基于聚类分析的多尺度相似地震快速识别方法及其在汶川地震东北端余震序列分析中的应用
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摘要
相似地震是具有相似波形记录的一组地震,往往以地震丛集的方式发生.而重复地震是一种特殊的相似地震,一般具有相近的震源机制解和几乎重合的破裂面积.对相似地震特别是重复地震的研究是我们认识断层的结构和变化的重要手段.本文提出了一种基于相似度距离概念和聚类分析技术的相似地震识别方法,可以利用单个台站对其记录到的地震事件进行快速的相似地震和重复地震识别.我们将此方法应用于汶川地震东北端的余震序列,获得了该地区相似地震的分布图像,并对其中存在的重复地震的发震机制进行了讨论分析.
Similar earthquakes are a group of earthquakes which have highly similar waveform at one or more seismic stations,they always occur as clusters in a limited space.Repeating earthquakes,as distinguished similar earthquakes,have nearly identical focal mechanism and overlapped rupture area.They provide an important means for studying the structure and property variation of fault systems.Here we present a method,which is based on similarity distance matrix and hierarchical clustering algorithm,to perform multilevel quick identification of similar earthquakes by one single station.We apply this method to Wenchuan northeast aftershock sequence and obtain the spatial and time distribution of different level similar earthquakes.The ability for detecting repeating earthquakes as well as the possible mechanism of burst-type repeating earthquakes in this region are discussed in the end.
Similar earthquakes are a group of earthquakes which have highly similar waveform at one or more seismic stations,they always occur as clusters in a limited space.Repeating earthquakes,as distinguished similar earthquakes,have nearly identical focal mechanism and overlapped rupture area.They provide an important means for studying the structure and property variation of fault systems.Here we present a method,which is based on similarity distance matrix and hierarchical clustering algorithm,to perform multilevel quick identification of similar earthquakes by one single station.We apply this method to Wenchuan northeast aftershock sequence and obtain the spatial and time distribution of different level similar earthquakes.The ability for detecting repeating earthquakes as well as the possible mechanism of burst-type repeating earthquakes in this region are discussed in the end.
引文
[1]Geller R J,Mueller C S.Four similar earthquakes in centralCalifornia.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1980,7(10):821-824.
[2]Shearer P M.Evidence for a fault at 18km depth beneathOak Ridge,southern California,from a cluster of smallearthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(6):1327-1336.
[3]Shearer P M,Hardebeck J L,Astiz L,et al.Analysis ofsimilar event clusters in aftershocks of the 1994Northridge,California,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2035,doi:10.1029/2001JB000685.
[4]Stankova J,Bilek S L,Rowe C A,et al.Characteristics ofthe October 2005microearthquake swarm and reactivation ofsimilar event seismic swarms over decadal time periods nearSocorro,New Mexico.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(1):93-105.
[5]Ito A.High resolution relative hypocenters of similarearthquakes by cross-spectral analysis method.J.Phys.Earth,1985,33(4):279-294.
[6]Schaff D.Improvements to detection capability by cross-correlatingfor similar events:A case study of the 1999Xiuyan,China,sequence and synthetic sensitivity tests.Geophys.J.Int.,2010,180(2):829-846.
[7]Waldhauser F,Ellsworth W L.A double-differenceearthquake location algorithm:Method and application to thenorthern Hayward fault,California.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2000,90(6):1353-1368.
[8]Waldhauser F.HypoDD:A computer program to computedouble-difference earthquake locations.Open File Report 01-113,2001.
[9]Rowe C A,Aster R C,Borchers B,et al.An automatic,adaptive algorithm for refining phase picks in large seismicdata sets.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(5):1660-1674.
[10]Schaff D P,Bokelmann G H R,Ellsworth W L,et al.Optimizing correlation techniques for improved earthquakelocation.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2004,94(2):705-721.
[11]Schaff D P,Waldhauser F.One Magnitude unit reduction indetection threshold by cross correlation applied to parkfield(California)and China seismicity.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2010,100(6):3224-3238.
[12]Abercrombie R E,Mori J.Occurrence patterns of foreshocksto large earthquakes in the western United States.Nature,1996,381(6580):303-307.
[13]Zanzerkia E E,Beroza G C,Vidale J E.Waveform analysisof the 1999Hector Mine foreshock sequence.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(8):1429,doi:10.1029/2002GL016383.
