地震工程研究的新进展
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摘要
对地震工程研究的一些新进展进行了评述,指出在北岭地震和阪神地震后地震工程研究进入了一个新阶段,主要特征是更着重于多学科交叉,在各种组织之间进行合作研究以及在减轻城市地震灾害中应用高技术的研究.在最近10年,强地震动研究,特别是强震观测有了新的成果;结构控制的理论和应用研究,特别是隔震技术的工程应用有了新的发展;土工抗震、生命线工程抗震成为新的研究热点;试验设备的扩充和网络化成为新的趋势.
Based on the literature survey,the recent advances in earthquake engineering research are reviewed in this paper.The paper indicates that after the Northridge and Hanshin-Kobe earthquakes,the researches on earthquake engineering come into a new stage,with main features including the emphases on interdisciplinary researches and cooperative work among different organizations as well as studies on high-tech applications in reducing city disaster.In the past 10 years,new results have been obtained in strong motion study,especially in the strong motion observations.Likewise,new advances have been achieved in the researches for structural control theory and application,especially in engineering applications of isolation techniques.In addition,the researches on the geotechnical and lifeline earthquake engineering are turning into current study interests.The extensions and network-integrations of experimental facilities are becoming a novel tendency.All these progresses bring emerging topics and new challenges for the earthquake engineering research areas.The ideal reducing earthquake disasters will surely become reality step by step in the future.
Based on the literature survey,the recent advances in earthquake engineering research are reviewed in this paper.The paper indicates that after the Northridge and Hanshin-Kobe earthquakes,the researches on earthquake engineering come into a new stage,with main features including the emphases on interdisciplinary researches and cooperative work among different organizations as well as studies on high-tech applications in reducing city disaster.In the past 10 years,new results have been obtained in strong motion study,especially in the strong motion observations.Likewise,new advances have been achieved in the researches for structural control theory and application,especially in engineering applications of isolation techniques.In addition,the researches on the geotechnical and lifeline earthquake engineering are turning into current study interests.The extensions and network-integrations of experimental facilities are becoming a novel tendency.All these progresses bring emerging topics and new challenges for the earthquake engineering research areas.The ideal reducing earthquake disasters will surely become reality step by step in the future.
引文
[1]Hall J F.(ed.).Northridge earthquake of January 17,1994:reconnaissance report[J].Earthquake Spectra,1995,11(Sup-pl.):1-513.
[2]日本强震观测事业推进连络会议.1995年1月17日兵库县南部地震[R],强震速报No.46.日本科学技术厅防灾科学技术研究所,1995.Strong-Motion Earthquake Observation Council.Kobe earthquake of Jan.17,1995,Japan[R],Strong-Motion Report No.46.Dis-aster Prevention Research Institute,JSTA,1995.
[3]Murao Osamu,Ichiko Taro,Nakabayashi Itsuki.Evaluation of building reconstruction process in Chi-Chi area based on a GIS-database after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake[A].13th WCEE[C],2004,Paper No.174.
[4]Arulanandan K,Manzari M,Zeng X,et al.Significance of VELACS project to the solution of boundary value problems in geotech-nical engineering[A],Third Intl.Conf.on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1995,Vol.Ⅱ,825-832.
[5]Scott R F,Hushmand B,Rashidi H.Duplicate test of model No.4a:horizontally layered soil in laminar box[A].Verification ofNumerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems[C],Davis C A,1993,Vol.I,601-610.
[6]Lenke L R,Ko H Y,Pak R Y S.Centrifugal modeling of a pile under vertical random excitation[A].Second Intl.Conf.on Re-cent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1991,Vol.Ⅲ,229-236.
[7]Fiegel G L,Idriss I M,Kutter B L.Earthquake input motions for physical model tests[A].Third Intl.Conf.on Recent Advancesin Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1995,Vol.I,149-154.
