地震数据重建方法综述
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摘要
地震勘探的目的是为了获得地下构造的精确成像.由于人为因素和环境原因,地震数据在空间方向上往往是不规则采样或缺失采样的,这可能会在数据处理时产生假象,最终导致错误的解释.因此经常需要在空间方向对缺失的地震数据进行重建.重建问题可以看作是一个反演问题,即从不完整的地震数据中重建出完整的地震波场.本文重点研究了国内外比较成熟的地震数据重建方法,如基于滤波的重建方法、基于波场延拓算子的重建方法、基于变换域的重建方法以及相干倾角插值等方法,分析了这些方法的优缺点,以及目前地震数据重建所面临的挑战.
The objective of exploration seismology is to obtain an accurate image of the subsurface.However,due to human-related reasons and environmental circumstances,seismic data are usually irregularly sampled or missing sampled in spatial domain.This may introduce artifacts during data processing,and lead to erroneously interpretation.Therefore,we need to reconstruct missing seismic data along spatial direction.The reconstruction problem can be treated as an inverse problem where from inadequate and incomplete data we attempt to reconstruct the full seismic wavefield at positions where datum were not acquired.In this paper,the seismic data reconstruction methods in the industry are reviewed,including the filter based reconstruction,wavefield operator based reconstruction,transformation based reconstruction and coherent angle interpolation.We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods,as well as current challenges to seismic data reconstruction.
The objective of exploration seismology is to obtain an accurate image of the subsurface.However,due to human-related reasons and environmental circumstances,seismic data are usually irregularly sampled or missing sampled in spatial domain.This may introduce artifacts during data processing,and lead to erroneously interpretation.Therefore,we need to reconstruct missing seismic data along spatial direction.The reconstruction problem can be treated as an inverse problem where from inadequate and incomplete data we attempt to reconstruct the full seismic wavefield at positions where datum were not acquired.In this paper,the seismic data reconstruction methods in the industry are reviewed,including the filter based reconstruction,wavefield operator based reconstruction,transformation based reconstruction and coherent angle interpolation.We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods,as well as current challenges to seismic data reconstruction.
引文
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[6]Porsani M J.Seismic trace interpolation using half-step predictionfilters[J].Geophysics,1999,64:1461-1467.
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[12]Gulunay N.Seismic trace interpolation in the Fourier transformdomain[J].Geophysics,2003,68:355-369.
[13]Naghizadeh M,and Sacchi M D.Multistep autoregressivereconstruction of seismic records[J].Geophysics,2007,72(6):V111-V118.
[14]Naghizadeh M,and Sacchi M D.Seismic data reconstructionusing multidimensional prediction filters[J].GeophysicalProspecting,2010,58(2):157-173.
[15]Nemeth T,Chengjun W,and Schuster G T.Least-squaresmigration of incomplete reflection data[J].Geophysics,1999,64:208-221.
[16]Kuehl H.Least-squares wave-equation migration/inversion.Ph.D.thesis,University of Alberta,2002.
[17]Bagaini C,and Spagnolini U.Common shot velocity analysisby shot continuation operator.63rd Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1993:673-676.
[18]Spagnolini U,and Opreni S.3Dshot continuation operator.66th Ann.Internat.Mtg,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1996:439-442.
[19]Mazzucchelli P,Rocca F,Spagnolini U,et al.Wavefieldinterpolation continuation or prediction filter techniques?.60th EAGE Conference,Extended Abstracts,1998:2-51.
[20]Bolondi G,Loinger E,and Rocca F.Offset continuation ofseismic sections[J].Geophysical prospecting,1982,30:813-828.
[21]Ronen J.Wave-equation trace interpolation[J].Geophysics,1987,52:973-984.
[22]Bagaini C,and Spagnolini U.2Dcontinuation operators andtheir applications[J].Geophysics,1996,61:1846-1858.
[23]Fomel S.Seismic reflection data interpolation with differentialoffset and shot continouation[J].Geophysics,2003,68:733-744.
[24]Deregowski S M.What is DMO?[J].First Break,1986,4:7-24.
[25]Canning A,and Gardner G.Regularizing 3Ddata sets withDMO[J].Geophysics,1996,61:1108-1114.
