柴达木盆地新生代演化及其构造重建——基于地震剖面的解释
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摘要
柴达木盆地是青藏高原内部最大的坳陷。柴达木盆地构造成因的研究,可以揭示青藏高原形成机制和生长历史。本文分析了柴达木盆地区域地震勘探剖面,得到如下认识:柴达木盆地一级构造为新生代宽缓复向斜,其振幅和半波长分别从柴西的>16km和~170km变化为柴东的<4km和~50km。褶皱首先在柴西贴近阿尔金断裂附近形成(65~50.5Ma),并向柴东扩展(23.3Ma)。复向斜的形成与较老的柴北缘逆冲断层系(65~50.5Ma)和较年轻的柴南缘逆冲断层系(35.5~23.3Ma)有关。盆地内部新生代上地壳缩短作用,由柴西的>48%,向柴东减小到<1%,说明在柴西和柴东之间,存在地壳加厚机制的渐进转换:柴西主要为上地壳缩短,柴东主要为下地壳缩短。
The Qaidam basin is the largest topographic depression inside the Tibetan plateau.Understanding the tectonic origin of the Qaidam basin has important implications for unraveling the formation mechanism and growth history of the Tibetan plateau.In this paper,the authors analyze regional seismic-reflection profiles across the basin.The first-order structure of the basin is a broad Cenozoic synclinorium,with an amplitude ranging from>16 km in the west to <4 km in the east.The fold axis propagated from the western Qaidam basin against the Altyn Tagh fault at 65-50.5Ma to the eastern basin at 23.3Ma;its half-wavelength changes from ～170 km in the west to ～50 km in the east.The formation of the synclinorium was induced by an older thrust system initiated at ～65-50.5Ma at the northern margin and a younger thrust system initiated at 35.5-23.3Ma at the southern margin.Cenozoic upper-crustal shortening decreases across the basin from >48% in the west to <1% in the east,suggesting a progressive shift in crustal thickening mechanisms across the Qaidam basin,from dominantly upper-crustal shortening in the west to dominantly lower-crustal shortening in the east.
The Qaidam basin is the largest topographic depression inside the Tibetan plateau.Understanding the tectonic origin of the Qaidam basin has important implications for unraveling the formation mechanism and growth history of the Tibetan plateau.In this paper,the authors analyze regional seismic-reflection profiles across the basin.The first-order structure of the basin is a broad Cenozoic synclinorium,with an amplitude ranging from>16 km in the west to <4 km in the east.The fold axis propagated from the western Qaidam basin against the Altyn Tagh fault at 65-50.5Ma to the eastern basin at 23.3Ma;its half-wavelength changes from ～170 km in the west to ～50 km in the east.The formation of the synclinorium was induced by an older thrust system initiated at ～65-50.5Ma at the northern margin and a younger thrust system initiated at 35.5-23.3Ma at the southern margin.Cenozoic upper-crustal shortening decreases across the basin from >48% in the west to <1% in the east,suggesting a progressive shift in crustal thickening mechanisms across the Qaidam basin,from dominantly upper-crustal shortening in the west to dominantly lower-crustal shortening in the east.
引文
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[7]Wang E,Xu F-Y,Zhou J-X,Wan J,Burchfiel BC.Eastward migration of the Qaidam basin and its implications for Cenozoicevolution of the Altyn Tagh fault and associated river systems[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2006,118(3/4):349~365.
[8]操成杰,王小凤.柴达木盆地近SN向构造形成机制与油气成藏意义[J].地质力学学报,2005,11(1):74~80.
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[10]冯梅,安美建,王小凤,马寅生,蒋荣宝,李丽.青海狮子沟油田天然微地震活动及其地质意义[J].地质力学学报,2007,13(2):172~178.
[11]Sun ZM,Yang Z,Pei J,Ge X,Wang X,Yang T,Li W,Yuan S.Magneto-stratigraphy of Paleogene sediments from northernQaidam Basin,China:Implications for tectonic uplift and block rotation in northern Tibetan plateau[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2005,237:635~646.