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[9]Mahin S.(ed.).U.S.-Japan Workshop on Cooperative Research for Mitigation of Urban Earthquake Disasters:Learning fromKobe and Northridge-Recommendation and Resolutions[C],Proc.,UCB/EERC-97/03,1995,Berkeley.
[10]Shinozuka M.(ed.).The second U.S.-Japan Workshop on Cooperative Research for Mitigation of Urban Earthquake Disasters[C],Proc.,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,1997.
[11]Liu S C,Anderson W,Astill C,et al.The NSF earthquake disaster mitigation research program[J].Earthquake Spectra,1998,14(3):433-440.
[12]Park S,Stubbs N.Bridge diagnostics via vibration monitoring[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.2719,1996,36-45.
[13]Kodindouma M B,Idriss R L.Integrated sensing system for highway bridge monitoring[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.2719,1996,141-149.
[14]Chang S-P,Kim S.On-line structural monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.2719,1996,150-159.
[15]Adachi Y,Unjoh S,Kondoh M,et al.Nondestructive damage detection and evaluation technique for seismically damaged struc-tures[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.3587,1999,60-71.
[16]de Vries M,Bhatia V,D’Alberto T,et al.Photo-induced grating-based optical fiber sensors for structural analysis and control[J].Engineering Structures,1998,20(3):205-210.
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[19]Trifunac M D,Todorovska M I,Lee V W.The Rinaldi strong motion accelerogram of the Northridge,California earthquake of 17January 1994[J].Earthquake Spectra,1998,14(1):225-240.
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[22]Motosaka M,Nagano M.Analysis of amplification characteristics of ground motions in the heavily damaged belt zone during the1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake[J].EESD,1997,26(3):377-393.
[23]Bozorgnia Y,Niazi M,Campbell K W.Characteristics of free-field vertical ground during the Northridge earthquake[J].Earth-quake Spectra,1995,11(4):515-526.
[24]Takada S,Tatsuhiko I.Time and space restoration process and prediction of recovery period for damaged water supply systemsbased on Geographic Information System(GIS)data of the Kobe earthquake[A].Proc.of the 6th U.S.Conf.and Workshop onLifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],2003,39-48.
[25]Frankel A D,Mueller C S,Barnhard T P,Leyendecker E V,etc.USGS national seismic hazard maps[J].Earthquake Spectra,2000,16(1):1-20.
[26]Uzarski J,Arnold C(eds.).Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake of September 21,1999 reconnaisance report[J].Earthquake Spec-tra,2001,17(suppl.A):1-183.
[27]Maeda T,Sasaki F.Spatial distribution of the ground motion during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake based on wavelet transform[A].Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures III[C],Brebbia C A&Corz A(eds.).2001,571-580.
[28]Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,Wald D J.Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings[J].EarthquakeSpectra,1995,11(4):569-606.
[29]Yamada M,Nori N,Yamamoto S.Source analysis of near-field earthquake records observed in rock sites[A].12th WCEE[C],2000,Vol.4,0698.
[30]Heaton T H,Aagaard B,Hall J F.Sensitivity study of near-source ground motion[A].12th WCEE[C],2000,Vol.4,0722.
[31]Wang H,Nishimura A.On seismic motion near active faults based on seismic records[A].12th WCEE[C],2000,Vol.4,0853.
[32]Wang G Q,Zhou X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan Earthquakes.[J].Soil Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering,2002(22):73-96.
[33]Makris N.Rigidity-plasticity-viscosity:can electorheological dampers protect base-isolated structures from near-source ground mo-tions?[J].EESD,1997,26(5):571-591.
[34]Bardet J P,Idriss E,O’Rourke T(eds.).North America-Japan Workshop on the Geotechnical Aspects of Kobe,Loma Prieta andNorthridge Earthquake[C],Proc.,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,1997,126.
[35]Ko H Y.Modeling seismic problems in centrifuges[A].Centrifuges 94[C],Leung,Lee and Tan(eds.).1994,3-12.Balke-ma,Rotterdam.
