , which takes up 10% of the total events (M7)in the world. Especially, about 38 Percent of global continental earthquakes occurredin continental China, which account for 52% of total global casualties caused byearthquake disasters. In China, more than 1 / 3 land surface, 1 / 2 cities, and 2 / 3megacities (population one million) are located in the areas that prone to earthquakeswith high intensity (above). As a tragic example, only from 1966 to 1978, therewere nine earthquakes() that successively struck China. These nine earthquakesoccurred in densely populated areas and caused approximately 300 000 casualties andmore than 2 billion US dollars in economic losses. Thus, seismic hazards pose amajor threat to the social and economic development of China.China is located in the southeastern part of the Eurasian plate bounded by theIndian, the Philippine Sea and the Pacific plates. The most remarkable feature is thatthe crust has been cut by huge Quaternary active faults forming active crustal blocksof different orders. These crustal blocks continue to be active from late Quaternary topresent. 104 historical earthquakes with magnitude over 7 occurred near boundaries ofdifferent crustal blocks. Thus, movements of the blocks and their interactions markthe characteristic of late Quaternary tectonic deformation.The active crust blocks are geological elements with late Quaternary tectonicactivities. Each crustal block has its own style, rate, and history of deformation.There is very little deformation in the interior of an active crustal block. Deformationcommonly takes places along their boundaries. Devastating earthquake (m7) mostlyoccurs along the major boundaries of active crustal blocks. On the basis of activetectonics and earthquake activity, continental China can be divided into blocks ofdifferent orders. different active crustal block subjects to different forces that result indifferent style of deformation and different behavior of earthquake activities.Tibetan Plateau is the most obvious active crustal block. Its southern boundaryconsists of several arc-shaped thrust faults along the Himalaya Mountains that controlgenerations of & historical earthquakes of magnitude over 8. Nearly north-trend normalfaults and northwestern-trend strike-slip faults characterize southern part of the TibetanPlateau. Earthquakes often occur near the intersections of these two systems. Obliquethrusts of the Qilian Mountains onto the Alashan block is partitioned into thrustfaulting Perpendicular to and left lateral strike-slip along the Qilian Mountains thatcontrol occurrences of earthquakes along the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.The Sichuan and Yunnan crustal block is another seismically active region. Therehave been 23 historical earthquakes with magnitude over 7 occurred along boundariesof the block. The Tianshan Mountains crustal block is characterized by north-southcompression and crustal shortening. The Tianshan Mountains thrusts toward bothdirections onto the Talimu block in the south and the Zhungarer block in the north.Most of earthquakes distributed along the southern and northern piedmonts of theTianshan Mountains. The tectonic activity within the Eerduosi active crustal block isvery low and there has been no earthquake with magnitude over 6 occurred in theinterior of the block. 19 historical earthquakes with magnitude over 7 take placearound the boundaries of the block. Crustal extension and right lateral shearingcharacterize the North China active crustal block. The northern and southernboundaries are marked by a series of discontinuous late Quaternary active faults.Devastating earthquakes, such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, often occur near thejunctions between the northern boundary of the block and the major faults in theinterior of foe block. Other crustal blocks can also be delineated in continental China,for example,