[14]倪四道,王伟涛,李丽.2010年4月14日玉树地震:一个有前震的破坏性地震.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(5):535-537.Ni S D,Wang W T,Li L.The April 14th,2010 Yushuearthquake,a devastating earthquake with foreshocks.Sci.China Earth Sci.(in Chinese),2010,40(5):535-537.
[15]Nadeau R M,Johnson L R.Seismological studies at ParkfieldVI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parametersfor small repeating earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):790-814.
[16]Sammis C G,Rice J R.Repeating earthquakes as low-stress-drop events at a border between locked and creeping faultpatches.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(3):532-537.
[17]Cheng X,Niu F,Silver P G,et al.Similar microearthquakesobserved in western Nagano,Japan,and implications forrupture mechanics.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112:B04306,doi:10.1029/2006JB004416.
[18]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Fault slip rates at depth fromrecurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes.Science,1999,285(5428):718-721.
[19]Li Le,Chen Q F,Cheng X,et al.Spatial clustering andrepeating of seismic events observed along the 1976Tangshanfault,North China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34(23):L23309,doi:10.1029/2007GL031594.
[20]Li Le,Chen Q F,Niu F L,et al.Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone estimated from repeating microearthquakes.Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(3):447-455.
[21]李乐,陈棋福.利用重复地震估算北京平原地区隐伏断裂深部的活动速率.地震地质,2010,32(3):508-519.Li L,Chen Q F.Slip rates at depth along the buried faults inBeijing Plain area estimated from repeating microearthquakes.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2010,32(3):508-519.
[22]Rubin A M.Using repeating earthquakes to correct high-precision earthquake catalogs for time-dependent stationdelays.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(5):1647-1659.
[23]蒋长胜,吴忠良.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计.中国地震,2005,21(2):147-154.Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Estimating the location accuracy of theChina National Seismograph Network using repeating events.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2005,21(2):147-154.
[24]蒋长胜,吴忠良,李宇彤.首都圈地区“重复地震”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用.地球物理学报,2008,5l(3):817-827.Jiang C S,Wu Z L,Li Y T.Estimating the location accuracyof the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network usingrepeating events.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(3):87-827.
[25]Marone C,Vidale J E,Ellsworth W L.Fault healing inferredfrom time dependent variations in source properties ofrepeating earthquakes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(22):3095-3098.
[26]Baisch S,Bokelmann G H R.Seismic waveform attributesbefore and after the Loma Prieta earthquake:scatteringchange near the earthquake and temporal recovery.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B8):16323-16337.
[27]Schaff D P,Beroza G C.Coseismic and postseismic velocitychanges measured by repeating earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109:B10302,doi:10.1029/2004JB003011.
[28]Li Y G,Chen P,Cochran E S,et al.Seismic evidence forrock damage and healing on the San Andreas fault associatedwith the 2004 M6.0Parkfield earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(4B):S349-S363.
[29]Chen K H,Rau R J,Hu J C.Variability of repeatingearthquake behavior along the Longitudinal Valley fault zoneof eastern Taiwan.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B05306,doi:10.1029/2007JB005518.
[30]Peng Z G,Ben-Zion Y.Spatiotemporal variations of crustalanisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the 1999M7.4Izmit and M7.1Düzce,Turkey,earthquake sequences.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160:1027-1043.
[31]Zhao P,Peng Z G.Depth extent of damage zones around thecentral Calaveras fault from waveform analysis of repeatingearthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,2009,179(3):1817-1830.
[32]Myhill R,McKenzie D,Priestley K.The distribution ofearthquake multiplets beneath the southwest Pacific.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,2011,301(1-2):87-97.
[33]Schaff D P,Richards P G.Repeating seismic events inChina.Science,2004,303(5661):1176-1178.
[34]李宇彤,吴忠良,蒋长胜等.利用辽宁区域地震台网记录分析"重复地震".地震学报,2008,30(4):383-396.Li Y T,Wu Z J,Jiang C S,et al.Analysis on repeatingearthquakes recorded by Liaoning Regional SeismographNetwork.Acta Seism.Sinica(in Chinese),2008,30(4):383-396.
[35]Sneath P H A,Sokal R R.Numerical Taxonomy:ThePrinciples and Practice of Numerical Classification.SanFrancisco,US:WH Freeman,1973.
[36]Romesburg C.Cluster Analysis for Researchers.NorthCarolina:Lulu Press,2004.