[12]Zhou J,Xu F,Wang T,Cao A,Yin C.Cenozoic deformation history of the Qaidam Basin,NW China:Results from cross-section restoration and implications for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonics[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243:195~210.
[13]Burchfiel B C,Deng Q,Molnar P,Royden L H,Wang Y,Zhang P,Zhang W.Intracrustal detachment within zones ofcontinental deformation[J].Geology,1989,17:448~452.
[14]Chen WP,Molnar P.Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal andmechanical properties of the lithosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1983,88:4183~4214.
[15]Suppe J,Medwedeff DA.Geometry and kinematics of faiult-propagation folding[J].Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83:409~454.
[16]Suppe J.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283:684~721.
[17]姜洪训,高焕章.柴达木盆地北缘逆冲推覆构造及其含油气性研究[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1989.1~79.
[18]Ritts BD,Biffi U.Magnitude of post-Middle Jurassic Baojocian displacement on the central Altyn Tagh fault system,northwestChina[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,2000,112(1):61~74.
[19]黄汉纯,黄庆华,马寅生.柴达木盆地地质与油气预测[M].北京:地质出版社,1996.1~146.
[20]Sobel ER.Basin analysis of the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous southwest Tarim basin,NW China[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1999,111:709~724.
[21]Vincent SJ,Allen MB.Evolution of the Minle and Chaoshui Basins,China:Implications for Mesozoic strike-slip basin formationin Central Asia[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1999,111:725~742.
[22]Kapp PA,Yin A,Manning C,Murphy MA,Harrison TM,Ding L,Deng XG,Wu CM.Blueschist-bearing metamorphic corecomplexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet[J].Geology,2000,28:19~22.
[23]Kapp P,Yin A,Manning CE,Harrison TM,Taylor MH,Ding L.Tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic blueschist-bearingQiangtang metamorphic belt,central Tibet[J].Tectonics,2003,22(4):1043.
[24]Xia W,Zhang N,Yuan X,Fan L,Zhang B.Cenozoic Qaidam basin,China:A stronger tectonic inversed,extentional riftedbasin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(4):715~736.
[25]Chen X,Yin A,Gehrels GE,Cowgill ES,Grove M,Harrison TM,Wang X.Two phases of Mesozoic north-south extension inthe eastern Altyn Tagh range,northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,2003,22(5),1053,doi:10.1029/2001TC001336.
[26]陈宣华,An Yin,George E.Gehrels,Eric S.Cowgill,Marty Grove,T.Mark Harrison,王小凤,杨农,刘健.青藏高原北缘阿尔金东段中生代南北向伸展作用[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(3):193~212.
[27]Horton BK,Dupont-Nivet G,Zhou J,Waanders GL,Butler RF,Wang J.Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Xining-Minheand Dangchang basins,northeastern Tibetan Plateau:Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic results[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,2004,109,B04402,doi:10.1029/2003JB002913.
[28]Dickinson WR,Klute MA,Hayes MJ,Janecke SU,Lundin ER,McKittrick MA,Olivares MD.Paleogeographic andpaleotectonic setting of Laramide sedimentary basins in the central Rocky Mountain region[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1988,100:1023~1039.
[29]Yin A,Ingersoll RV.A model for evolution of Laramide axial basins in the southern Rocky Mountains,USA[J].InternationalGeology Review,1997,39:1113~1123.
[30]Jordan TE.Thrust loads and foreland basin evolution,Cretaceous,western United States[J].Bulletin of American Associationof Petroleum Geologists,1981,65:2506~2520.
[31]DeCelles PG,Giles KA.Foreland basin systems[J].Basin Research,1996,8:105~123.
[32]Price RA.The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains.In:Thrust and NappeTectonics,MP Coward,KR McClay(ed.),Geol.Soc.Lond Special Publication,1981,9:427~448.