hina is a country with high level of earthquake hazard. Statistics of globalearthquakes indicates that there have been more than 100 events with magnitude over7 occurred in China in this century , which takes up 10% of the total events (M7)in the world. Especially, about 38 Percent of global continental earthquakes occurredin continental China, which account for 52% of total global casualties caused byearthquake disasters. In China, more than 1 / 3 land surface, 1 / 2 cities, and 2 / 3megacities (population one million) are located in the areas that prone to earthquakeswith high intensity (above). As a tragic example, only from 1966 to 1978, therewere nine earthquakes() that successively struck China. These nine earthquakesoccurred in densely populated areas and caused approximately 300 000 casualties andmore than 2 billion US dollars in economic losses. Thus, seismic hazards pose amajor threat to the social and economic development of China.China is located in the southeastern part of the Eurasian plate bounded by theIndian, the Philippine Sea and the Pacific plates. The most remarkable feature is thatthe crust has been cut by huge Quaternary active faults forming active crustal blocksof different orders. These crustal blocks continue to be active from late Quaternary topresent. 104 historical earthquakes with magnitude over 7 occurred near boundaries ofdifferent crustal blocks. Thus, movements of the blocks and their interactions markthe characteristic of late Quaternary tectonic deformation.The active crust blocks are geological elements with late Quaternary tectonicactivities. Each crustal block has its own style, rate, and history of deformation.There is very little deformation in the interior of an active crustal block. Deformationcommonly takes places along their boundaries. Devastating earthquake (m7) mostlyoccurs along the major boundaries of active crustal blocks. On the basis of activetectonics and earthquake activity, continental China can be divided into blocks ofdifferent orders. different active crustal block subjects to different forces that result indifferent style of deformation and different behavior of earthquake activities.Tibetan Plateau is the most obvious active crustal block. Its southern boundaryconsists of several arc-shaped thrust faults along the Himalaya Mountains that controlgenerations of & historical earthquakes of magnitude over 8. Nearly north-trend normalfaults and northwestern-trend strike-slip faults characterize southern part of the TibetanPlateau. Earthquakes often occur near the intersections of these two systems. Obliquethrusts of the Qilian Mountains onto the Alashan block is partitioned into thrustfaulting Perpendicular to and left lateral strike-slip along the Qilian Mountains thatcontrol occurrences of earthquakes along the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.The Sichuan and Yunnan crustal block is another seismically active region. Therehave been 23 historical earthquakes with magnitude over 7 occurred along boundariesof the block. The Tianshan Mountains crustal block is characterized by north-southcompression and crustal shortening. The Tianshan Mountains thrusts toward bothdirections onto the Talimu block in the south and the Zhungarer block in the north.Most of earthquakes distributed along the southern and northern piedmonts of theTianshan Mountains. The tectonic activity within the Eerduosi active crustal block isvery low and there has been no earthquake with magnitude over 6 occurred in theinterior of the block. 19 historical earthquakes with magnitude over 7 take placearound the boundaries of the block. Crustal extension and right lateral shearingcharacterize the North China active crustal block. The northern and southernboundaries are marked by a series of discontinuous late Quaternary active faults.Devastating earthquakes, such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, often occur near thejunctions between the northern boundary of the block and the major faults in theinterior of foe block. Other crustal blocks can also be delineated in continental China,for example,
引文
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5国家地震局.中国地震烈度区划图(1990)概论.北京:地震出版社,1996
6马杏垣,中国岩石图动力学图.北京;地图出版社,1989
7 Molnar P, Tapponnier P. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision. Science, 1975, 189:419~ 426
8《中国岩石图动力学地图集》编委会.中国岩石图动力学概论北京:地震出版社,1991.142～153
9邓起东,徐锡伟,于贵华.中国活动断裂的分区特征.见中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会主编中国活 动断层研究北京:地震出版社, 1994.1～14
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14 Searle M. The rise and fall of Tibet. Nature, 1995, 374: 17~18
15李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨中国科学,1979,42(6):608～616
16张青松,周耀飞,陆样顺等.现代青藏高原上升速度问题.科学通报,1991,36(7);529～531
17 丁林,钟大赉,潘裕生等、东喜马拉雅构造结上新世以来快速抬升的裂变径这证据.科学通报,1995, 40(16): 1497～ 1500
18 Armijo R Tapponnier P, Mercier J L et al. Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical research, 1986, 91(B14): 13 803 ~ 13 872
19国家地震局地质研究所西藏中部活动断层.北京:地震出版社, 1992. 105～ 115
20国家地震局地质研究所、国家地震局兰州地震研究所.祁连山一河西走廊活动断裂系.北京:地震出版社, 1993.175～210
21 Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Meyer B et al. Partigtioning of crustal slip between linked active faults in Qilian Shan, and evidence for a major seismic gap, the "Tianzhu gap", on the western Haiyuan fault, Gansu.Geophysical Journal of International , 1995, 120. 599~645