[36]Kutter B L.Recent advances in centrifuge modeling seismic shaking(state of the art)[A].Third Intl.Conf.on Recent Advancesin Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1995,Vol.II,927-941.
[37]Scotter R F.Review of progress in dynamic geotechnical centrifuge research[A].Dynamic Geotechnical Testing II[C],ASTM1213,Ebelhar,Drnevich,Kutter(eds.).1994.
[38]Housner G W,Bergman L A,Caughey T K,etc.(eds.).Structural control:past,present,and future[J].Journal of Engi-neering Mechanics,1997,123(9):897-971.
[39]Spencer Jr.B F,Sain M K.Controlling buildings:a new frontier in feedback[J].The Shock and Vibration Digest,1998,30(4):267-281.
[40]Cao H,Reinhorn A M,Soong T T.Design of an active mass damper for a tall TV tower in Nanjing,China[J].Engrg.Struc-tures,1998,20(3):134-143.
[41]Riley M A,Reinhorn A M,Nagarajaiah S.Implementation issues and testing of a hybrid sliding isolation system[J].Engrg.Structures,1998,20(3):144-154.
[42]Wen Y K,Shinozuka M.Cost-effectiveness in active structural control[J].Engrg.Structures,1998,20(3):216-221.
[43]周福霖.工程结构减震控制[M].北京:地震出版社,1997.Zhou Fu-lin.Seismic reduction and control of structures[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1997.
[44]Wanser K H,Voss K F,Grifitths R W.Distributed fiber optic sensors for structural health and vibration monitoring using opticaltime domain reflectometry[A].Proc.First World Conf.on Structural Control[C],1994.
[45]Aiken I D,Nims D K,Kelly J M.Comparative study of four passive energy dissipation systems[J].Bull.New Zealand NationalSociety for Earthquake Engineering,1992,25(3):175-192.
[46]Dyke S J,Spencer Jr.B F.Seismic response control using multiple MR dampers[A].2nd Int.Workshop on Structural Control:Next Generation of Intelligent structures[C],1996,163-167.
[47]Dyke S J,Spencer Jr.B F,Sain M K,etc.Seismic response reduction using magnetorheological dampers[A].Proc.IFACWorld Congress[C],1996,Vol.L,145-150.
[48]Dyke S J,Spencer Jr.B F,Sain M K,etc.Modeling and control of magnetorheological for seismic response reduction[J].Smart Materials and Structures,1996,5:565-575.
[49]Werner S D.Seismic performance and risk reduction for ports and air transportation systems[A].Critical Issues and State of-theArt in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],1995,57-69.
[50]Werner S D,Dickenson S E,Erickson B F.The development of seismic guidelines for ports[A].Proc.of the 4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,469-476.
[51]Taylor C E,Werner S D.Proposed acceptable earthquake risk procedures for the port of Los Angeles 2020 expansion program[A].Proc.of the 4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,64-71.
[52]Werner S D.Current development and future directions for seismic risk analysis of highway systems[A].Conf.of the 6th U.S.Conf.and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],Beavers J E(ed.),2003,849-858.
[53]Buckle I G.Application of seismic risk assessment procedures to the performance-based design of highway systems[A].Conf.ofthe 6th U.S.Conf.and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],Beavers J E(ed.).2003,886-895.
[54]O’Rouke M,Shinozuka M.Mitigation of seismic damage to lifelines-gas and liquid fuel systems[A].Critical Issues and State-of-the-Art in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],1995,30-40.
[55]Yoshikawa Y,Kano H,Yamazaki F,et al.Development of signal:an early warning system of city gas network[A].Proc.of the4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,160-167.
[56]Takada S,Dgawa Y.Seismic monitoring and real time damage estimation for lifelines[A].Proc.of the 4th U.S.Conf.on Life-line Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,224-231.
[57]Housner G W,Thiel Jr.C C.The continuing challenge:report on the performance of state bridges in the Northridge earthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,1995,11(4):607-636.