[37]Lance G N,Williams W T.A general theory of classificatorysorting strategies:1.Hierarchical systems.Comput.J.,1967,9(4):373-380.
[38]Maurer H,Deichmann N.Microearthquake cluster detectionbased on waveform similarities,with an application to thewestern Swiss Alps.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,123(2):588-600.
[39]刁桂苓,于利民,李钦祖.震源机制解的系统聚类分析——以海城地震序列为例.中国地震,1992,8(3):86-92.Diao G L,Yu L M,Li Q Z.Hierarchical clustgering analysisof the focal mechanism solution-taking the Haichengearthquake sequences for example.Earthquake Research inChina(in Chinese),1992,8(3):86-92.
[40]Aster R C,Scott J.Comprehensive characterization ofwaveform similarity in microearthquake data sets.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1993,83(4):1307-1314.
[41]郑秀芬,欧阳飚,张东宁等.“国家数字测震台网数据备份中心”技术系统建设及其对汶川大地震研究的数据支撑.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1412-1417.Zheng X F,Ouyang B,Zhang D N,et al.Technical systemconstruction of Data Backup Centre for China SeismographNetwork and the data support to researches on the Wenchuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1412-1417.
[42]Menke W.Using waveform similarity to constrain earthquakelocations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89(4):1143-1146.
[43]Kummerow J.Using the value of the crosscorrelationcoefficient to locate microseismic events.Geophysics,2010,75(4):MA47-MA52.
[44]Baisch S,Ceranna L,Harjes H P.Earthquake cluster:whatcan we learn from waveform similarity?Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(6):2806-2814.
[45]赵珠,范军,郑斯华等.龙门山断裂带地壳速度结构和震源位置的精确修定.地震学报,1997,19(6):615-622.Zhao Z,Fan J,Zheng S H,et al.Precision determination ofthe crustal structure and hypocentral location in theLongmenshan thrust nappe belt.Acta Seism.Sinica(inChinese),1997,19(6):615-622.
[46]Hanks T C,Kanamori H.A moment magnitude scale.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B5):2348-2350.
[47]Kanamori H,Anderson D L.Theoretical basis for someempirical relations in seismology.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1975,65(5):1073-1095.
[48]Rubin A M,Gillard D.Aftershock asymmetry/rupturedirectivity among central San Andreas fault microearthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B8):10095-19109.
[49]Templeton D C,Nadeau R M,Bürgmann R.Behavior ofrepeating earthquake sequences in central California and theimplications for subsurface fault creep.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(1):52-65.
[50]Evans K F,Moriya H,Niitsuma H,et al.Microseismicityand permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structuresduring massive fluid injections into granite at 3km depth atthe Soultz HDR site.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160(1):389-412.
[51]Baisch S,Weidler R,Vrs R,et al.Induced seismicityduring the stimulation of a geothermal HFR reservoir in theCooper Basin,Australia.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(6):2242-2256.
[52]Vidale J E,Shearer P M.A survey of 71earthquake burstsacross southern California:Exploring the role of pore fluidpressure fluctuations and aseismic slip as drivers.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05312,doi:10.1029/2005JB004034.
[53]雷建设,赵大鹏,苏金蓉等.龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川地震发震机理.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):339-345.Lei J S,Zhao D P,Su J R,et al.Fine seismic structureunder the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of thelarge Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(2):339-345.
[2]Shearer P M.Evidence for a fault at 18km depth beneathOak Ridge,southern California,from a cluster of smallearthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(6):1327-1336.
[3]Shearer P M,Hardebeck J L,Astiz L,et al.Analysis ofsimilar event clusters in aftershocks of the 1994Northridge,California,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2035,doi:10.1029/2001JB000685.
[4]Stankova J,Bilek S L,Rowe C A,et al.Characteristics ofthe October 2005microearthquake swarm and reactivation ofsimilar event seismic swarms over decadal time periods nearSocorro,New Mexico.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(1):93-105.
[5]Ito A.High resolution relative hypocenters of similarearthquakes by cross-spectral analysis method.J.Phys.Earth,1985,33(4):279-294.
[6]Schaff D.Improvements to detection capability by cross-correlatingfor similar events:A case study of the 1999Xiuyan,China,sequence and synthetic sensitivity tests.Geophys.J.Int.,2010,180(2):829-846.
[7]Waldhauser F,Ellsworth W L.A double-differenceearthquake location algorithm:Method and application to thenorthern Hayward fault,California.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2000,90(6):1353-1368.
