孕震构造势位(LDLEPS)及其相关的地震地质信息分析
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摘要
在全变率(NDR)指标的基础上,结合GIS技术进一步开发了孕震构造势位(LDLEPS)分析法,以便定量评估地震危险性。在充分利用已有资料基础上绘制了华北地区LDLEPS图和地震分布图,从图中发现,孕震构造势位与地震空间分布的轮廓、位置、震级大小等是完全匹配的,即LDLEPS图可以用来预测未来震情。为此,在2006年绘制了四川、青海等地LDLEPS图,并据图对该地未来震情进行了试验性预测,后来的结果表明预测基本上是正确的。文中进一步讨论了孕震构造的形成机制:华北幔柱亚热柱活动后期对地壳的热作用与构造再造作用而衍生出孕震的二元结构模型,即下层半塑性流变层与上层脆性层,下层动力因素控制上层孕震构造的形成与发展。根据LDLEPS图把华北地区划分出甲～己6个孕震构造异常区,其中乙异常区(京西北)地热资源丰富,是深部热物质溢出地表的表现。其地震成因是:下层流变层的流体沿断层面涌入上层,断层复活致震,这是下层动力因素对上层间接作用的结果,其发震机制类似于水库诱发地震。乙异常区仅产生中等震级以下的地震。甲孕震构造异常区(渤海及其边缘带)是下层流变层强劲动力因素直接控制上层孕震构造的形成与发展,从而产生中频强震以下的地震。另外对探槽剖面及海相沉积物震积岩的古地震遗迹研究发现,甲区史前曾发生大量古地震事件与古海啸事件。现今该区高势位孕震构造和强震事件是过去事件的延续和重复。同时指出,华北南缘之SN地块在构造地形与震情上存在明显差异。
The approach of latent development level of earthquake-pregnant structures in the crustal move- ment( LDLEPS) is a seismogeologic dynamic indicator for evaluating seismic risk quantitatively,devel- oped based on the net deformation ratio using GIS techniques. The following concerns are addressed in this paper,including the working principle and applying conditions for LDLEPS,the drawing of LD- LEPS maps,the relationship between the distribution characteristic of LDLEPS and earthquake in the North China region,and the seismogeologic analysis of the LDLEPS anomaly areas in North China. An example is presented of the use in forecasting earthquakes with LDLEPS method,and more discussions are made on the origin of formation of LDLEPS. Contrasting the spatial distribution of LDLEPS with earthquakes of 1966 - 1998 in the North China region in Fig 1,we found that they match and corre- spond completely to each other in terms of lineament,location,and size. This demonstrates that the LDLEPS method can be used in quantitative evaluation of seismic risk. To verify this conclusion,we drawn the LDLEPS maps of Sichuan and Qinghai regions and used them to forecast experimentally the earthquake trend in these regions in 2006,and the afterward outcomes have proved that the forecast is basically correct,as shown in Fig. 2 and 3. As a consequence,the 2008 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province and the 2010 M7. 1 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai Province just happened in the ex- pected abnormal LDLEPS regions and times,respectively. Formation mechanism of earthquake-preg- nant structures is discussed in detail in the paper. According to the geophysical exploration and seis- mogeologic survey data,a bilayer-structured earthquake-generation model is proposed,derived from the crustal thermal processes and tectonic reworking resulting from the late-stage evolution of sub-mantle plumes and mantle-branch structures in North China,i. e. the semi-plastic rheologic layer or lower lay- er in the middle crust and the rigid layer or upper layer in the upper crust,and that the dynamic of the lower layer induces the formation and development of the seismogenic structures in the upper layer, causing tectonic deformation and generating earthquakes. Based on LDLEPS maps,we divide the North China region into 6 seismogenic structure anomaly zones,as shown in Fig. 1. Of them,the a- nomalous seismogenic structure zone B,located in the northwestern Beijing,is rich in geothermal re- sources,where hot fluids upwell into the fault planes of the upper layer from the lower rheologic layer, reactivating the faults and generating the moderate and lower-magnitude earthquakes,with a causative mechanism similar to that of reservoir-induced earthquake. In the anomaly zone A of seismogenic structures( Bohai Sea area and its margins) ,the powerful driving force from the lower rheologic layer controls directly the generation and development of the upper seismogenic structures,producing moder- ate and lower-size earthquakes. Researches on palaeoseismic traces from trench profiles and seismites in marine sediments reveal that there are many strong seismic events with magnitude ≥6 and palaeot- sunami events in this region in the prehistoric times. The nowadays high level of LDLEPS and strong earthquake events are the continuation and repetition of their past activities. It is also noted that there are obvious differences in structural landforms and earthquake trends between the South and North China blocks owing to difference of their tectonic background. Having the advantage of novelty,u- niqueness,visibility,operability,effectiveness and computerization,the LDLEPS method can be widely applied to areas of earth science research,earthquake prediction and engineering.
