地震滑坡的动力学机制研究
摘要
地震滑坡会造成巨大灾害,但对其动力学机制的认识还十分有限.本文根据汶川地震中主要滑坡体的几何及运动特征,抽象出一般的概念模型.通过基于不连续变形体动力过程的有限单元方法,对滑坡的运动特征及动力学过程进行数值模拟.计算结果定量给出了在地震动的作用下,滑坡体运动的全部历程,特别是展示了滑坡的启动、滑移、抛射、碰撞、飞行以及爬升等典型的运动学特征.计算结果表明,在地震动惯性力及重力的共同作用下,当克服了滑坡体与滑床之间的摩擦力后,滑坡启动,滑坡体沿滑床由慢到快滑行,直至从滑床上抛射出去.根据对地震动加速度进行的频谱分析以及对山体进行振型研究的结果可以推知,汶川大地震很有可能让震中及附近地区的山体发生共振,加上高山地形本身的放大效应,致使山坡上的地震动得到显著增大,从而导致了汶川地震诱发的滑坡事件特别频繁,滑坡灾害极其严重.模拟结果还显示:地震动的方向、振幅、频率、持续时间以及接触面上的摩擦关系对滑坡体的稳定性影响很大.因此,本研究对于认识地震滑坡的动力学机制、评估地震灾害以及对于研究地震动态触发问题等有重要的科学意义.
引文
1李忠生.国内外地震滑坡灾害研究综述.灾害学,2003,18:64-70
2Dong J J,Lee W R,Lin M L,et al.Effects of seismic anisotropy and geological characteristics on the kinematics of the neighboring Jiufengershan and Hungtsaiping landslides during Chi-Chi earthquake.Tectonophysics,2009,466:438-457
3许强,裴向军,黄润秋,等.汶川地震大型滑坡研究.北京:科学出版社,2009
4Kirschbaum D,Robert A,Yang H,et al.A global landslide catalog for hazard applications:method,results,and limitations.Nat Hazards,2010,52:561-575
5崔芳鹏,许强,谭儒蛟,等.地震动力作用触发的斜坡崩滑效应模拟.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39:445-450
6Dunning S A,Mitchell W A,Rosser N J,et al.The Hattian Bala rock avalanche and associated landslides triggered by the Kashmir Earthquake of8October2005.Eng Geol,2007,93:130-144
7四川地震局.1933年叠溪地震.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1983
8孔纪名,阿发友,吴文平.汶川地震滑坡类型及典型实例分析.水土保持学报,2009,23:66-70
9孙崇绍,蔡红卫.我国历史地震时滑坡崩塌的发育及分布特征.自然灾害学报,1997,6:25-30
10周本刚,王裕明.中国西南地区地震滑坡的基本特征.西北地震学报,1994,16:95-103
11Eeckhaut M V,Poesen J,Govers G,et al.Characteristics of the size distribution of recent and historical landslides in a populated hilly region.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2007,256:588-603
12乔建平,蒲晓虹,王萌,等.汶川地震滑坡的分布特点及最大震中距分析.自然灾害学报,2009,18:10-15
13王秀英,聂高众,王登伟.汶川地震诱发滑坡与地震动峰值加速度对应关系研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29:82-89
14姚鑫,许冲,戴福初,等.四川汶川Ms8级地震引发的滑坡与地层岩性、坡度的相关性.地质通报,2009,28:1156-1162
15陈晓利,李传友,王明明,等.断裂带两侧地震诱发滑坡空间分布差异性的主要影响因素研究—以北川地区的地震滑坡分布为例.地球物理学报,2011,54:737-746
16Sassa K,Tsuchiya S,Ugai K,et al.Landslides:A review of achievements in the first5years(2004-2009).Landslides,2009,6:275-286
17Newmark N M.Effects of earthquake on dams and embankments.Geotechnique,1965,15:139-160
18Keefer D K.Landslides caused by earthquakes.Geol Soc Am Bull,1984,95:406-421
19Campbell C S,Cleary P W,Hopkins M.Large-scale landslide simulations:Global deformation,velocities and basal frictions.J Geophys Res,1995,100(B5):8267-8283
20胡广韬.滑坡动力学.北京:地质出版社,1995
21毛彦龙,胡广韬,赵法锁,等.地震动触发滑坡体滑动的机理.西安工程学院学报,1998,20:47-50
22Huang C C,Lee Y H,Liu H P,et al.Influence of surface-normal ground acceleration on the initiation of the Jih-Feng-Erh-Shan landslide during the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,Earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,2001,91:953-958
23邢爱国,高广运.大型高速滑坡近程空气动力学效应研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22:778-783
24Helmstetter A,Sornette D,Grasso J R,et al.Slider block friction model for landslides:Application to Vaiont and La Clapière landslides.J Geophys Res,2004,109,doi:10.1029/2002JB002160
25Patrick M,Hovius N,Haines J A.Topographic site effects and the location of earthquake induced landslides.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2008,275:221-232
26Kuo C Y,Tai Y C,Bouchut F,et al.Simulation of Tsaoling landslide,Taiwan,based on Saint Venant equations over general topography.Eng Geol,2008,doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.10.003
27殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析.工程地质学报,2009,17:153-166
28崔芳鹏,殷跃平,许强,等.地震纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑响应研究.岩土工程学报,2010,32:1266-1273
29朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川地震发生过程的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52:418-427
30殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,2009,17:29-38
