北京南部地壳精细结构深地震反射探测研究
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摘要
为了研究北京平原区的地壳结构特征、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系,在北京平原区的南部完成了1条长90km的深地震反射剖面.探测结果表明,该区地壳以双程反射时间(TWT)6～7s的强反射带Tc为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～19km,下地壳厚约16～17km,Moho界面深度约为34～35km.该区结晶基底起伏变化较大,上、下地壳分界面和Moho界面都是一个具有一定厚度的过渡带.上地壳反射层位丰富,断裂构造发育,构造形态清晰.在夏垫断裂西北,剖面揭示了4～5组能量较强的反射震相,表现为典型的隆起区特征;在夏垫断裂东南,上部为一套向东南倾伏的密集强反射层,下部为一套形态各异、结构复杂的强反射层,这些反射具有典型的沉积盆地特征,盆地最深处约为11km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂倾角较陡,向上切穿了上、下地壳分界面,延伸到上地壳沉积盆地的底部,向下切穿了壳幔过渡带,与上部断裂和沉积盆地构成了独特的组合关系.
In order to investigate the crustal structure features,the geometry of buried faults,the fault activities and the relationship of deep and shallow tectonics,a deep seismic reflection profile was completed in south region of Beijing plain.The results show that the crust beneath the survey area is divided into the upper and the lower crust by a strong reflection zone at about 6~7 s TWT.The thickness of the upper and the lower crust is about 18~19 km and 16~17 km,respectively.The depth of the Moho interface is about 34~35 km.There are considerable fluctuation and variation of crystalline basement in the study region.Both the discontinuity of the upper and the lower crust and the Moho discontinuity are transitional zones.There are rich reflection layers,many fault structures in the upper crust,and the structure patterns are clear.In the northwestern region of the Xiadian fault,the deep seismic reflection section shows 4~5 groups of strong reflection seismic phase,which exhibit the typical characteristics of a bulge.In the southeastern region of the Xiadian fault,there is a set of dense southeastward-dipping reflection strata with relatively strong energy in the upper portion of the section,and there is a set of strong reflection strata which exhibit apparent differences and complicated structures in the lower portion.These reflection strata have the typical characteristics of a sedimentary basin and the maximum depth of the basin is about 11 km.The crustal deep fault revealed by the deep seismic reflection profile has a steep angle.It penetrates upwards through the interface of the upper and the lower crust,and extends upwards into the bottom of sedimentary basin in the upper crust.It penetrates downwards through the crust-mantle transitional zone and constitutes a special combination relationship with the upper faults and the sedimentary basin.
In order to investigate the crustal structure features,the geometry of buried faults,the fault activities and the relationship of deep and shallow tectonics,a deep seismic reflection profile was completed in south region of Beijing plain.The results show that the crust beneath the survey area is divided into the upper and the lower crust by a strong reflection zone at about 6~7 s TWT.The thickness of the upper and the lower crust is about 18~19 km and 16~17 km,respectively.The depth of the Moho interface is about 34~35 km.There are considerable fluctuation and variation of crystalline basement in the study region.Both the discontinuity of the upper and the lower crust and the Moho discontinuity are transitional zones.There are rich reflection layers,many fault structures in the upper crust,and the structure patterns are clear.In the northwestern region of the Xiadian fault,the deep seismic reflection section shows 4~5 groups of strong reflection seismic phase,which exhibit the typical characteristics of a bulge.In the southeastern region of the Xiadian fault,there is a set of dense southeastward-dipping reflection strata with relatively strong energy in the upper portion of the section,and there is a set of strong reflection strata which exhibit apparent differences and complicated structures in the lower portion.These reflection strata have the typical characteristics of a sedimentary basin and the maximum depth of the basin is about 11 km.The crustal deep fault revealed by the deep seismic reflection profile has a steep angle.It penetrates upwards through the interface of the upper and the lower crust,and extends upwards into the bottom of sedimentary basin in the upper crust.It penetrates downwards through the crust-mantle transitional zone and constitutes a special combination relationship with the upper faults and the sedimentary basin.
引文
[1]赵伯明,徐锡伟.汶川Ms8.0地震断层与地震灾害初步分析.地震地质,2008,30(4):839-854.Zhao B M,Xu X W.An analysis on Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake fault and seismic disaster.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2008,30(4):839-854.
[2]Scholz H C.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Fau1ting.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,l990,73-96.
[3]Crone A J,Haller K M.Segmentation and the seismicbehavior of basin and range normal faults:Examples fromeast-central Idaho and southwestern Montana,U.S.A.J.Struct.Geol.,1991,13(2):151-164.