22李坪,汪良谋云南川西地区地震地质基本特征的探讨地质科学, 1974, 4: 28～37
23李坪主编鲜水河-小江断裂带.北京;地震出版社, 1993.121～138
24国家地震局地质研究所、云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1990.68～83
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26向宏发,虢顺民,张晚霞等.红河断裂带南段断裂活动性转换的地质特征研究.见;《活动断裂研究》编委会、 国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社,1995.38～45
27闻学泽.鲜水河断裂带未来三十年内地震复发的条件概率中国地震,1990,6(4)8～16
29 Alien C R, Luo Z, Qian H et al. Segmentation and future history of the Xianshuihe fault, southwesternChina. U. S Geological Survey Open-File Reprot, 1989, 89(315): 10~31
28闻学泽活断层的定量研究与长期地震潜势的概率估计问题.见:《活动断裂研究》编委会,活动断裂研究(1) 北京:地震出版社,1991.174～183
30冯先岳,邓起东,石监邦等.天山南北缘活动构造及其演化.见:《活动断裂研究》编委会活动断裂研究(1). 北京:地震出版社, 1991.1～16
31邓起东,冯先岳,尤惠川等新疆独山子-安集海活动逆断裂-褶皱带的变形特征及其形成机制.见:《活动断 裂研究》编委会.活动断裂研究(1).北京:地震出版社,1991.17～36
32邓起东,冯先岳,尤惠川等.新疆独山子-安集海活动逆断裂带晚第四纪活动特征及古地震.见:《活动断裂研 究》编委会活动断裂研究(1).北京:地震出版社,1991.37～56
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34 Avouac J P, Tapponnier P, Bat M et al. Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tianshan, and lateCenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative tO Dzhungaria and Kazakhstan. Journal of Geophysical Msearch,1993, 98: 6 755~6840
35张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟等.天山北麓玛纳斯活动道断裂-褶皱带的变形特征与构造演化见:《活动断裂研 究》编委会、国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(3).北京地震出版社,1993.18～32
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49 Brace W F, Kohlstedt D L. Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments. Journal of Geophysical research, 1980, 74: 6 248~6252
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2谢毓寿,蔡美标.中国地震史料汇编北京:科学出版社,1985.402～458
3国家科委全国重大自然灾害综合研究组编中国重大自然灾害及减轻对策(总论).北京:科学出版社,1994. 9～43
4国家地震局《一九七六年唐山地震》编辑组一九七六年唐山地震.北京:地震出版社, 1982.1～4
5国家地震局.中国地震烈度区划图(1990)概论.北京:地震出版社,1996
6马杏垣,中国岩石图动力学图.北京;地图出版社,1989
7 Molnar P, Tapponnier P. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision. Science, 1975, 189:419~ 426
8《中国岩石图动力学地图集》编委会.中国岩石图动力学概论北京:地震出版社,1991.142～153
9邓起东,徐锡伟,于贵华.中国活动断裂的分区特征.见中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会主编中国活 动断层研究北京:地震出版社, 1994.1～14
10张文佑,汪一鹏,李兴唐华北断块区的形成和发展.见:中国科学院地质研究所、国家地震局地质研究所. 华北断块区的形成与发展.北京:科学出版社,1980.1～8
11张文佑.断块构造导论北京:石油工业出版社, 1984.1～23
12常承法,郑锡澜.中国西藏南部珠穆朗玛地区地质构造特征及其青藏高原东西向诸山系形成的探讨.中国科 学(D辑),1973,(2): 190～201
13 Coleman M, Hodges K Evidence for Tibetan Plateau uplift before 14 Mye age from a new minimum age for east-west extension. Nature, 1955, 174.49~52
14 Searle M. The rise and fall of Tibet. Nature, 1995, 374: 17~18
15李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨中国科学,1979,42(6):608～616
16张青松,周耀飞,陆样顺等.现代青藏高原上升速度问题.科学通报,1991,36(7);529～531
17 丁林,钟大赉,潘裕生等、东喜马拉雅构造结上新世以来快速抬升的裂变径这证据.科学通报,1995, 40(16): 1497～ 1500
18 Armijo R Tapponnier P, Mercier J L et al. Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical research, 1986, 91(B14): 13 803 ~ 13 872
19国家地震局地质研究所西藏中部活动断层.北京:地震出版社, 1992. 105～ 115
20国家地震局地质研究所、国家地震局兰州地震研究所.祁连山一河西走廊活动断裂系.北京:地震出版社, 1993.175～210
21 Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Meyer B et al. Partigtioning of crustal slip between linked active faults in Qilian Shan, and evidence for a major seismic gap, the "Tianzhu gap", on the western Haiyuan fault, Gansu.Geophysical Journal of International , 1995, 120. 599~645
22李坪,汪良谋云南川西地区地震地质基本特征的探讨地质科学, 1974, 4: 28～37
23李坪主编鲜水河-小江断裂带.北京;地震出版社, 1993.121～138
24国家地震局地质研究所、云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1990.68～83
25 Wallace R B ed. The San Andreas fault system, California. U. S Geological Survey Professional Paper,1990, (1515): 1 ~ 227
26向宏发,虢顺民,张晚霞等.红河断裂带南段断裂活动性转换的地质特征研究.见;《活动断裂研究》编委会、 国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社,1995.38～45
27闻学泽.鲜水河断裂带未来三十年内地震复发的条件概率中国地震,1990,6(4)8～16
29 Alien C R, Luo Z, Qian H et al. Segmentation and future history of the Xianshuihe fault, southwesternChina. U. S Geological Survey Open-File Reprot, 1989, 89(315): 10~31
28闻学泽活断层的定量研究与长期地震潜势的概率估计问题.见:《活动断裂研究》编委会,活动断裂研究(1) 北京:地震出版社,1991.174～183
30冯先岳,邓起东,石监邦等.天山南北缘活动构造及其演化.见:《活动断裂研究》编委会活动断裂研究(1). 北京:地震出版社, 1991.1～16
31邓起东,冯先岳,尤惠川等新疆独山子-安集海活动逆断裂-褶皱带的变形特征及其形成机制.见:《活动断 裂研究》编委会.活动断裂研究(1).北京:地震出版社,1991.17～36
32邓起东,冯先岳,尤惠川等.新疆独山子-安集海活动逆断裂带晚第四纪活动特征及古地震.见:《活动断裂研 究》编委会活动断裂研究(1).北京:地震出版社,1991.37～56
33 Hendrix M S, Dumitru T A, Graham S A. Late Oligocene-early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese TianShan: An early effect of the india-Asia collision. Geology, 1994, 22:487~490
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