31韩金良,吴树仁,何淑军,等.5.12汶川8级地震次生地质灾害的基本特征及其形成机制浅析.地学前缘,2009,16:306-326
32黄润秋.汶川8.0级地震触发崩滑灾害机制及其地质力学模式.岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28:1239-1249
33许强.汶川大地震诱发地质灾害主要类型与特征研究.地质灾害与环境保护,2009,20:86-92
34Savage S B,Hutter K.The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline.J Fluid Mech,1989,199:177-215
35Savage S B,Hutter K.The dynamics of granular material from initiation to runout.Part I:Analysis.Acta Mech,1991,86:201-223
36Gray J,Wieland M,Hutter K.Gravity-driven free surface flow of granular avalanches over complex basal topography.Proc Math Phys Eng Sci,1999,455:1841-1874
37Pudasaini S P,Hutter K.Rapid shear flows of dry granular masses down curved and twisted channels.J Fluid Mech,2003,495:193-208
38Pudasaini S P,Hutter K.Avalanche Dynamics:Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches.New York:Springer,2007
39Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.Numeric modeling of the strain accumulation and release of the2008Wenchuan,Sichuan,China,Earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,2010,100:2825-2839
40Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.FEM simulation of inter-and coseismic deformation associated with the2008Wenchuan earthquake.Tectonophysics,2012,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.024
41冯文凯,何川,石豫川,等.复杂巨型滑坡形成机制三维离散元模拟分析.岩土力学,2009,30:1122-1126
42Brodsky E E,Gordeev E,Kanamori H.Landslide basal friction as measured by seismic waves.Geophys Res Lett,2003,30:2236,doi:10.1029/2003GL018485
43Clayton R,Engquist B.Absorbing boundary conditions for acoustic and elastic wave equation.Bull Seism Soc Am,1977,67:1529-1540
44Yuan R,Xu X,Chen G,et al.Ejection landslide at northern terminus of beichuan rupture triggered by the2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,2010,100:2689-2699
45Voisin C.Dynamic triggering of earthquakes:The nonlinear slip-dependent friction case.J Geophys Res,2002,107(B12):2356,doi:10.1029/2001JB001121
46Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.New York:Cambridge Univ Press,1990
47Scholz C H.Earthquakes and friction laws.Nature,1998,391:36-42
2Dong J J,Lee W R,Lin M L,et al.Effects of seismic anisotropy and geological characteristics on the kinematics of the neighboring Jiufengershan and Hungtsaiping landslides during Chi-Chi earthquake.Tectonophysics,2009,466:438-457
3许强,裴向军,黄润秋,等.汶川地震大型滑坡研究.北京:科学出版社,2009
4Kirschbaum D,Robert A,Yang H,et al.A global landslide catalog for hazard applications:method,results,and limitations.Nat Hazards,2010,52:561-575
5崔芳鹏,许强,谭儒蛟,等.地震动力作用触发的斜坡崩滑效应模拟.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39:445-450
6Dunning S A,Mitchell W A,Rosser N J,et al.The Hattian Bala rock avalanche and associated landslides triggered by the Kashmir Earthquake of8October2005.Eng Geol,2007,93:130-144
7四川地震局.1933年叠溪地震.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1983
8孔纪名,阿发友,吴文平.汶川地震滑坡类型及典型实例分析.水土保持学报,2009,23:66-70
9孙崇绍,蔡红卫.我国历史地震时滑坡崩塌的发育及分布特征.自然灾害学报,1997,6:25-30
10周本刚,王裕明.中国西南地区地震滑坡的基本特征.西北地震学报,1994,16:95-103
11Eeckhaut M V,Poesen J,Govers G,et al.Characteristics of the size distribution of recent and historical landslides in a populated hilly region.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2007,256:588-603
12乔建平,蒲晓虹,王萌,等.汶川地震滑坡的分布特点及最大震中距分析.自然灾害学报,2009,18:10-15
13王秀英,聂高众,王登伟.汶川地震诱发滑坡与地震动峰值加速度对应关系研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29:82-89
14姚鑫,许冲,戴福初,等.四川汶川Ms8级地震引发的滑坡与地层岩性、坡度的相关性.地质通报,2009,28:1156-1162
15陈晓利,李传友,王明明,等.断裂带两侧地震诱发滑坡空间分布差异性的主要影响因素研究—以北川地区的地震滑坡分布为例.地球物理学报,2011,54:737-746
16Sassa K,Tsuchiya S,Ugai K,et al.Landslides:A review of achievements in the first5years(2004-2009).Landslides,2009,6:275-286
17Newmark N M.Effects of earthquake on dams and embankments.Geotechnique,1965,15:139-160