[4]徐锡伟.活动断层、地震灾害与减灾对策问题.震灾防御技术,2006,1(1):7-14.Xu X W.Active faults,associated earthquake disasterdistribution and policy for disaster reduction.Technology forEarthquake Disaster Prevention(in Chinese),2006,1(1):7-14.
[5]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):597-629.
[6]邓起东.城市活动断裂探测和地震危险性评价问题.地震地质,2002,24(4):601-605.Deng Q D.Exploration and seismic hazard assessment ofactive faults in urban areas.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),2002,24(4):601-605.
[7]王培德,李春来,E Wetzig等.用地震层析成像方法研究北京西北地区的活动断裂.地震学报,2007,29(1):11-19.Wang P D,Li C L,Wetzig E,et al.Seismic active faults inthe northwestern Beijing by seismic tomography.ActaSeismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2007,29(1):11-19.
[8]李乐,陈棋福.利用重复地震估算北京平原地区隐伏断裂深部的活动速率.地震地质,2010,32(3):508-519.Li L,Chen Q F.Slip rates at depth along the buried faults inBeijing plain area etstimated from repeating microearthquakes.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2010,32(3):508-519.
[9]祝治平,张先康,张建狮等.北京—怀来—丰镇剖面地壳上地幔构造与速度结构研究.地震学报,1997,19(5):499-505.Zhu Z P,Zhang X K,Zhang J S,et a1.Study on crust-mantle tectonics and its velocity structure along the Beijing-Huailai-Fengzhen profile.Acta Seismologica Sinica(inChinese),1997,10(5):615-623.
[10]赵金仁,张先康,张成科等.利用宽角反射/折射和深反射探测剖面揭示三河—平谷大震区深部结构特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(4):646-653.Zhao J R,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.Deep structuralfeatures of the Sanhe-Pinggu great earthquake area imaged bywide-angle and deep seismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):646-653.
[11]赵金仁,张先康,张成科等.香河—北京—涿鹿及其相邻地区壳幔构造与速度结构特征.地震地质,1999,21(1):29-36.Zhao J R,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.The crust-mantletectonics and velocity structure characteristics in Xianghe-Beijing-Zhulu and its adjacent areas.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1999,21(1):29-36.
[12]王夫运,张先康,陈棋福等.北京地区上地壳三维细结构层析成像.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):359-366.Wang F Y,Zhang X K,Chen Q F,et al.Fine tomographicinversion of the upper crust 3-D structure around Beijing.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):359-366.
[13]焦青,邱泽华,范国胜.北京地区八宝山—黄庄—高丽营断裂的活动与地震.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(4):50-54.Jiao Q,Qiu Z H,Fan G S.Analysis on recent tectonicactivity and seismicity of Babaoshan-Huangzhuang-Gaoliyingfault in Beijing region.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2005,25(4):50-54.
[14]高文学,马瑾.首都圈地震地质环境与地震灾害.北京:地震出版社,1993:3-51.Gao W X,Ma J.Seismo-Geological Background andEarthquake Hazard in Beijing Area(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993:3-51.
[15]徐锡伟,马文涛,于贵华等.华北平原北部最新构造变动环境及其构造模式——三河—平谷地震断层深浅构造关系分析.∥卢演俦等主编.新构造与环境.北京:地震出版社,2001,267-281.Xu X W,Ma W T,Yu G H,et al.The Background ofMostrecent Tectonic Events in the Northern North ChinaPlain and Its Structural Pattern-Analysis of CorrelationBetween Shallow and Deep Structures Along the Sanhe-Pinggu Seismic Fault.∥Lu Y C,ed.Recent Tectonics andEnvironment(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2001,267-281.
[16]高战武,陈棋福,黄金莉等.北京地区主要活动断裂深部速度结构特征及强震构造分析.震灾防御技术,2010,5(3):271-280.Gao Z W,Chen Q F,Huang J L,et al.Velocity structurebeneath the active faults in Beijing area and their seismo-tectonic characteristics.Technology for Earthquake DisasterPrevention(in Chinese),2010,5(3):271-280.
[17]刘保金,胡平,孟勇奇等.北京地区地壳精细结构的深地震反射剖面探测研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(9):2264-2272.Liu B J,Hu P,Meng Y Q,et al.Research on fine crustalstructure using deep seismic reflection profile in Beijingregion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(9):2264-2272.
[18]高景华,徐明才,刘建勋等.高分辨率城市活断层地震资料处理技术.物探化探计算技术,2005,27(3):209-213.Gao J H,Xu M C,Liu J X,et al.High resolution seismicdata processing technique of detecting active fault in city.Computing Techniques for Geophysical and GeochemicalExploration(in Chinese),2005,27(3):209-213.