[26]Jager C,Hertweck P,and Hubral P.The Unified approachand its applications:wave-equation based trace interpolation.72nd Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002:2178-2181.
[27]Biondi B,Fomel S,and Chemingui N.Azimuth moveout for3Dprestack imaging[J].Geophysics,1998,63:574-588.
[28]Chemingui N.Imaging irregularly sampled 3D prestackeddata.Ph.D.thesis,Stanford University,1999.
[29]辛可锋,王华忠,王成礼,等.叠前地震数据的规则化[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(4):311-317.Xin K F,Wang H Z,Wang C L,et al.Regularization of pre-stack seismic data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),2002,37(4):311-317.
[30]李学聪,刘伊克,常旭,等.基于F-K偏移和反偏移的地震道插值方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(6):2020-2029.Li X C,Liu Y K,Chang X,et al.Interpolation for seismictraces based on F-K migration and demigration[J].Progressin Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(6):2020-2029.
[31]Herrmann P,Mojesky T,and Magesan M,et al.De-aliased,high-resolution Radon transforms.70th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2000:1953-1956.
[32]Zwartjes P M,and Sacchi M.Fourier reconstruction of non-uniformly sampled,aliased data.74th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004:1997-2000.
[33]Yilmaz O,and Taner M T.Discrete plane-wave decomposition byleast mean square error method[J].Geophysics,1994,59:973-982.
[34]Thorson J R,and Claerbout J F.Velocity stack and slantstochastic inversion[J].Geophysics,1985,50:2727-2741.
[35]Hampson D.Inverse velocity stacking for multiple elimination[J].Journal of the Canadian Society of Explorationgeophysicists,1986,22:44-55.
[36]Kabir M M N,and Verschuur D J.Restoration of missingoffsets by parabolic Radon Transform[J].GeophysicalProspecting,1995,43:347-368.
[37]Sacchi M,and Ulrych T J.High-resolution velocity gatherand offset space reconstruction[J].Geophysics,1995,60:1169-1177.
[38]Hugonnet P,and Canadas G.Regridding of irregular datausing 3-d radon decompositions.67th Ann.Internat.Mtg:Soc.of Expl.Geophys.,Expanded Abstracts,1997:1111-1114.
[39]Schonewille M A,and Duijndam A J W.Efficient nonuniformfourier and radon filtering and reconstruction.68th Ann.Internat.Mtg:Soc.of Expl.Geophys.,ExpandedAbstracts,1998:1692-1695.
[40]Trad D,Ulrych J,and Sacchi M D.Accurate interpolationwith high-resolution time-variant Radon transforms[J].Geophysics,2002,67:644-656.
[41]王维红,高红伟,刘洪.道均衡抛物线Radon变换法地震道重建[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(5):518-522.Wang W H,Gao H W,Liu H.Seismic trace reconstructionby trace equalization parabolic Radon transform[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2005,40(5):518-522.
[42]王维红,裴江云,张剑锋.加权抛物Radon变换叠前地震数据重建[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3):851-859.Wang W H,Pei J Y,Zhang Z F.Prestack seismic datareconstruction using weighted parabolic Radon transform.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3):851-859.
[43]Wajer F T A W,de Beer R,Fuderer M,et al.Spiral MRIscan time reduction by undersampling and iterative Gaussianfiltering:Proc.PRORISC/IEEE,J.P.Veen Ed.,1996,373-378.
[44]Wajer F T A W.Non-Cartesian MRI scan time reductionthrough sparse sampling.Ph.D.thesis,Delft University ofTechnology,2001.
[45]Duijndam A J W,Schonewille M A,and Hindriks C O H.Reconstruction of band-limited signals,irregularly sampledalong one spatial direction[J].Geophysics,1999b,64:524-538.
[46]Hindriks K,and Duijndam A J W.Reconstruction of 3-Dseismic signals irregularly sampled along two spatialcoordinates[J].Geophysics,2000,65:253-263.
[47]Liu B,and Sacchi M.Minimum weighted norm interpolationof seismic records[J].Geophysics,2004,69:1560-1568.
[48]Zwartjes P M,and Sacchi M D.Fourier reconstruction ofnonuniformly sampled,aliased seismic data[J].Geophysics,2007,72:V21-V32.
[49]Jakubowicz H.Wavefield reconstruction.64th Ann.Internat.Meg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1994:1557-1560.
