东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造
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摘要
悉尼盆地位于澳大利亚东部,Lachlan褶皱带和New England褶皱带之间。悉尼盆地从晚石炭世末到中三叠世经历了弧后扩张到前陆盆地的不同阶段:弧后扩张阶段(石炭纪)、被动热沉降阶段(早、中二叠世Berry组)和挤压挠曲负载阶段(中二叠世Broughton组—三叠纪)。此时位于悉尼盆地东侧的New England褶皱带为岛弧背景。因此,二叠纪处于弧后盆地的南悉尼盆地受弧后扩张和东侧弧前海沟俯冲的影响地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震有关的震积岩,形成多种类型的与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造。南悉尼盆地二叠系的软沉积物变形包括地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层、滑塌构造、角砾岩化等。其中地裂缝、震褶层是地震颤动直接引起的断裂和褶皱;枕状层是地震颤动引起的砂层脱水、下沉形成的;液化脉、沙火山为液化的砂层穿入地震形成的裂隙形成的;负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造是受地震颤动在砂、泥岩界面上由于砂层下沉、泥层上穿形成的;滑塌构造和角砾岩化是地震引起的重力滑塌或泥石流形成的。地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层相当于原地震积岩,而滑塌构造和角砾岩化属于异地震积岩。
The southern Sydney Basin is located in the southernmost part of the north-south trending Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney Basin system, bordering the New England Fold Belt in the northeast and the Lachlan Fold Belt to the west. As such, the study area is generally considered to be part of a large foreland basin system within the Tasman Fold Belt of eastern Australia. Various studies have indicated that the southern Sydney Basin evolved from a back-arc extensional phase in the latest Carboniferous, through a passive thermal sag phase from the Early Permian to Middle Permian, to a typical foreland basin setting from the Late Permian to Middle Triassic characterized by tectonic stacking (from the east and northeast), flexural loading and increased compression. Tn back-arc Sydney Basin was intensely affected by back-arc spreading and trench subduction of the New England island arc, and developed serious earthquake and earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation. The soft-sediment deformation of Permian in the southern Sydney Basin consist of seismo-cracks, seismo-folds, fluidized veins, sandy volcano, load casts, flame structures, pillow structures, ball structures, pillow beds, slump structures and brecciation. The seismo-cracks and seismo-folds are cracks and folds formed directly by oscillation of earthquake. The pillow beds formed by dehydration and sinking of the sandy beds during earthquake’s oscillation. Fluidized veins and sandy volcano were made by instill into the seismo-fissures of the fluidized sands. The load casts, flame structures, pillow structures and ball structures were formed by sinking and instilling caused from oscillation of earthquake along the face between sandy and muddy beds. The slump structures and brecciation formed by gravity flow related to earthquake. The eismo-fissures, seismo-folds, fluidized veins, sandy volcano, load casts, flame structures, pillow structures, ball structures and pillow beds belong to the autochthonous seismites and slump structures and brecciation to allochthonous seismites.
The southern Sydney Basin is located in the southernmost part of the north-south trending Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney Basin system, bordering the New England Fold Belt in the northeast and the Lachlan Fold Belt to the west. As such, the study area is generally considered to be part of a large foreland basin system within the Tasman Fold Belt of eastern Australia. Various studies have indicated that the southern Sydney Basin evolved from a back-arc extensional phase in the latest Carboniferous, through a passive thermal sag phase from the Early Permian to Middle Permian, to a typical foreland basin setting from the Late Permian to Middle Triassic characterized by tectonic stacking (from the east and northeast), flexural loading and increased compression. Tn back-arc Sydney Basin was intensely affected by back-arc spreading and trench subduction of the New England island arc, and developed serious earthquake and earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation. The soft-sediment deformation of Permian in the southern Sydney Basin consist of seismo-cracks, seismo-folds, fluidized veins, sandy volcano, load casts, flame structures, pillow structures, ball structures, pillow beds, slump structures and brecciation. The seismo-cracks and seismo-folds are cracks and folds formed directly by oscillation of earthquake. The pillow beds formed by dehydration and sinking of the sandy beds during earthquake’s oscillation. Fluidized veins and sandy volcano were made by instill into the seismo-fissures of the fluidized sands. The load casts, flame structures, pillow structures and ball structures were formed by sinking and instilling caused from oscillation of earthquake along the face between sandy and muddy beds. The slump structures and brecciation formed by gravity flow related to earthquake. The eismo-fissures, seismo-folds, fluidized veins, sandy volcano, load casts, flame structures, pillow structures, ball structures and pillow beds belong to the autochthonous seismites and slump structures and brecciation to allochthonous seismites.