[8]Waldhauser F.HypoDD:A computer program to computedouble-difference earthquake locations.Open File Report 01-113,2001.
[9]Rowe C A,Aster R C,Borchers B,et al.An automatic,adaptive algorithm for refining phase picks in large seismicdata sets.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(5):1660-1674.
[10]Schaff D P,Bokelmann G H R,Ellsworth W L,et al.Optimizing correlation techniques for improved earthquakelocation.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2004,94(2):705-721.
[11]Schaff D P,Waldhauser F.One Magnitude unit reduction indetection threshold by cross correlation applied to parkfield(California)and China seismicity.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2010,100(6):3224-3238.
[12]Abercrombie R E,Mori J.Occurrence patterns of foreshocksto large earthquakes in the western United States.Nature,1996,381(6580):303-307.
[13]Zanzerkia E E,Beroza G C,Vidale J E.Waveform analysisof the 1999Hector Mine foreshock sequence.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(8):1429,doi:10.1029/2002GL016383.
[14]倪四道,王伟涛,李丽.2010年4月14日玉树地震:一个有前震的破坏性地震.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(5):535-537.Ni S D,Wang W T,Li L.The April 14th,2010 Yushuearthquake,a devastating earthquake with foreshocks.Sci.China Earth Sci.(in Chinese),2010,40(5):535-537.
[15]Nadeau R M,Johnson L R.Seismological studies at ParkfieldVI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parametersfor small repeating earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):790-814.
[16]Sammis C G,Rice J R.Repeating earthquakes as low-stress-drop events at a border between locked and creeping faultpatches.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(3):532-537.
[17]Cheng X,Niu F,Silver P G,et al.Similar microearthquakesobserved in western Nagano,Japan,and implications forrupture mechanics.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112:B04306,doi:10.1029/2006JB004416.
[18]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Fault slip rates at depth fromrecurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes.Science,1999,285(5428):718-721.
[19]Li Le,Chen Q F,Cheng X,et al.Spatial clustering andrepeating of seismic events observed along the 1976Tangshanfault,North China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34(23):L23309,doi:10.1029/2007GL031594.
[20]Li Le,Chen Q F,Niu F L,et al.Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone estimated from repeating microearthquakes.Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(3):447-455.
[21]李乐,陈棋福.利用重复地震估算北京平原地区隐伏断裂深部的活动速率.地震地质,2010,32(3):508-519.Li L,Chen Q F.Slip rates at depth along the buried faults inBeijing Plain area estimated from repeating microearthquakes.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2010,32(3):508-519.
[22]Rubin A M.Using repeating earthquakes to correct high-precision earthquake catalogs for time-dependent stationdelays.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(5):1647-1659.
[23]蒋长胜,吴忠良.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计.中国地震,2005,21(2):147-154.Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Estimating the location accuracy of theChina National Seismograph Network using repeating events.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2005,21(2):147-154.
[24]蒋长胜,吴忠良,李宇彤.首都圈地区“重复地震”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用.地球物理学报,2008,5l(3):817-827.Jiang C S,Wu Z L,Li Y T.Estimating the location accuracyof the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network usingrepeating events.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(3):87-827.
[25]Marone C,Vidale J E,Ellsworth W L.Fault healing inferredfrom time dependent variations in source properties ofrepeating earthquakes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(22):3095-3098.
[26]Baisch S,Bokelmann G H R.Seismic waveform attributesbefore and after the Loma Prieta earthquake:scatteringchange near the earthquake and temporal recovery.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B8):16323-16337.
[27]Schaff D P,Beroza G C.Coseismic and postseismic velocitychanges measured by repeating earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109:B10302,doi:10.1029/2004JB003011.
[28]Li Y G,Chen P,Cochran E S,et al.Seismic evidence forrock damage and healing on the San Andreas fault associatedwith the 2004 M6.0Parkfield earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(4B):S349-S363.
[29]Chen K H,Rau R J,Hu J C.Variability of repeatingearthquake behavior along the Longitudinal Valley fault zoneof eastern Taiwan.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B05306,doi:10.1029/2007JB005518.
[30]Peng Z G,Ben-Zion Y.Spatiotemporal variations of crustalanisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the 1999M7.4Izmit and M7.1Düzce,Turkey,earthquake sequences.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160:1027-1043.