The approach of latent development level of earthquake-pregnant structures in the crustal move- ment( LDLEPS) is a seismogeologic dynamic indicator for evaluating seismic risk quantitatively,devel- oped based on the net deformation ratio using GIS techniques. The following concerns are addressed in this paper,including the working principle and applying conditions for LDLEPS,the drawing of LD- LEPS maps,the relationship between the distribution characteristic of LDLEPS and earthquake in the North China region,and the seismogeologic analysis of the LDLEPS anomaly areas in North China. An example is presented of the use in forecasting earthquakes with LDLEPS method,and more discussions are made on the origin of formation of LDLEPS. Contrasting the spatial distribution of LDLEPS with earthquakes of 1966 - 1998 in the North China region in Fig 1,we found that they match and corre- spond completely to each other in terms of lineament,location,and size. This demonstrates that the LDLEPS method can be used in quantitative evaluation of seismic risk. To verify this conclusion,we drawn the LDLEPS maps of Sichuan and Qinghai regions and used them to forecast experimentally the earthquake trend in these regions in 2006,and the afterward outcomes have proved that the forecast is basically correct,as shown in Fig. 2 and 3. As a consequence,the 2008 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province and the 2010 M7. 1 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai Province just happened in the ex- pected abnormal LDLEPS regions and times,respectively. Formation mechanism of earthquake-preg- nant structures is discussed in detail in the paper. According to the geophysical exploration and seis- mogeologic survey data,a bilayer-structured earthquake-generation model is proposed,derived from the crustal thermal processes and tectonic reworking resulting from the late-stage evolution of sub-mantle plumes and mantle-branch structures in North China,i. e. the semi-plastic rheologic layer or lower lay- er in the middle crust and the rigid layer or upper layer in the upper crust,and that the dynamic of the lower layer induces the formation and development of the seismogenic structures in the upper layer, causing tectonic deformation and generating earthquakes. Based on LDLEPS maps,we divide the North China region into 6 seismogenic structure anomaly zones,as shown in Fig. 1. Of them,the a- nomalous seismogenic structure zone B,located in the northwestern Beijing,is rich in geothermal re- sources,where hot fluids upwell into the fault planes of the upper layer from the lower rheologic layer, reactivating the faults and generating the moderate and lower-magnitude earthquakes,with a causative mechanism similar to that of reservoir-induced earthquake. In the anomaly zone A of seismogenic structures( Bohai Sea area and its margins) ,the powerful driving force from the lower rheologic layer controls directly the generation and development of the upper seismogenic structures,producing moder- ate and lower-size earthquakes. Researches on palaeoseismic traces from trench profiles and seismites in marine sediments reveal that there are many strong seismic events with magnitude ≥6 and palaeot- sunami events in this region in the prehistoric times. The nowadays high level of LDLEPS and strong earthquake events are the continuation and repetition of their past activities. It is also noted that there are obvious differences in structural landforms and earthquake trends between the South and North China blocks owing to difference of their tectonic background. Having the advantage of novelty,u- niqueness,visibility,operability,effectiveness and computerization,the LDLEPS method can be widely applied to areas of earth science research,earthquake prediction and engineering.
引文
陈世悦,袁文芳,鄢继华.2003.济阳坳陷早第三纪震积岩的发现及其意义[J].地质科学,38(3):377—384.CHEN Shi-yue,YUAN Wen-fang,YAN Ji-hua.2003.Discovery and significance of earthquake event deposits of earlyTertiary in the Jiyang depression[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,38(3):377—384(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1979.关于古地震地质研究[J].地震地质译丛,1(4):34—44.HUANG Xiu-ming.1979.Research of palaoeseismic geology[J].Translated Works on Seismogeology,1(4):34—44(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1988.地变率指标与华北地震区划[J].地震地质,10(3):33—44.HUANG Xiu-ming.1988.Indicators of topographical deformation ratio and seismic zonation of North China[J].Seis-mology and Geology,10(3)::33—44(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1994.地变率指标初探[A].见:刘若新主编.现代地球动力学研究及其应用.北京:地震出版社.294—300.HUANG Xiu-ming.1994.Preliminary discussion on the indicator system of net deformation ratio(NDR)[A].In:LIURuo-xin(ed).Researches and applications of modern earth's dynamics.Seismological Press,Beijing.294—300(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1996.地震运动全变率指标(NDR)系与地震事件[J].地震地质,18(4):427—435.HUANG Xiu-ming.1996.The indicator system of net deformation ratio(NDR)of crustal movement and seismic event[J].Seismology and Geology,18(4):427—435(in Chinese).