[19]王丽娜,王建民,王元波等.DMO校正技术在深层地震资料处理中的应用.大庆石油地质与开发,2003,22(5):63-64.Wang L N,Wang J M,Wang Y B,et al.The application ofDMO method in deep seismic data processing.PetroleumGeology&Oilfield Development in Daqing(in Chinese),2003,22(5):63-64.
[20]张成科,张先康,盖玉杰等.文安—蔚县—察右中旗剖面地壳上地幔速度结构与构造研究.华北地震科学,1997,15(3):18-28.Zhang C K,Zhang X K,Gai Y J,et al.A study of crust andupper mantle structure on Wen′an-Yuxian-Qaharyouyizhongqiprofile.North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),1997,15(3):18-28.
[21]陆涵行,曾融生,郭建明等.唐山震区深反射剖面分析.地球物理学报,1988,31(1):27-36.Lu H X,Zeng R S,Guo J M,et al.Results from deepseismic reflection profiling in Tangshan region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1988,31(1):27-36.
[22]Meissner R,The‘Moho’as a transition zone.Geophys.Survey.,1973,1(2):195-216.
[23]赵金仁,张先康,张成科等.利用宽角反射/折射和深反射探测剖面揭示三河—平谷大震区深部结构特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(4):646-653.Zhao J R,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.Deep structuralfeatures of the Sanhe-Pinggu great earthquake area imaged bywide-angle and deep seismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):646-653.
[24]张先康,王椿镛,刘国栋等.延庆—怀来地区地壳精细结构—利用深地震反射剖面.地球物理学报,1996,39(3):356-364.Zhang X K,Wang C Y,Liu G D,et al.Fine crustalstructure in Yanqing-Huailai region by deep seismic reflectionprofiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),l996,39(3):356-364.
[25]王椿镛,王贵美,林中洋等.用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构.地球物理学报,1993,36(4):445-452.Wang C Y,Wang G M,Lin Z Y,et al.A study on finecrustal structure in Xingtai earthquake area based on deepseismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1993,36(4):445-452.
[2]Scholz H C.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Fau1ting.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,l990,73-96.
[3]Crone A J,Haller K M.Segmentation and the seismicbehavior of basin and range normal faults:Examples fromeast-central Idaho and southwestern Montana,U.S.A.J.Struct.Geol.,1991,13(2):151-164.
[4]徐锡伟.活动断层、地震灾害与减灾对策问题.震灾防御技术,2006,1(1):7-14.Xu X W.Active faults,associated earthquake disasterdistribution and policy for disaster reduction.Technology forEarthquake Disaster Prevention(in Chinese),2006,1(1):7-14.
[5]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):597-629.
[6]邓起东.城市活动断裂探测和地震危险性评价问题.地震地质,2002,24(4):601-605.Deng Q D.Exploration and seismic hazard assessment ofactive faults in urban areas.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),2002,24(4):601-605.
[7]王培德,李春来,E Wetzig等.用地震层析成像方法研究北京西北地区的活动断裂.地震学报,2007,29(1):11-19.Wang P D,Li C L,Wetzig E,et al.Seismic active faults inthe northwestern Beijing by seismic tomography.ActaSeismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2007,29(1):11-19.
[8]李乐,陈棋福.利用重复地震估算北京平原地区隐伏断裂深部的活动速率.地震地质,2010,32(3):508-519.Li L,Chen Q F.Slip rates at depth along the buried faults inBeijing plain area etstimated from repeating microearthquakes.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2010,32(3):508-519.
[9]祝治平,张先康,张建狮等.北京—怀来—丰镇剖面地壳上地幔构造与速度结构研究.地震学报,1997,19(5):499-505.Zhu Z P,Zhang X K,Zhang J S,et a1.Study on crust-mantle tectonics and its velocity structure along the Beijing-Huailai-Fengzhen profile.Acta Seismologica Sinica(inChinese),1997,10(5):615-623.
[10]赵金仁,张先康,张成科等.利用宽角反射/折射和深反射探测剖面揭示三河—平谷大震区深部结构特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(4):646-653.Zhao J R,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.Deep structuralfeatures of the Sanhe-Pinggu great earthquake area imaged bywide-angle and deep seismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):646-653.
[11]赵金仁,张先康,张成科等.香河—北京—涿鹿及其相邻地区壳幔构造与速度结构特征.地震地质,1999,21(1):29-36.Zhao J R,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.The crust-mantletectonics and velocity structure characteristics in Xianghe-Beijing-Zhulu and its adjacent areas.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1999,21(1):29-36.