[31]Zhao P,Peng Z G.Depth extent of damage zones around thecentral Calaveras fault from waveform analysis of repeatingearthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,2009,179(3):1817-1830.
[32]Myhill R,McKenzie D,Priestley K.The distribution ofearthquake multiplets beneath the southwest Pacific.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,2011,301(1-2):87-97.
[33]Schaff D P,Richards P G.Repeating seismic events inChina.Science,2004,303(5661):1176-1178.
[34]李宇彤,吴忠良,蒋长胜等.利用辽宁区域地震台网记录分析"重复地震".地震学报,2008,30(4):383-396.Li Y T,Wu Z J,Jiang C S,et al.Analysis on repeatingearthquakes recorded by Liaoning Regional SeismographNetwork.Acta Seism.Sinica(in Chinese),2008,30(4):383-396.
[35]Sneath P H A,Sokal R R.Numerical Taxonomy:ThePrinciples and Practice of Numerical Classification.SanFrancisco,US:WH Freeman,1973.
[36]Romesburg C.Cluster Analysis for Researchers.NorthCarolina:Lulu Press,2004.
[37]Lance G N,Williams W T.A general theory of classificatorysorting strategies:1.Hierarchical systems.Comput.J.,1967,9(4):373-380.
[38]Maurer H,Deichmann N.Microearthquake cluster detectionbased on waveform similarities,with an application to thewestern Swiss Alps.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,123(2):588-600.
[39]刁桂苓,于利民,李钦祖.震源机制解的系统聚类分析——以海城地震序列为例.中国地震,1992,8(3):86-92.Diao G L,Yu L M,Li Q Z.Hierarchical clustgering analysisof the focal mechanism solution-taking the Haichengearthquake sequences for example.Earthquake Research inChina(in Chinese),1992,8(3):86-92.
[40]Aster R C,Scott J.Comprehensive characterization ofwaveform similarity in microearthquake data sets.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1993,83(4):1307-1314.
[41]郑秀芬,欧阳飚,张东宁等.“国家数字测震台网数据备份中心”技术系统建设及其对汶川大地震研究的数据支撑.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1412-1417.Zheng X F,Ouyang B,Zhang D N,et al.Technical systemconstruction of Data Backup Centre for China SeismographNetwork and the data support to researches on the Wenchuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1412-1417.
[42]Menke W.Using waveform similarity to constrain earthquakelocations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89(4):1143-1146.
[43]Kummerow J.Using the value of the crosscorrelationcoefficient to locate microseismic events.Geophysics,2010,75(4):MA47-MA52.
[44]Baisch S,Ceranna L,Harjes H P.Earthquake cluster:whatcan we learn from waveform similarity?Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(6):2806-2814.
[45]赵珠,范军,郑斯华等.龙门山断裂带地壳速度结构和震源位置的精确修定.地震学报,1997,19(6):615-622.Zhao Z,Fan J,Zheng S H,et al.Precision determination ofthe crustal structure and hypocentral location in theLongmenshan thrust nappe belt.Acta Seism.Sinica(inChinese),1997,19(6):615-622.
[46]Hanks T C,Kanamori H.A moment magnitude scale.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B5):2348-2350.
[47]Kanamori H,Anderson D L.Theoretical basis for someempirical relations in seismology.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1975,65(5):1073-1095.
[48]Rubin A M,Gillard D.Aftershock asymmetry/rupturedirectivity among central San Andreas fault microearthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B8):10095-19109.
[49]Templeton D C,Nadeau R M,Bürgmann R.Behavior ofrepeating earthquake sequences in central California and theimplications for subsurface fault creep.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(1):52-65.
[50]Evans K F,Moriya H,Niitsuma H,et al.Microseismicityand permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structuresduring massive fluid injections into granite at 3km depth atthe Soultz HDR site.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160(1):389-412.
[51]Baisch S,Weidler R,Vrs R,et al.Induced seismicityduring the stimulation of a geothermal HFR reservoir in theCooper Basin,Australia.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(6):2242-2256.
[52]Vidale J E,Shearer P M.A survey of 71earthquake burstsacross southern California:Exploring the role of pore fluidpressure fluctuations and aseismic slip as drivers.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05312,doi:10.1029/2005JB004034.
[53]雷建设,赵大鹏,苏金蓉等.龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川地震发震机理.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):339-345.Lei J S,Zhao D P,Su J R,et al.Fine seismic structureunder the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of thelarge Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(2):339-345.
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