[58]Chang S E,Seligson H A,Eguchi R T.Estimation of economic loss caused by a disruption of lifeline service[A].Proc.of the4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C].O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,48-55.
[59]King S A,Kiremidjian A S,Bas z N,et al.Methodologies for evaluating the socio-economic consequences of large earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,1997,13(4):565-584.
[60]Brookshire D S,Chang S E,Cochrane H,et al.Direct and indirect economic losses from earthquake damage[J].EarthquakeSpectra,1997,13(4):683-702.
[61]EERI.Assessment of earthquake engineering research and testing capacibilities in the United States[C].Proc.,Publication No.WP-01A,Oakland,CA,1995,304.
[62]Ogawa N,Ohtani K,Katayama T,Shibata H.Construction of a three-dimensional,large-scale shaking table and development ofcore technology[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,Series A,2001,359(1786):1725-1752.
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[2]日本强震观测事业推进连络会议.1995年1月17日兵库县南部地震[R],强震速报No.46.日本科学技术厅防灾科学技术研究所,1995.Strong-Motion Earthquake Observation Council.Kobe earthquake of Jan.17,1995,Japan[R],Strong-Motion Report No.46.Dis-aster Prevention Research Institute,JSTA,1995.
[3]Murao Osamu,Ichiko Taro,Nakabayashi Itsuki.Evaluation of building reconstruction process in Chi-Chi area based on a GIS-database after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake[A].13th WCEE[C],2004,Paper No.174.
[4]Arulanandan K,Manzari M,Zeng X,et al.Significance of VELACS project to the solution of boundary value problems in geotech-nical engineering[A],Third Intl.Conf.on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1995,Vol.Ⅱ,825-832.
[5]Scott R F,Hushmand B,Rashidi H.Duplicate test of model No.4a:horizontally layered soil in laminar box[A].Verification ofNumerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems[C],Davis C A,1993,Vol.I,601-610.
[6]Lenke L R,Ko H Y,Pak R Y S.Centrifugal modeling of a pile under vertical random excitation[A].Second Intl.Conf.on Re-cent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1991,Vol.Ⅲ,229-236.
[7]Fiegel G L,Idriss I M,Kutter B L.Earthquake input motions for physical model tests[A].Third Intl.Conf.on Recent Advancesin Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1995,Vol.I,149-154.
[8]Proceedings of 13th WCEE[C].Vancouver Canada,2004.
[9]Mahin S.(ed.).U.S.-Japan Workshop on Cooperative Research for Mitigation of Urban Earthquake Disasters:Learning fromKobe and Northridge-Recommendation and Resolutions[C],Proc.,UCB/EERC-97/03,1995,Berkeley.
[10]Shinozuka M.(ed.).The second U.S.-Japan Workshop on Cooperative Research for Mitigation of Urban Earthquake Disasters[C],Proc.,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,1997.
[11]Liu S C,Anderson W,Astill C,et al.The NSF earthquake disaster mitigation research program[J].Earthquake Spectra,1998,14(3):433-440.
[12]Park S,Stubbs N.Bridge diagnostics via vibration monitoring[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.2719,1996,36-45.
[13]Kodindouma M B,Idriss R L.Integrated sensing system for highway bridge monitoring[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.2719,1996,141-149.
[14]Chang S-P,Kim S.On-line structural monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.2719,1996,150-159.
[15]Adachi Y,Unjoh S,Kondoh M,et al.Nondestructive damage detection and evaluation technique for seismically damaged struc-tures[A].Proc.SPIE[C],Vol.3587,1999,60-71.
[16]de Vries M,Bhatia V,D’Alberto T,et al.Photo-induced grating-based optical fiber sensors for structural analysis and control[J].Engineering Structures,1998,20(3):205-210.
[17]Darragh R B,Huang M J,Shakal A F.Earthquake engineering aspects of strong motion data from recent California earthquakes[A].Fifth U.S.Notional Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],1994,Vol.III,99-108.