[12]王夫运,张先康,陈棋福等.北京地区上地壳三维细结构层析成像.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):359-366.Wang F Y,Zhang X K,Chen Q F,et al.Fine tomographicinversion of the upper crust 3-D structure around Beijing.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):359-366.
[13]焦青,邱泽华,范国胜.北京地区八宝山—黄庄—高丽营断裂的活动与地震.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(4):50-54.Jiao Q,Qiu Z H,Fan G S.Analysis on recent tectonicactivity and seismicity of Babaoshan-Huangzhuang-Gaoliyingfault in Beijing region.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2005,25(4):50-54.
[14]高文学,马瑾.首都圈地震地质环境与地震灾害.北京:地震出版社,1993:3-51.Gao W X,Ma J.Seismo-Geological Background andEarthquake Hazard in Beijing Area(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993:3-51.
[15]徐锡伟,马文涛,于贵华等.华北平原北部最新构造变动环境及其构造模式——三河—平谷地震断层深浅构造关系分析.∥卢演俦等主编.新构造与环境.北京:地震出版社,2001,267-281.Xu X W,Ma W T,Yu G H,et al.The Background ofMostrecent Tectonic Events in the Northern North ChinaPlain and Its Structural Pattern-Analysis of CorrelationBetween Shallow and Deep Structures Along the Sanhe-Pinggu Seismic Fault.∥Lu Y C,ed.Recent Tectonics andEnvironment(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2001,267-281.
[16]高战武,陈棋福,黄金莉等.北京地区主要活动断裂深部速度结构特征及强震构造分析.震灾防御技术,2010,5(3):271-280.Gao Z W,Chen Q F,Huang J L,et al.Velocity structurebeneath the active faults in Beijing area and their seismo-tectonic characteristics.Technology for Earthquake DisasterPrevention(in Chinese),2010,5(3):271-280.
[17]刘保金,胡平,孟勇奇等.北京地区地壳精细结构的深地震反射剖面探测研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(9):2264-2272.Liu B J,Hu P,Meng Y Q,et al.Research on fine crustalstructure using deep seismic reflection profile in Beijingregion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(9):2264-2272.
[18]高景华,徐明才,刘建勋等.高分辨率城市活断层地震资料处理技术.物探化探计算技术,2005,27(3):209-213.Gao J H,Xu M C,Liu J X,et al.High resolution seismicdata processing technique of detecting active fault in city.Computing Techniques for Geophysical and GeochemicalExploration(in Chinese),2005,27(3):209-213.
[19]王丽娜,王建民,王元波等.DMO校正技术在深层地震资料处理中的应用.大庆石油地质与开发,2003,22(5):63-64.Wang L N,Wang J M,Wang Y B,et al.The application ofDMO method in deep seismic data processing.PetroleumGeology&Oilfield Development in Daqing(in Chinese),2003,22(5):63-64.
[20]张成科,张先康,盖玉杰等.文安—蔚县—察右中旗剖面地壳上地幔速度结构与构造研究.华北地震科学,1997,15(3):18-28.Zhang C K,Zhang X K,Gai Y J,et al.A study of crust andupper mantle structure on Wen′an-Yuxian-Qaharyouyizhongqiprofile.North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),1997,15(3):18-28.
[21]陆涵行,曾融生,郭建明等.唐山震区深反射剖面分析.地球物理学报,1988,31(1):27-36.Lu H X,Zeng R S,Guo J M,et al.Results from deepseismic reflection profiling in Tangshan region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1988,31(1):27-36.
[22]Meissner R,The‘Moho’as a transition zone.Geophys.Survey.,1973,1(2):195-216.
[23]赵金仁,张先康,张成科等.利用宽角反射/折射和深反射探测剖面揭示三河—平谷大震区深部结构特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(4):646-653.Zhao J R,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.Deep structuralfeatures of the Sanhe-Pinggu great earthquake area imaged bywide-angle and deep seismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):646-653.
[24]张先康,王椿镛,刘国栋等.延庆—怀来地区地壳精细结构—利用深地震反射剖面.地球物理学报,1996,39(3):356-364.Zhang X K,Wang C Y,Liu G D,et al.Fine crustalstructure in Yanqing-Huailai region by deep seismic reflectionprofiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),l996,39(3):356-364.
[25]王椿镛,王贵美,林中洋等.用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构.地球物理学报,1993,36(4):445-452.Wang C Y,Wang G M,Lin Z Y,et al.A study on finecrustal structure in Xingtai earthquake area based on deepseismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1993,36(4):445-452.
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