[50]刘喜武,刘洪,刘彬.反假频非均匀地震数据重建方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(2):299-305.Liu X W,Liu H,Liu B.A study on algorithm forreconstruction of de-alias uneven seismic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(2):299-305.
[51]Duijndam A J W,and Schonewille M A.Nonuniform fastFourier transform[J].Geophysics,1999a,64:539-551.
[52]Hennenfent G,and Herrmann F J.Application of stable signalrecovery to seismic data interpolation.76th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2006:2797-2801.
[53]Herrmann F J,and Hennenfent G.Non-parametric seismicdata recovery with curvelet frames[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,2008,173:233-248.
[54]Hennenfent G,Fenelon L,and Herrmann F J.Nonequispacedcurvelet transform for seismic data reconstruction:Asparsity-promoting approach[J].Geophysics,2010,75:203-210.
[55]Naghizadeh M and Sacchi M D.Beyond alias hierarchical scalecurvelet interpolation of regularly and irregularly sampledseismic data[J].Geophysics,2010,75:189-202.
[56]Larner K,Gibson B,and Rothman D.Trace interpolationand the design of seismic surveys[J].Geophysics,1981,46:407-415.
[57]俞寿朋.用内插法加密地震测网.物探科技通报,1986,4(2):1-6.
[58]Pieprzak A W,and McClean J W.Trace interpolation ofseverely aliased events.58th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1988,7:658-660.
[59]Verschuur D J,Berkhout A J,and Wapenaar C P A.Surface-related multiple elimination:Application on real data.61thAnn.Internat.Mtg,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1991,10:1476-1479.
[60]Soubaras R.Spatial interpolation of aliased seismic data.67Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1997:1167-1170.
[61]崔兴福,刘东奇,张关泉.小波变换实现地震道内插.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(增刊):93-97.
[62]李信富,李小凡.分形插值地震数据重建方法研究.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1196-1201.Li X F,Li X F.Seismic data reconstruction with fractalinterpolation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(4):1196-1201.
[63]陆艳洪,陆文凯,翟正军.一种边缘保持的地震数据插值方法.地球物理学报,2012,55(3):991-997.Lu Y H,Lu W K,Zhai Z J.An edge-preserving seismic datainterpolation method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):991-997.
[64]Trad D.Five dimensional seismic data interpolation.78thAnn.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstarcts,2008:978-981.
[2]Wever A,and Spetzler J.Criteria for source and receiverpositioning in timelapse seismic acquisition.74th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004:2319-2322.
[3]孟小红,郭良辉,张致付,等,基于非均匀快速傅里叶变换的最小二乘反演地震数据重建[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(1):235-241.Meng X H,Guo L H,Zhang Z F,et al.Reconstruction ofseismic data with least squares inversion based on nonuniformfast Fourier transform.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(1):235-241.
[4]Spitz S.Seismic traces interpolation in F-X domain[J].Geophysics,1991,56:785-794.
[5]Claerbout J F,and Nichols D.Interpolation beyond aliasing by(tau,x)-domain PEFs.53rd Ann.Internat.Mtg.,EAEG,Expanded Abstracts,1991:2-3.
[6]Porsani M J.Seismic trace interpolation using half-step predictionfilters[J].Geophysics,1999,64:1461-1467.
[7]Crawley S,Clapp R,and Clearbout J F.Interpolation withsmoothly nonstationary prediction-error filters.69th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1999:1154-1157.
[8]国九英,周兴元.F-K域等道距道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(2):210-218.Guo J Y,Zhou X Y.Iso-interval trace interpolation in F-Kdomain[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),1996,31(2):211-218
[9]国九英,周兴元,俞寿朋.F-X域等道距道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,32(1):28-34.Guo J Y,Zhou X Y,Yu S P.Iso-interval trace interpolation inF-X domain[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),1996,31(1):28-341.
[10]Gulunay N,and Chambers R E.Un-aliased f-k domain traceinterpolation(UFKI).66th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1996:1461-1464.
[11]Gulunay N,and Chambers R E.Generalized f-k domain traceinterpolation.67th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,ExpandedAbstracts,1997:1100-1103.
[12]Gulunay N.Seismic trace interpolation in the Fourier transformdomain[J].Geophysics,2003,68:355-369.