[18]Darragh R B,Shakal A F.The site response of two rock and soil station pairs to strong and weak ground motion[J].Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society ofAmerica,1991,81(10):1885-1899.
[19]Trifunac M D,Todorovska M I,Lee V W.The Rinaldi strong motion accelerogram of the Northridge,California earthquake of 17January 1994[J].Earthquake Spectra,1998,14(1):225-240.
[20]Darbre G.Strong-motion records at large dams[A].12th WCEE,Vol.4[C],2000,0613.
[21]Huang M J,Shakal A F.CSMIP strong-motion instrumentation and records from the I10/215 interchange bridge near SanBernardino[J].Earthquake Spectra,1995,11(2):193-216.
[22]Motosaka M,Nagano M.Analysis of amplification characteristics of ground motions in the heavily damaged belt zone during the1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake[J].EESD,1997,26(3):377-393.
[23]Bozorgnia Y,Niazi M,Campbell K W.Characteristics of free-field vertical ground during the Northridge earthquake[J].Earth-quake Spectra,1995,11(4):515-526.
[24]Takada S,Tatsuhiko I.Time and space restoration process and prediction of recovery period for damaged water supply systemsbased on Geographic Information System(GIS)data of the Kobe earthquake[A].Proc.of the 6th U.S.Conf.and Workshop onLifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],2003,39-48.
[25]Frankel A D,Mueller C S,Barnhard T P,Leyendecker E V,etc.USGS national seismic hazard maps[J].Earthquake Spectra,2000,16(1):1-20.
[26]Uzarski J,Arnold C(eds.).Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake of September 21,1999 reconnaisance report[J].Earthquake Spec-tra,2001,17(suppl.A):1-183.
[27]Maeda T,Sasaki F.Spatial distribution of the ground motion during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake based on wavelet transform[A].Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures III[C],Brebbia C A&Corz A(eds.).2001,571-580.
[28]Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,Wald D J.Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings[J].EarthquakeSpectra,1995,11(4):569-606.
[29]Yamada M,Nori N,Yamamoto S.Source analysis of near-field earthquake records observed in rock sites[A].12th WCEE[C],2000,Vol.4,0698.
[30]Heaton T H,Aagaard B,Hall J F.Sensitivity study of near-source ground motion[A].12th WCEE[C],2000,Vol.4,0722.
[31]Wang H,Nishimura A.On seismic motion near active faults based on seismic records[A].12th WCEE[C],2000,Vol.4,0853.
[32]Wang G Q,Zhou X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan Earthquakes.[J].Soil Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering,2002(22):73-96.
[33]Makris N.Rigidity-plasticity-viscosity:can electorheological dampers protect base-isolated structures from near-source ground mo-tions?[J].EESD,1997,26(5):571-591.
[34]Bardet J P,Idriss E,O’Rourke T(eds.).North America-Japan Workshop on the Geotechnical Aspects of Kobe,Loma Prieta andNorthridge Earthquake[C],Proc.,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,1997,126.
[35]Ko H Y.Modeling seismic problems in centrifuges[A].Centrifuges 94[C],Leung,Lee and Tan(eds.).1994,3-12.Balke-ma,Rotterdam.
[36]Kutter B L.Recent advances in centrifuge modeling seismic shaking(state of the art)[A].Third Intl.Conf.on Recent Advancesin Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1995,Vol.II,927-941.
[37]Scotter R F.Review of progress in dynamic geotechnical centrifuge research[A].Dynamic Geotechnical Testing II[C],ASTM1213,Ebelhar,Drnevich,Kutter(eds.).1994.
[38]Housner G W,Bergman L A,Caughey T K,etc.(eds.).Structural control:past,present,and future[J].Journal of Engi-neering Mechanics,1997,123(9):897-971.
[39]Spencer Jr.B F,Sain M K.Controlling buildings:a new frontier in feedback[J].The Shock and Vibration Digest,1998,30(4):267-281.