[33]Yin A,Kelty TK.Structural evolution of the Lewis thrust system,southern Glacier National Park:Implications for the regionaltectonic development[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1991,103:1073~1089.
[34]Cowgill E,Yin A,Harrison TM,Wang X.Reconstruction of the Altyn Tagh fault based on U-Pb geochronology:Role of backthrusts,mantle sutures,and heterogeneous crustal strength in forming the Tibetan Plateau[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B7),2346,doi:10.1029/2002 JB002080.
[35]Clark MK,Royden LH.Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,2000,28:703~706.
[36]Braitenberg C,Wang Y,Fang J,Hsu HT.Spatial variations of flexure parameters over the Tibet-Quinghai plateau[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,2003,205:211~224.
[37]Jackson JA,Austrheim H,McKenzie D,Priestley K.Metastability,mechanical strength,and the support of mountain belts[J].Geology,2004,32(7):625~628.
[2]Métivier F,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Meyer B.Northeastward growth of the Tibet plateau deduced from balancedreconstruction of two depositional areas:The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor basins,China[J].Tectonics,1998,17:823~842.
[3]Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,Metivier F,Gaudemer Y,Peltzer G,Shunmin G,Zhitai C.Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,and oblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau[J].GeophysicalJournal of International,1998,135:1~47.
[4]Tapponnier P,Xu Z,Roger F,Meyer B,Arnaud N,Wittlinger G,Yang J.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the TibetPlateau[J].Sciene,2001,294:1671~1677.
[5]Sobel ER,Hilley GE,Strecker MR.Formation of internally drained contractional basins by aridity-limited bedrock incision[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108,2344,doi:10.1029/2002JB001883.
[6]Yin A,Rumelhart P E,Butler R,Cowgill E,Harrison T M,Foster D A,Ingersoll R V,Zhang Q,Zhou X-Q,Wang X-F,Hanson A,Raza A.Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2002,114(10):1257~1295.
[7]Wang E,Xu F-Y,Zhou J-X,Wan J,Burchfiel BC.Eastward migration of the Qaidam basin and its implications for Cenozoicevolution of the Altyn Tagh fault and associated river systems[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2006,118(3/4):349~365.
[8]操成杰,王小凤.柴达木盆地近SN向构造形成机制与油气成藏意义[J].地质力学学报,2005,11(1):74~80.
[9]马寅生,史大年,安美建,王小凤,霍光辉,李国歧,尹成明,张西娟,施炜,杜建军.苏门答腊地震对柴达木地方震的触发作用[J].地质力学学报,2005,11(2):110~116.
[10]冯梅,安美建,王小凤,马寅生,蒋荣宝,李丽.青海狮子沟油田天然微地震活动及其地质意义[J].地质力学学报,2007,13(2):172~178.
[11]Sun ZM,Yang Z,Pei J,Ge X,Wang X,Yang T,Li W,Yuan S.Magneto-stratigraphy of Paleogene sediments from northernQaidam Basin,China:Implications for tectonic uplift and block rotation in northern Tibetan plateau[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2005,237:635~646.
[12]Zhou J,Xu F,Wang T,Cao A,Yin C.Cenozoic deformation history of the Qaidam Basin,NW China:Results from cross-section restoration and implications for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonics[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243:195~210.
[13]Burchfiel B C,Deng Q,Molnar P,Royden L H,Wang Y,Zhang P,Zhang W.Intracrustal detachment within zones ofcontinental deformation[J].Geology,1989,17:448~452.
[14]Chen WP,Molnar P.Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal andmechanical properties of the lithosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1983,88:4183~4214.
[15]Suppe J,Medwedeff DA.Geometry and kinematics of faiult-propagation folding[J].Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83:409~454.
[16]Suppe J.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283:684~721.
[17]姜洪训,高焕章.柴达木盆地北缘逆冲推覆构造及其含油气性研究[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1989.1~79.
