地震应急灾情服务进展
|
摘要
地震应急的概念早在20世纪60—70年代由国外提出,而在中国正式确立于90年代初,发展至今已得到长足的进步,并且当前正面临着飞速发展、赶超国际先进水平的良好机遇。地震应急是一项准军事化行动,其关键点在于能否在最短的时间内,做出科学合理的决策并付诸行动,突显灾情服务的紧迫性和必要性。地震应急灾情服务面向决策者及其支持者,同时也面向灾区内外、社会各界、乃至国际社会的广大民众,其内容包括灾情数据的快速获取、灾情信息的快速提取以及灾情的上报与发布等。中国地震应急灾情服务面临着急迫的各方需求,然而在机制上、技术手段上,与国外的先进水平有不少差距,尚不能满足当前地震应急的要求。其根本原因是,灾情服务的整体流程、灾情上报与决策支持、灾情的分类分级发布等各方面的机制不够完善;灾情服务中,尤其是灾情数据快速获取中高新技术的利用率非常低;灾情数据与信息的快速处理能力比较弱,相关基础研究落后。因此,建议加强地震应急灾情服务整体架构的建设与优化以及中央机关对它的统筹管理;加强高新技术在灾情服务中的综合应用;加强应急救援新技术、新设备的研发。
The concept of earthquake emergency response was put forward in the 1960s and 1970s abroad,and was formally established in the early 1990s in China. Up to now,considerable progress has been made in earthquake emergency response in China,and at present,it faces a good chance of developing rapidly and catching up with the international advanced level. Earthquake emergency response is a paramilitary action in which the key point is to make scientific and rational decisions and put them into action in the shortest possible time,which highlights the urgency and necessity of disaster information services. Earthquake emergency disaster service is oriented to the decision-makers and their supporters,and also to the broad masses of the people of either affected or non-affected from all sectors of society,and even from abroad. Its contents include quick acquisition of disaster data,rapid extraction of disaster information,and disaster situation reporting and releasing and so on. China's earthquake emergency disaster service is faced with urgent needs from various parties,yet it has a long distance to reach the advanced level abroad in terms of mechanisms and technical approaches,and cannot meet the needs of earthquake emergency response. The main reason is that the disaster service mechanism needs to be improved,including the overall flow of disaster service,the disaster reporting and decision-making supporting,and the classified and graded disaster releasing; the utilization rate of high- and new-technology in the disaster service,especially in the quick acquisition of disaster data is very low; the ability of rapid processing of data and information is relatively weak,and also the related basic research is lagging. To solve the problems,it is suggested to strengthen the construction and optimization of the overall framework of the earthquake emergency disaster service, and also to promote the integrated management of the central authority on it,to strengthen the integrated application of the high-and new-technology to the disaster service and to promote the research and development of new technologies and new equipment of emergency relief.
The concept of earthquake emergency response was put forward in the 1960s and 1970s abroad,and was formally established in the early 1990s in China. Up to now,considerable progress has been made in earthquake emergency response in China,and at present,it faces a good chance of developing rapidly and catching up with the international advanced level. Earthquake emergency response is a paramilitary action in which the key point is to make scientific and rational decisions and put them into action in the shortest possible time,which highlights the urgency and necessity of disaster information services. Earthquake emergency disaster service is oriented to the decision-makers and their supporters,and also to the broad masses of the people of either affected or non-affected from all sectors of society,and even from abroad. Its contents include quick acquisition of disaster data,rapid extraction of disaster information,and disaster situation reporting and releasing and so on. China's earthquake emergency disaster service is faced with urgent needs from various parties,yet it has a long distance to reach the advanced level abroad in terms of mechanisms and technical approaches,and cannot meet the needs of earthquake emergency response. The main reason is that the disaster service mechanism needs to be improved,including the overall flow of disaster service,the disaster reporting and decision-making supporting,and the classified and graded disaster releasing; the utilization rate of high- and new-technology in the disaster service,especially in the quick acquisition of disaster data is very low; the ability of rapid processing of data and information is relatively weak,and also the related basic research is lagging. To solve the problems,it is suggested to strengthen the construction and optimization of the overall framework of the earthquake emergency disaster service, and also to promote the integrated management of the central authority on it,to strengthen the integrated application of the high-and new-technology to the disaster service and to promote the research and development of new technologies and new equipment of emergency relief.
引文
北大方正技术研究院.2005.以科技手段辅助网络舆情突发事件的监测分析-方正智思舆情辅助决策支持系统[J].信息化建设,(10):50—52.Peking University Founder Research Institute.2005.Assist the monitoring and analysis of network public opinion emer-gencies by the means of science and technology[J].Information Construction,(10):50—52(in Chinese).