18Keefer D K.Landslides caused by earthquakes.Geol Soc Am Bull,1984,95:406-421
19Campbell C S,Cleary P W,Hopkins M.Large-scale landslide simulations:Global deformation,velocities and basal frictions.J Geophys Res,1995,100(B5):8267-8283
20胡广韬.滑坡动力学.北京:地质出版社,1995
21毛彦龙,胡广韬,赵法锁,等.地震动触发滑坡体滑动的机理.西安工程学院学报,1998,20:47-50
22Huang C C,Lee Y H,Liu H P,et al.Influence of surface-normal ground acceleration on the initiation of the Jih-Feng-Erh-Shan landslide during the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,Earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,2001,91:953-958
23邢爱国,高广运.大型高速滑坡近程空气动力学效应研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22:778-783
24Helmstetter A,Sornette D,Grasso J R,et al.Slider block friction model for landslides:Application to Vaiont and La Clapière landslides.J Geophys Res,2004,109,doi:10.1029/2002JB002160
25Patrick M,Hovius N,Haines J A.Topographic site effects and the location of earthquake induced landslides.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2008,275:221-232
26Kuo C Y,Tai Y C,Bouchut F,et al.Simulation of Tsaoling landslide,Taiwan,based on Saint Venant equations over general topography.Eng Geol,2008,doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.10.003
27殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析.工程地质学报,2009,17:153-166
28崔芳鹏,殷跃平,许强,等.地震纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑响应研究.岩土工程学报,2010,32:1266-1273
29朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川地震发生过程的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52:418-427
30殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,2009,17:29-38
31韩金良,吴树仁,何淑军,等.5.12汶川8级地震次生地质灾害的基本特征及其形成机制浅析.地学前缘,2009,16:306-326
32黄润秋.汶川8.0级地震触发崩滑灾害机制及其地质力学模式.岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28:1239-1249
33许强.汶川大地震诱发地质灾害主要类型与特征研究.地质灾害与环境保护,2009,20:86-92
34Savage S B,Hutter K.The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline.J Fluid Mech,1989,199:177-215
35Savage S B,Hutter K.The dynamics of granular material from initiation to runout.Part I:Analysis.Acta Mech,1991,86:201-223
36Gray J,Wieland M,Hutter K.Gravity-driven free surface flow of granular avalanches over complex basal topography.Proc Math Phys Eng Sci,1999,455:1841-1874
37Pudasaini S P,Hutter K.Rapid shear flows of dry granular masses down curved and twisted channels.J Fluid Mech,2003,495:193-208
38Pudasaini S P,Hutter K.Avalanche Dynamics:Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches.New York:Springer,2007
39Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.Numeric modeling of the strain accumulation and release of the2008Wenchuan,Sichuan,China,Earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,2010,100:2825-2839
40Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.FEM simulation of inter-and coseismic deformation associated with the2008Wenchuan earthquake.Tectonophysics,2012,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.024
41冯文凯,何川,石豫川,等.复杂巨型滑坡形成机制三维离散元模拟分析.岩土力学,2009,30:1122-1126
42Brodsky E E,Gordeev E,Kanamori H.Landslide basal friction as measured by seismic waves.Geophys Res Lett,2003,30:2236,doi:10.1029/2003GL018485
43Clayton R,Engquist B.Absorbing boundary conditions for acoustic and elastic wave equation.Bull Seism Soc Am,1977,67:1529-1540
44Yuan R,Xu X,Chen G,et al.Ejection landslide at northern terminus of beichuan rupture triggered by the2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,2010,100:2689-2699
45Voisin C.Dynamic triggering of earthquakes:The nonlinear slip-dependent friction case.J Geophys Res,2002,107(B12):2356,doi:10.1029/2001JB001121
46Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.New York:Cambridge Univ Press,1990
47Scholz C H.Earthquakes and friction laws.Nature,1998,391:36-42
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