[13]Naghizadeh M,and Sacchi M D.Multistep autoregressivereconstruction of seismic records[J].Geophysics,2007,72(6):V111-V118.
[14]Naghizadeh M,and Sacchi M D.Seismic data reconstructionusing multidimensional prediction filters[J].GeophysicalProspecting,2010,58(2):157-173.
[15]Nemeth T,Chengjun W,and Schuster G T.Least-squaresmigration of incomplete reflection data[J].Geophysics,1999,64:208-221.
[16]Kuehl H.Least-squares wave-equation migration/inversion.Ph.D.thesis,University of Alberta,2002.
[17]Bagaini C,and Spagnolini U.Common shot velocity analysisby shot continuation operator.63rd Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1993:673-676.
[18]Spagnolini U,and Opreni S.3Dshot continuation operator.66th Ann.Internat.Mtg,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1996:439-442.
[19]Mazzucchelli P,Rocca F,Spagnolini U,et al.Wavefieldinterpolation continuation or prediction filter techniques?.60th EAGE Conference,Extended Abstracts,1998:2-51.
[20]Bolondi G,Loinger E,and Rocca F.Offset continuation ofseismic sections[J].Geophysical prospecting,1982,30:813-828.
[21]Ronen J.Wave-equation trace interpolation[J].Geophysics,1987,52:973-984.
[22]Bagaini C,and Spagnolini U.2Dcontinuation operators andtheir applications[J].Geophysics,1996,61:1846-1858.
[23]Fomel S.Seismic reflection data interpolation with differentialoffset and shot continouation[J].Geophysics,2003,68:733-744.
[24]Deregowski S M.What is DMO?[J].First Break,1986,4:7-24.
[25]Canning A,and Gardner G.Regularizing 3Ddata sets withDMO[J].Geophysics,1996,61:1108-1114.
[26]Jager C,Hertweck P,and Hubral P.The Unified approachand its applications:wave-equation based trace interpolation.72nd Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002:2178-2181.
[27]Biondi B,Fomel S,and Chemingui N.Azimuth moveout for3Dprestack imaging[J].Geophysics,1998,63:574-588.
[28]Chemingui N.Imaging irregularly sampled 3D prestackeddata.Ph.D.thesis,Stanford University,1999.
[29]辛可锋,王华忠,王成礼,等.叠前地震数据的规则化[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(4):311-317.Xin K F,Wang H Z,Wang C L,et al.Regularization of pre-stack seismic data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),2002,37(4):311-317.
[30]李学聪,刘伊克,常旭,等.基于F-K偏移和反偏移的地震道插值方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(6):2020-2029.Li X C,Liu Y K,Chang X,et al.Interpolation for seismictraces based on F-K migration and demigration[J].Progressin Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(6):2020-2029.
[31]Herrmann P,Mojesky T,and Magesan M,et al.De-aliased,high-resolution Radon transforms.70th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2000:1953-1956.
[32]Zwartjes P M,and Sacchi M.Fourier reconstruction of non-uniformly sampled,aliased data.74th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004:1997-2000.
[33]Yilmaz O,and Taner M T.Discrete plane-wave decomposition byleast mean square error method[J].Geophysics,1994,59:973-982.
[34]Thorson J R,and Claerbout J F.Velocity stack and slantstochastic inversion[J].Geophysics,1985,50:2727-2741.
[35]Hampson D.Inverse velocity stacking for multiple elimination[J].Journal of the Canadian Society of Explorationgeophysicists,1986,22:44-55.
[36]Kabir M M N,and Verschuur D J.Restoration of missingoffsets by parabolic Radon Transform[J].GeophysicalProspecting,1995,43:347-368.
[37]Sacchi M,and Ulrych T J.High-resolution velocity gatherand offset space reconstruction[J].Geophysics,1995,60:1169-1177.
[38]Hugonnet P,and Canadas G.Regridding of irregular datausing 3-d radon decompositions.67th Ann.Internat.Mtg:Soc.of Expl.Geophys.,Expanded Abstracts,1997:1111-1114.
[39]Schonewille M A,and Duijndam A J W.Efficient nonuniformfourier and radon filtering and reconstruction.68th Ann.Internat.Mtg:Soc.of Expl.Geophys.,ExpandedAbstracts,1998:1692-1695.