黄云波.1998.北京密云典型韧性剪切带特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,17(3):179—182.HUANG Yun-bo.1998.Features of a typical ductile shear zone in Miyun,Beijing[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrologyand Geochemistry,17(3):179—182(in Chinese).
李红阳,牛树银,王立峰,等编著.2002.幔柱构造[M].北京:地震出版社.LI Hong-yang,NIU Shu-yin,WANG Li-feng,et al.2002.Mantle Plume Structure[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(inChinese).
罗云启.2003.数字化地理信息系统建设与Mapinfo高级应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.LUO Yun-qi.2003.Digital Geography Information System Construction and Advanced Application of MapInfo[M].Ts-inghua University Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
牛树银,孙爱群,邵振国,等.2001.地幔热柱多级演化及其成矿作用[M].北京:地震出版社.NIU Shu-yin,SUN Ai-qun,SHAO Zhen-guo,et al.2001.The Multiple Evolution of Mantle Plume and Its Mineralization[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
牛树银,史中华,张国军.2004.华北东部盆岭区的形成与演化[J].河北地质矿产信息,(2):2—5.NIU Shu-yin,SHI Zhong-hua,ZHANG Guo-jun.2004.Formation and evolution of the basin-ridge province in the easternNorth China[J].Information of Geology and Mineral Resources in Hebei Province,(2):2—5(in Chinese).
史兰斌,陈孝德.1984.北京北石城断层带与与河防口断层带岩石显微构造研究[J].地震地质,6(3):1—13.SHI Lan-bin,CHEN Xiao-de.1984.Microstructures of fault rocks in Beishicheng and Hefangkou Fault zones,Beijing[J].Seismology and Geology,6(3):1—13(in Chinese).
田洪水,张增奇,张邦花,等.2006a.山东临朐红丝石层中古地震事件记录[J].中国地质,33(5):1137—1142.TIAN Hong-shui,ZHANG Zeng-qi,ZHANG Bang-hua,et al.2006a.Records of paleoseismic events in the red-silk stonebed in Linqu,Shandong[J].Geology in China,33(5):1137—1142(in Chinese).
田洪水,张增奇.2006b.山东安丘地区郯庐断裂带古近纪冲积物震积岩序列[J].地质科学,41(2):217—225.TIAN Hong-shui,ZHANG Zeng-qi.2006b.Seismite succession of the Paleogene alluvium along the Tancheng-LujiangFault zone in Anqiu area,Shandong[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,41(2):217—225(in Chinese).
王克,刘显阳,赵卫卫,等.2008.济阳坳陷阳信洼陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].岩性油气藏,20(2):54—59.WANG Ke,LIU Xian-yang,ZHAO Wei-wei,et al.2008.Characteristics and geological significance of seismites of Pa-leogene in Yangxin subsag of Jiyang depression[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,20(2):54—59(in Chinese).
王帅军,王夫运,张成科,等.2011.北京及附近地区地壳速度结构与构造[[J].华北地震科学,29(2):6—12.WANG Shuai-jun,WANG Fu-yun,ZHANG Cheng-ke,et al.2011.Study on crust velocity structure and tectonic of thecapital area[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,29(2):6—12(in Chinese).
魏垂高,张世奇,姜在兴,2006.东营凹陷现河地区沙三段震积岩特征及其意义[J].沉积学报,24(6):798—805.WEI Chui-gao,ZHANG Shi-qi,JIANG Zai-xing.2006.Discovery and significance of seismite of Silurian in memberⅢat Shahejie formation in Xianhe area of Dongying sag[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(6):798—805(inChinese).
吴信才.2004.MAPGIS6.5地理信息系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社.WU Xin-cai.2004.MAPGIS6.5Geographic Information System[M].Electronic Industry Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
袁静.2004.山东惠明凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,22(1):41—45.YUAN Jing.2004.The property and geological significance of seismites of Paleogene in Huimin sag,Shandong Province[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,22(1):41—45(in Chinese).
张小莉,查明,杨剑平.2006.惠明凹陷的震积作用及低电阻率油层[J].沉积学报,24(6):829—833.ZHANG Xiao-li,ZHA Ming,YANG Jian-ping,et al.2006.Seismic deposition and low contrast resistivity oil layers inHuimin sag[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(6):829—833(in Chinese).