[18]Ritts BD,Biffi U.Magnitude of post-Middle Jurassic Baojocian displacement on the central Altyn Tagh fault system,northwestChina[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,2000,112(1):61~74.
[19]黄汉纯,黄庆华,马寅生.柴达木盆地地质与油气预测[M].北京:地质出版社,1996.1~146.
[20]Sobel ER.Basin analysis of the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous southwest Tarim basin,NW China[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1999,111:709~724.
[21]Vincent SJ,Allen MB.Evolution of the Minle and Chaoshui Basins,China:Implications for Mesozoic strike-slip basin formationin Central Asia[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1999,111:725~742.
[22]Kapp PA,Yin A,Manning C,Murphy MA,Harrison TM,Ding L,Deng XG,Wu CM.Blueschist-bearing metamorphic corecomplexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet[J].Geology,2000,28:19~22.
[23]Kapp P,Yin A,Manning CE,Harrison TM,Taylor MH,Ding L.Tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic blueschist-bearingQiangtang metamorphic belt,central Tibet[J].Tectonics,2003,22(4):1043.
[24]Xia W,Zhang N,Yuan X,Fan L,Zhang B.Cenozoic Qaidam basin,China:A stronger tectonic inversed,extentional riftedbasin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(4):715~736.
[25]Chen X,Yin A,Gehrels GE,Cowgill ES,Grove M,Harrison TM,Wang X.Two phases of Mesozoic north-south extension inthe eastern Altyn Tagh range,northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,2003,22(5),1053,doi:10.1029/2001TC001336.
[26]陈宣华,An Yin,George E.Gehrels,Eric S.Cowgill,Marty Grove,T.Mark Harrison,王小凤,杨农,刘健.青藏高原北缘阿尔金东段中生代南北向伸展作用[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(3):193~212.
[27]Horton BK,Dupont-Nivet G,Zhou J,Waanders GL,Butler RF,Wang J.Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Xining-Minheand Dangchang basins,northeastern Tibetan Plateau:Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic results[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,2004,109,B04402,doi:10.1029/2003JB002913.
[28]Dickinson WR,Klute MA,Hayes MJ,Janecke SU,Lundin ER,McKittrick MA,Olivares MD.Paleogeographic andpaleotectonic setting of Laramide sedimentary basins in the central Rocky Mountain region[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1988,100:1023~1039.
[29]Yin A,Ingersoll RV.A model for evolution of Laramide axial basins in the southern Rocky Mountains,USA[J].InternationalGeology Review,1997,39:1113~1123.
[30]Jordan TE.Thrust loads and foreland basin evolution,Cretaceous,western United States[J].Bulletin of American Associationof Petroleum Geologists,1981,65:2506~2520.
[31]DeCelles PG,Giles KA.Foreland basin systems[J].Basin Research,1996,8:105~123.
[32]Price RA.The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains.In:Thrust and NappeTectonics,MP Coward,KR McClay(ed.),Geol.Soc.Lond Special Publication,1981,9:427~448.
[33]Yin A,Kelty TK.Structural evolution of the Lewis thrust system,southern Glacier National Park:Implications for the regionaltectonic development[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1991,103:1073~1089.
[34]Cowgill E,Yin A,Harrison TM,Wang X.Reconstruction of the Altyn Tagh fault based on U-Pb geochronology:Role of backthrusts,mantle sutures,and heterogeneous crustal strength in forming the Tibetan Plateau[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B7),2346,doi:10.1029/2002 JB002080.
[35]Clark MK,Royden LH.Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,2000,28:703~706.
[36]Braitenberg C,Wang Y,Fang J,Hsu HT.Spatial variations of flexure parameters over the Tibet-Quinghai plateau[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,2003,205:211~224.
[37]Jackson JA,Austrheim H,McKenzie D,Priestley K.Metastability,mechanical strength,and the support of mountain belts[J].Geology,2004,32(7):625~628.
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