[40]Trad D,Ulrych J,and Sacchi M D.Accurate interpolationwith high-resolution time-variant Radon transforms[J].Geophysics,2002,67:644-656.
[41]王维红,高红伟,刘洪.道均衡抛物线Radon变换法地震道重建[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(5):518-522.Wang W H,Gao H W,Liu H.Seismic trace reconstructionby trace equalization parabolic Radon transform[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2005,40(5):518-522.
[42]王维红,裴江云,张剑锋.加权抛物Radon变换叠前地震数据重建[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3):851-859.Wang W H,Pei J Y,Zhang Z F.Prestack seismic datareconstruction using weighted parabolic Radon transform.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3):851-859.
[43]Wajer F T A W,de Beer R,Fuderer M,et al.Spiral MRIscan time reduction by undersampling and iterative Gaussianfiltering:Proc.PRORISC/IEEE,J.P.Veen Ed.,1996,373-378.
[44]Wajer F T A W.Non-Cartesian MRI scan time reductionthrough sparse sampling.Ph.D.thesis,Delft University ofTechnology,2001.
[45]Duijndam A J W,Schonewille M A,and Hindriks C O H.Reconstruction of band-limited signals,irregularly sampledalong one spatial direction[J].Geophysics,1999b,64:524-538.
[46]Hindriks K,and Duijndam A J W.Reconstruction of 3-Dseismic signals irregularly sampled along two spatialcoordinates[J].Geophysics,2000,65:253-263.
[47]Liu B,and Sacchi M.Minimum weighted norm interpolationof seismic records[J].Geophysics,2004,69:1560-1568.
[48]Zwartjes P M,and Sacchi M D.Fourier reconstruction ofnonuniformly sampled,aliased seismic data[J].Geophysics,2007,72:V21-V32.
[49]Jakubowicz H.Wavefield reconstruction.64th Ann.Internat.Meg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1994:1557-1560.
[50]刘喜武,刘洪,刘彬.反假频非均匀地震数据重建方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(2):299-305.Liu X W,Liu H,Liu B.A study on algorithm forreconstruction of de-alias uneven seismic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(2):299-305.
[51]Duijndam A J W,and Schonewille M A.Nonuniform fastFourier transform[J].Geophysics,1999a,64:539-551.
[52]Hennenfent G,and Herrmann F J.Application of stable signalrecovery to seismic data interpolation.76th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2006:2797-2801.
[53]Herrmann F J,and Hennenfent G.Non-parametric seismicdata recovery with curvelet frames[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,2008,173:233-248.
[54]Hennenfent G,Fenelon L,and Herrmann F J.Nonequispacedcurvelet transform for seismic data reconstruction:Asparsity-promoting approach[J].Geophysics,2010,75:203-210.
[55]Naghizadeh M and Sacchi M D.Beyond alias hierarchical scalecurvelet interpolation of regularly and irregularly sampledseismic data[J].Geophysics,2010,75:189-202.
[56]Larner K,Gibson B,and Rothman D.Trace interpolationand the design of seismic surveys[J].Geophysics,1981,46:407-415.
[57]俞寿朋.用内插法加密地震测网.物探科技通报,1986,4(2):1-6.
[58]Pieprzak A W,and McClean J W.Trace interpolation ofseverely aliased events.58th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1988,7:658-660.
[59]Verschuur D J,Berkhout A J,and Wapenaar C P A.Surface-related multiple elimination:Application on real data.61thAnn.Internat.Mtg,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1991,10:1476-1479.
[60]Soubaras R.Spatial interpolation of aliased seismic data.67Ann.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1997:1167-1170.
[61]崔兴福,刘东奇,张关泉.小波变换实现地震道内插.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(增刊):93-97.
[62]李信富,李小凡.分形插值地震数据重建方法研究.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1196-1201.Li X F,Li X F.Seismic data reconstruction with fractalinterpolation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(4):1196-1201.
[63]陆艳洪,陆文凯,翟正军.一种边缘保持的地震数据插值方法.地球物理学报,2012,55(3):991-997.Lu Y H,Lu W K,Zhai Z J.An edge-preserving seismic datainterpolation method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):991-997.
[64]Trad D.Five dimensional seismic data interpolation.78thAnn.Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstarcts,2008:978-981.
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