朱大岗,崔盛芹,吴珍汉,等.2006.北京云蒙山地区挤压-伸展体系构造特征及其岩石组构的动力学分析[A].见:燕山陆内造山带造山过程及动力机制.北京:地震出版社.150—158.ZHU Da-gang,CUI Sheng-qin,WU Han-zhen,et al.2006.Tectonic features of the compressional-extensional system anddynamic analysis of rock fabric in Yunmengshan area,Beijing[A].In:Orogeny and Dynamic Mechanism of theYanshan Intracontinental Orogenic Belt.Seismological Press,Beijing.150—158(in Chinese).
Alias Abdul-Rahman,Morakot Pilouk.2008.Spatial Data Modeling for3D GIS[M].Berlin:Springer.
Chang Kang-tsung.2009.Introduction to Geographic Information Systems[M].The McGraw-hill Education(Asia)Com-panies Ins.
Christopher P.2008.Landscape Analysis and Visualization:Spatial Models for Natural Resource Management and Plan-ning[M].Berlin:Springer.
Duckham M,Geodchild M F,Worboys M F,et al.2003.Foundation of Geographic Information Science[M].Taylor&Francis,London.1—18.
Framk A.1998.Introduction to Geomorphology[M].London:Arnold.
Hans-Ulrich Schmincke.2010.火山学[M].古今書院.
Maruyama S P.1994.Tectonics[J].Jour Geol Soc Japan,100(1):24—49.
Riccardo E M.2004.Crustal Rheology and Postseismic Deformation:Modeling and Application to the Apennines[M].Delft University Press.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedimentology,13:155—159.
Takeshi Kuritani.2007.水とマグマ[J].地學雜誌,116(1):133—153.
Zhang Lang-ping,Li Zhi-xiong,Shao Zhi-gang,et al.2011.Research on strong earthquake tendency on active tectonic block boundaries in the Chinese mainland[J].Earthquake Research in China,25(2):189—200.
Zhao Guo-ze.2000.Evidence for the location and cause of large crustal earthquake in Japan[J].J Geophys Res,105,13,579—13,594,20.
黄秀铭.1979.关于古地震地质研究[J].地震地质译丛,1(4):34—44.HUANG Xiu-ming.1979.Research of palaoeseismic geology[J].Translated Works on Seismogeology,1(4):34—44(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1988.地变率指标与华北地震区划[J].地震地质,10(3):33—44.HUANG Xiu-ming.1988.Indicators of topographical deformation ratio and seismic zonation of North China[J].Seis-mology and Geology,10(3)::33—44(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1994.地变率指标初探[A].见:刘若新主编.现代地球动力学研究及其应用.北京:地震出版社.294—300.HUANG Xiu-ming.1994.Preliminary discussion on the indicator system of net deformation ratio(NDR)[A].In:LIURuo-xin(ed).Researches and applications of modern earth's dynamics.Seismological Press,Beijing.294—300(in Chinese).
黄秀铭.1996.地震运动全变率指标(NDR)系与地震事件[J].地震地质,18(4):427—435.HUANG Xiu-ming.1996.The indicator system of net deformation ratio(NDR)of crustal movement and seismic event[J].Seismology and Geology,18(4):427—435(in Chinese).
黄云波.1998.北京密云典型韧性剪切带特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,17(3):179—182.HUANG Yun-bo.1998.Features of a typical ductile shear zone in Miyun,Beijing[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrologyand Geochemistry,17(3):179—182(in Chinese).
李红阳,牛树银,王立峰,等编著.2002.幔柱构造[M].北京:地震出版社.LI Hong-yang,NIU Shu-yin,WANG Li-feng,et al.2002.Mantle Plume Structure[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(inChinese).
罗云启.2003.数字化地理信息系统建设与Mapinfo高级应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.LUO Yun-qi.2003.Digital Geography Information System Construction and Advanced Application of MapInfo[M].Ts-inghua University Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
牛树银,孙爱群,邵振国,等.2001.地幔热柱多级演化及其成矿作用[M].北京:地震出版社.NIU Shu-yin,SUN Ai-qun,SHAO Zhen-guo,et al.2001.The Multiple Evolution of Mantle Plume and Its Mineralization[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
牛树银,史中华,张国军.2004.华北东部盆岭区的形成与演化[J].河北地质矿产信息,(2):2—5.NIU Shu-yin,SHI Zhong-hua,ZHANG Guo-jun.2004.Formation and evolution of the basin-ridge province in the easternNorth China[J].Information of Geology and Mineral Resources in Hebei Province,(2):2—5(in Chinese).
