爆炸、核试验与天然地震的区别（英文）
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摘要
本文通过地震正演模型和面波振幅数据对比分析了天然地震、爆炸,与核试验数据,以探索改进辨别天然地震与爆炸的方法。所提方法是基于波数域和频率域的双积分变换解。用于研究的地震事件都发生在北朝鲜,其中包括2001年6月26日(39.212°N,125.383°E)和2001年10月30日(38.748°N,125.267°E)所记录的爆炸数据,2006年10月9日(41.275°N,129.095°E)所记录的一次核试验数据、以及2002年4月14日(39.207°N,125.686°E)和2002年6月7日(38.703°N,125.638°E)所记录的两次天然地震。基于这些数据通过地震波分析与理论模拟表明爆炸引起的地震与天然地震有着不同的波型特征。爆炸引起的信号特征是P波的能量较S波强,在爆炸记录上0.05-0.5Hz频率之间Rg波清晰呈现,而在然地震记录上没有。这是由于爆炸地震记录上P波是优势波,与SH成分发生了耦合。
Earthquake, explosion, and a nuclear test data are compared with forward modeling and band-pass filtered surface wave amplitude data for exploring methodologies to improve earthquake–explosion discrimination. The proposed discrimination method is based on the solutions of a double integral transformation in the wavenumber and frequency domains. Recorded explosion data on June 26, 2001(39.212°N, 125.383°E) and October 30, 2001(38.748°N, 125.267°E), a nuclear test on October 9, 2006(41.275°N, 129.095°E), and two earthquakes on April 14, 2002(39.207°N, 125.686°E) and June 7, 2002(38.703°N, 125.638°E), all in North Korea, are used to discriminate between explosions and earthquakes by seismic wave analysis and numerical modeling. The explosion signal is characterized by first P waves with higher energy than that of S waves. Rg waves are clearly dominant at 0.05–0.5 Hz in the explosion data but not in the earthquake data. This feature is attributed to the dominant P waves in the explosion and their coupling with the SH components.
Earthquake, explosion, and a nuclear test data are compared with forward modeling and band-pass filtered surface wave amplitude data for exploring methodologies to improve earthquake–explosion discrimination. The proposed discrimination method is based on the solutions of a double integral transformation in the wavenumber and frequency domains. Recorded explosion data on June 26, 2001(39.212°N, 125.383°E) and October 30, 2001(38.748°N, 125.267°E), a nuclear test on October 9, 2006(41.275°N, 129.095°E), and two earthquakes on April 14, 2002(39.207°N, 125.686°E) and June 7, 2002(38.703°N, 125.638°E), all in North Korea, are used to discriminate between explosions and earthquakes by seismic wave analysis and numerical modeling. The explosion signal is characterized by first P waves with higher energy than that of S waves. Rg waves are clearly dominant at 0.05–0.5 Hz in the explosion data but not in the earthquake data. This feature is attributed to the dominant P waves in the explosion and their coupling with the SH components.
引文
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Cho,K.-H.,Chen,H.W.,Kang,I.-B.,and Lee,S.-H.,2011b,Crust and upper mantle structures of the region between Korea and Taiwan by surface wave dispersion study:Geoscience Journal,15,71–81,doi:10.1007/s12303-011-0009-9.
Cho,Kwang Hyun,2014,Discovery of a surface wave velocity anomaly in the West Sea of South Korea:Exploration Geophysics,45,86–93.
Chun,K.-Y.,Wu,Y.,and Henderson,G.A.,2011,Magnitude estimation and source discrimination:A close look at the 2006 and 2009 North Korean underground nuclear explosions:Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,101,1315–1329.
Hong,T.-K.,Baag,C.-E.,Choi,H.,and Sheen,D.-H,2008,Regional seismic observations of the 9 October2006 underground nuclear explosion in North Korea and the influence of crustal structure on regional phases:Journal of Geophysical Research,113,B03305,doi:10.1029/2007JB004950.
Hong,T.-K.and Rhie,J.,2009,Regional source scaling of the 9 October 2006 underground nuclear explosion in North Korea:Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,99,2523–2540.
Howard J.P.,and Steven,R.T.,2008,Effects of shock induced tensile failure on mb-Ms discrimination:Contrasts between historic nuclear explosions and the North Koreantest of 9 October 2006,Geophysical Research Letters:35,L14301,doi:10.1029/2008GL034211.
Hudson,J.A.,1969,A quantitative evaluation of seismic signals at teleseismic distances II.Body waves and surface waves from an extended source:Geophys.J.,18,353–370.
Kafka,A.L.,1990,Rg as a depth discriminant for earthquakes and explosions-a case study in New England:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,80,373–394.