邓砚,聂高众,苏桂武.2005.地震应急的影响因素分析[J].灾害学,20(2):27—33.DENG Yan,NIE Gao-zhong,SU Gui-wu.2005.Analysis on influential factors of earthquake emergency response[J].Journal of Catastrophology,20(2):27—33(in Chinese).
田家勇,兰晓雯,谢周敏,等.2010.地形对地震烈度衰减的影响[J].震灾防御技术,5(3):281—287.TIAN Jia-yong,LAN Xiao-wen,XIE Zhou-min,et al.2010.Influence of topography on seismic intensity attenuation[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,5(3):281—287(in Chinese).
中国地震局震灾应急救援司.2004.地震应急[M].北京:地震出版社.Earthquake Emergency Rescue Department,China Earthquake Administration.2004.Earthquake Emergency Response[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郑彦宁,化柏林.2011.数据、信息、知识与情报转化关系的探讨[J].情报理论与实践,34(7):1—4.ZHENG Yan-ning,HUA Bo-lin.2011.Discussion on the conversion relationship between data,information,knowledgeand intelligence[J].Information Studies:Theory&Application,34(7):1—4(in Chinese).
Wald D J,Dewey J W.2005.Did You Feel It?Citizens Contribute to Earthquake Science[M].U S Geological Survey,Golden,CO.4.
Geoffrey B,Corne K,William C H,et al.2006.Rapid determination of earthquake magnitude using GPS for tsunamiwarning systems[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33:L11309.doi:10.1029/2006GL026145.
McCarthy J.2003.ANSS-Advanced National Seismic System,Advancing National Seismic Safety:AccomplishmentsFY2002[M].U S Dept of the Interior,U S Geological Survey,Reston,Va.2.
Shibayama A,Hisada Y,Mirakami M,et al.2008.A study on the disaster information collection support system,incorpo-rating information and communication technology[C].The14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,October12-17th,2008,Beijing,China.
Yusaku Ohta,Tatsuya Kobayashi,Hiroaki Tsushima,et al.2012.Quasi real-time fault model estimation for near-field tsunami forecasting based on RTK-GPS analysis:Application to the2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake(MW9.0)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,117:B02311,16PP.doi:10.1029/2011JB008750.
邓砚,聂高众,苏桂武.2005.地震应急的影响因素分析[J].灾害学,20(2):27—33.DENG Yan,NIE Gao-zhong,SU Gui-wu.2005.Analysis on influential factors of earthquake emergency response[J].Journal of Catastrophology,20(2):27—33(in Chinese).
田家勇,兰晓雯,谢周敏,等.2010.地形对地震烈度衰减的影响[J].震灾防御技术,5(3):281—287.TIAN Jia-yong,LAN Xiao-wen,XIE Zhou-min,et al.2010.Influence of topography on seismic intensity attenuation[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,5(3):281—287(in Chinese).
中国地震局震灾应急救援司.2004.地震应急[M].北京:地震出版社.Earthquake Emergency Rescue Department,China Earthquake Administration.2004.Earthquake Emergency Response[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郑彦宁,化柏林.2011.数据、信息、知识与情报转化关系的探讨[J].情报理论与实践,34(7):1—4.ZHENG Yan-ning,HUA Bo-lin.2011.Discussion on the conversion relationship between data,information,knowledgeand intelligence[J].Information Studies:Theory&Application,34(7):1—4(in Chinese).
Wald D J,Dewey J W.2005.Did You Feel It?Citizens Contribute to Earthquake Science[M].U S Geological Survey,Golden,CO.4.
Geoffrey B,Corne K,William C H,et al.2006.Rapid determination of earthquake magnitude using GPS for tsunamiwarning systems[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33:L11309.doi:10.1029/2006GL026145.
McCarthy J.2003.ANSS-Advanced National Seismic System,Advancing National Seismic Safety:AccomplishmentsFY2002[M].U S Dept of the Interior,U S Geological Survey,Reston,Va.2.
Shibayama A,Hisada Y,Mirakami M,et al.2008.A study on the disaster information collection support system,incorpo-rating information and communication technology[C].The14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,October12-17th,2008,Beijing,China.
Yusaku Ohta,Tatsuya Kobayashi,Hiroaki Tsushima,et al.2012.Quasi real-time fault model estimation for near-field tsunami forecasting based on RTK-GPS analysis:Application to the2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake(MW9.0)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,117:B02311,16PP.doi:10.1029/2011JB008750.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心