[40]Cao H,Reinhorn A M,Soong T T.Design of an active mass damper for a tall TV tower in Nanjing,China[J].Engrg.Struc-tures,1998,20(3):134-143.
[41]Riley M A,Reinhorn A M,Nagarajaiah S.Implementation issues and testing of a hybrid sliding isolation system[J].Engrg.Structures,1998,20(3):144-154.
[42]Wen Y K,Shinozuka M.Cost-effectiveness in active structural control[J].Engrg.Structures,1998,20(3):216-221.
[43]周福霖.工程结构减震控制[M].北京:地震出版社,1997.Zhou Fu-lin.Seismic reduction and control of structures[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1997.
[44]Wanser K H,Voss K F,Grifitths R W.Distributed fiber optic sensors for structural health and vibration monitoring using opticaltime domain reflectometry[A].Proc.First World Conf.on Structural Control[C],1994.
[45]Aiken I D,Nims D K,Kelly J M.Comparative study of four passive energy dissipation systems[J].Bull.New Zealand NationalSociety for Earthquake Engineering,1992,25(3):175-192.
[46]Dyke S J,Spencer Jr.B F.Seismic response control using multiple MR dampers[A].2nd Int.Workshop on Structural Control:Next Generation of Intelligent structures[C],1996,163-167.
[47]Dyke S J,Spencer Jr.B F,Sain M K,etc.Seismic response reduction using magnetorheological dampers[A].Proc.IFACWorld Congress[C],1996,Vol.L,145-150.
[48]Dyke S J,Spencer Jr.B F,Sain M K,etc.Modeling and control of magnetorheological for seismic response reduction[J].Smart Materials and Structures,1996,5:565-575.
[49]Werner S D.Seismic performance and risk reduction for ports and air transportation systems[A].Critical Issues and State of-theArt in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],1995,57-69.
[50]Werner S D,Dickenson S E,Erickson B F.The development of seismic guidelines for ports[A].Proc.of the 4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,469-476.
[51]Taylor C E,Werner S D.Proposed acceptable earthquake risk procedures for the port of Los Angeles 2020 expansion program[A].Proc.of the 4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,64-71.
[52]Werner S D.Current development and future directions for seismic risk analysis of highway systems[A].Conf.of the 6th U.S.Conf.and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],Beavers J E(ed.),2003,849-858.
[53]Buckle I G.Application of seismic risk assessment procedures to the performance-based design of highway systems[A].Conf.ofthe 6th U.S.Conf.and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],Beavers J E(ed.).2003,886-895.
[54]O’Rouke M,Shinozuka M.Mitigation of seismic damage to lifelines-gas and liquid fuel systems[A].Critical Issues and State-of-the-Art in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],1995,30-40.
[55]Yoshikawa Y,Kano H,Yamazaki F,et al.Development of signal:an early warning system of city gas network[A].Proc.of the4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,160-167.
[56]Takada S,Dgawa Y.Seismic monitoring and real time damage estimation for lifelines[A].Proc.of the 4th U.S.Conf.on Life-line Earthquake Engineering[C],O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,224-231.
[57]Housner G W,Thiel Jr.C C.The continuing challenge:report on the performance of state bridges in the Northridge earthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,1995,11(4):607-636.
[58]Chang S E,Seligson H A,Eguchi R T.Estimation of economic loss caused by a disruption of lifeline service[A].Proc.of the4th U.S.Conf.on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering[C].O’Rouke M J(ed.).1995,48-55.
[59]King S A,Kiremidjian A S,Bas z N,et al.Methodologies for evaluating the socio-economic consequences of large earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,1997,13(4):565-584.
[60]Brookshire D S,Chang S E,Cochrane H,et al.Direct and indirect economic losses from earthquake damage[J].EarthquakeSpectra,1997,13(4):683-702.
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[62]Ogawa N,Ohtani K,Katayama T,Shibata H.Construction of a three-dimensional,large-scale shaking table and development ofcore technology[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,Series A,2001,359(1786):1725-1752.
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