史兰斌,陈孝德.1984.北京北石城断层带与与河防口断层带岩石显微构造研究[J].地震地质,6(3):1—13.SHI Lan-bin,CHEN Xiao-de.1984.Microstructures of fault rocks in Beishicheng and Hefangkou Fault zones,Beijing[J].Seismology and Geology,6(3):1—13(in Chinese).
田洪水,张增奇,张邦花,等.2006a.山东临朐红丝石层中古地震事件记录[J].中国地质,33(5):1137—1142.TIAN Hong-shui,ZHANG Zeng-qi,ZHANG Bang-hua,et al.2006a.Records of paleoseismic events in the red-silk stonebed in Linqu,Shandong[J].Geology in China,33(5):1137—1142(in Chinese).
田洪水,张增奇.2006b.山东安丘地区郯庐断裂带古近纪冲积物震积岩序列[J].地质科学,41(2):217—225.TIAN Hong-shui,ZHANG Zeng-qi.2006b.Seismite succession of the Paleogene alluvium along the Tancheng-LujiangFault zone in Anqiu area,Shandong[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,41(2):217—225(in Chinese).
王克,刘显阳,赵卫卫,等.2008.济阳坳陷阳信洼陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].岩性油气藏,20(2):54—59.WANG Ke,LIU Xian-yang,ZHAO Wei-wei,et al.2008.Characteristics and geological significance of seismites of Pa-leogene in Yangxin subsag of Jiyang depression[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,20(2):54—59(in Chinese).
王帅军,王夫运,张成科,等.2011.北京及附近地区地壳速度结构与构造[[J].华北地震科学,29(2):6—12.WANG Shuai-jun,WANG Fu-yun,ZHANG Cheng-ke,et al.2011.Study on crust velocity structure and tectonic of thecapital area[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,29(2):6—12(in Chinese).
魏垂高,张世奇,姜在兴,2006.东营凹陷现河地区沙三段震积岩特征及其意义[J].沉积学报,24(6):798—805.WEI Chui-gao,ZHANG Shi-qi,JIANG Zai-xing.2006.Discovery and significance of seismite of Silurian in memberⅢat Shahejie formation in Xianhe area of Dongying sag[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(6):798—805(inChinese).
吴信才.2004.MAPGIS6.5地理信息系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社.WU Xin-cai.2004.MAPGIS6.5Geographic Information System[M].Electronic Industry Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
袁静.2004.山东惠明凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,22(1):41—45.YUAN Jing.2004.The property and geological significance of seismites of Paleogene in Huimin sag,Shandong Province[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,22(1):41—45(in Chinese).
张小莉,查明,杨剑平.2006.惠明凹陷的震积作用及低电阻率油层[J].沉积学报,24(6):829—833.ZHANG Xiao-li,ZHA Ming,YANG Jian-ping,et al.2006.Seismic deposition and low contrast resistivity oil layers inHuimin sag[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(6):829—833(in Chinese).
朱大岗,崔盛芹,吴珍汉,等.2006.北京云蒙山地区挤压-伸展体系构造特征及其岩石组构的动力学分析[A].见:燕山陆内造山带造山过程及动力机制.北京:地震出版社.150—158.ZHU Da-gang,CUI Sheng-qin,WU Han-zhen,et al.2006.Tectonic features of the compressional-extensional system anddynamic analysis of rock fabric in Yunmengshan area,Beijing[A].In:Orogeny and Dynamic Mechanism of theYanshan Intracontinental Orogenic Belt.Seismological Press,Beijing.150—158(in Chinese).
Alias Abdul-Rahman,Morakot Pilouk.2008.Spatial Data Modeling for3D GIS[M].Berlin:Springer.
Chang Kang-tsung.2009.Introduction to Geographic Information Systems[M].The McGraw-hill Education(Asia)Com-panies Ins.
Christopher P.2008.Landscape Analysis and Visualization:Spatial Models for Natural Resource Management and Plan-ning[M].Berlin:Springer.
Duckham M,Geodchild M F,Worboys M F,et al.2003.Foundation of Geographic Information Science[M].Taylor&Francis,London.1—18.
Framk A.1998.Introduction to Geomorphology[M].London:Arnold.
Hans-Ulrich Schmincke.2010.火山学[M].古今書院.
Maruyama S P.1994.Tectonics[J].Jour Geol Soc Japan,100(1):24—49.
Riccardo E M.2004.Crustal Rheology and Postseismic Deformation:Modeling and Application to the Apennines[M].Delft University Press.
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