Kremenetskaya,E.,Asming,V.,Jevtjugina,Z.,and Ringdal,F.,2002,Study of regional surface waves and frequency dependent Ms:mb discrimination in the European Arctic:Pure and Applied Geophysics,159,721–733.
Saikia,C.K.,1992,Numerical Study of Quarry Generated Rg as a Discriminant for Earthquakes and Explosions Modeling of Rg in Southwestern New England:Journalof Geophysical Research,97,11,057-11,072.
Walter,W.R.,Matzel,E.,Pasyanos,M.,Harris,D.B.,Gok,R.,Ford,S.R.,2007,Empirical observations of earthquake-explosion discrimination using P/S ratiosand implications for the sources of explosion S-waves:“MRR2007-29th Research Review on Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies”sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory.
Yoo,H.J.,Herrmann,R.B.,Cho,K.H.,and Lee,K.,2007,Imaging the three-dimensional crust of the Korean Peninsula by joint inversion of surface-wave dispersionand teleseismic receiver functions:Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,97,1002–1011,doi:10.1785/0120060134.
Bonner,J.,Stroujkova,A.,and Anderson,D.N.,2011,Improving earthquake and explosion discrimination b yusing Love and Rayleigh wave magnitudes,in “2011Monitoring Research Review:Ground-Based NuclearExplosion Monitoring Technologies”sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory.
Cho,K.H.,and Lee,K.,2006,Dispersion of Rayleigh waves in the Korean Peninsula:Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society,9,231–240.
Cho,K.H.,Herrmann,R.B.,Ammon,C.J.,and Lee,K.,2007,Imaging the upper crust of the Korean Peninsula by surface wave tomography:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,97,198–207,doi:10.1785/0120060096.
Cho,K.H.,Lee,S.-H.,and Kang,I.-B.,2011a,Crustal structure of the Korean Peninsula using surface wave dispersion and numerical modeling:Pure and Applied Geophysics,168,1587–1598,doi:10.1007/s00024-011-0262-x.
Cho,K.-H.,Chen,H.W.,Kang,I.-B.,and Lee,S.-H.,2011b,Crust and upper mantle structures of the region between Korea and Taiwan by surface wave dispersion study:Geoscience Journal,15,71–81,doi:10.1007/s12303-011-0009-9.
Cho,Kwang Hyun,2014,Discovery of a surface wave velocity anomaly in the West Sea of South Korea:Exploration Geophysics,45,86–93.
Chun,K.-Y.,Wu,Y.,and Henderson,G.A.,2011,Magnitude estimation and source discrimination:A close look at the 2006 and 2009 North Korean underground nuclear explosions:Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,101,1315–1329.
Hong,T.-K.,Baag,C.-E.,Choi,H.,and Sheen,D.-H,2008,Regional seismic observations of the 9 October2006 underground nuclear explosion in North Korea and the influence of crustal structure on regional phases:Journal of Geophysical Research,113,B03305,doi:10.1029/2007JB004950.
Hong,T.-K.and Rhie,J.,2009,Regional source scaling of the 9 October 2006 underground nuclear explosion in North Korea:Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,99,2523–2540.
Howard J.P.,and Steven,R.T.,2008,Effects of shock induced tensile failure on mb-Ms discrimination:Contrasts between historic nuclear explosions and the North Koreantest of 9 October 2006,Geophysical Research Letters:35,L14301,doi:10.1029/2008GL034211.
Hudson,J.A.,1969,A quantitative evaluation of seismic signals at teleseismic distances II.Body waves and surface waves from an extended source:Geophys.J.,18,353–370.
Kafka,A.L.,1990,Rg as a depth discriminant for earthquakes and explosions-a case study in New England:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,80,373–394.
Kremenetskaya,E.,Asming,V.,Jevtjugina,Z.,and Ringdal,F.,2002,Study of regional surface waves and frequency dependent Ms:mb discrimination in the European Arctic:Pure and Applied Geophysics,159,721–733.
Saikia,C.K.,1992,Numerical Study of Quarry Generated Rg as a Discriminant for Earthquakes and Explosions Modeling of Rg in Southwestern New England:Journalof Geophysical Research,97,11,057-11,072.
Walter,W.R.,Matzel,E.,Pasyanos,M.,Harris,D.B.,Gok,R.,Ford,S.R.,2007,Empirical observations of earthquake-explosion discrimination using P/S ratiosand implications for the sources of explosion S-waves:“MRR2007-29th Research Review on Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies”sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory.
Yoo,H.J.,Herrmann,R.B.,Cho,K.H.,and Lee,K.,2007,Imaging the three-dimensional crust of the Korean Peninsula by joint inversion of surface-wave dispersionand teleseismic receiver functions:Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,97,1002–1011,doi:10.1785/0120060134.
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