引文
杜远生.2005.广西北海涠洲岛第四纪湖光岩组与火山活动有关的震积岩.沉积学报,23(2):203~209.
杜远生,张传恒,韩欣,顾松竹,林文姣.2001.滇中中元古代昆阳群地震事件沉积的新发现及其地质意义.中国科学(D辑),(4):283~289.
杜远生,Guang R Shi.2003.东澳大利亚悉尼盆地南部二叠纪的地层、沉积环境与盆地演化.古地理学报,5(2):143~151.
段吉业,刘鹏举,万传彪.2002.华北燕山中一新元古代震积岩系列及其地震节律.地质学报,76(4):441~445.
吕洪波,章雨旭,肖国望,张绮玲.2006.内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块.地质论评,52(2):163~169.
彭阳,杨天南,乔秀夫,李典志,王国桢,杨中柱,杨小波.2001.大连上震旦统地震灾变事件研究.地质学报,75(2):221~227.
乔秀夫.1996.中国震积岩的研究与展望.地质论评,42(4):316~320.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列.地质学报,68(1):16~32.
乔秀夫,高林志.1999.华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系.科学通报,44(16):1753~1758.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列.科学通报,33(8):609~611.
田洪水,万中杰,王华林.2003.鲁中寒武系馒头组震积岩的发现及初步研究.地质论评,49(2):121~131.
严兆彬,郭福生,彭花明,杨志,郭国林.2005.浙西寒武系大陈岭组地震事件沉积的初步研究.地质学报,79(6):731~736.
殷秀兰,杨天南.2005.胶州—莱阳盆地白垩纪莱阳群中的震积岩及其构造意义讨论.地质论评,51(5):503~506.
张琴,朱筱敏,张建军,宋刚,闫伟鹏,张伟群.2003.酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄—窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现及意义.地质学报,77(2):158~162.
周志广,梁定益,刘文灿,万晓樵,赵兴国,王克方.2006.藏南晚白垩世宗卓组巨型混杂堆积的特征及其地裂—地震成因特征.地质论评,52(3):314~320.
Brakel A T,Totterdell J M.1996.Palaeogeographic atlas ofAustralia.Vol.6.Permian.Australian Geological SurveyOrganization,Canberra,1~38.
Cita M B,Ricci Lucchi F.1984.Seismicity and sedi mentation.Mar.Geol.,55(1-2):1~161.
Du Yuansheng.2005.Seismite related to volcanic activity fromQuaternary Huguangyan formation in Weizhou island,Beihai,Guangxi.Acta Sedi mentologica Sinica,23(2):203~209(inChinese with English abstract).
Du Y S,Gong S Y,Han X,Wang J S,Gu S Z,Lin WJ.2001.Silurian seismites and its tectonic significance in Hanxia,Yumen city,north Qilian Mountains.Acta Geologica Sinica,75:385~390.
Du Yuansheng,Shi Guangrong.2003.Permian stratigraphy andsedi mentary environments and basin evolution of Sydney Basinin eastern Australia.Journal of Palaeogeography,5(2):143~151(in Chinese with English abstract).
Du Y S,Shi G R,Gong Y M.2005.Earthquake-controlled eventdeposits and its tectonic significance from the Middle PermianWandrawandian Siltstoneinthe Sydney Basin,Australia.ChinaScience(Dser.),48(9):1337~1346.
Duan Jiye.Liu Pengju,Wan Chuanbiao.2002.Mesoproterozoic andNeoproterozoic seismite and its rhythmin the Yanshan area,North China Platform.Acta Geologica Sinica,76(4):441~445(in Chinese with English abstract).
Elliott L G.1993.Post-Carboniferous tectonic evolution of easternAustralia.APEAJournal,33:215~236.
Heezen B C,Dyke C L.1964.Grand Bank Slump.AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists48,221~225.
L櫣Hongbo,Zhang Yuxu,Xao Guowang,Zhang Qiling.2006.Earthquake slump blocks discovered in lower part of theSailinhudong Group,Heinaobao,Southeast Bayan Obo,InnerMongolia.Geological Review,52(2):163~169(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Mohindra R,Bagati T N.1996.Seismically induced soft-sedi mentdeformation structures(seismites)around Sumdo in the lowerSpiti valley(Tethys Hi malaya).Sedi mentary Geology,101:69~83.
Molina J M,Alfaro P,Moretti M,Soria J M.1998.Soft-sedi mentdeformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm wavesin tempestites(Miocene,Guadalquivir Basin,Spain).TerraNova,10:145~150.
Peng Y,Yang T N,Qiao X F,Li D Z,Wang G Z,Yang Z Z,YangX B.2001.A study of seismic event in the Late Siniancarbonates of Dlian.Acta Geologica Sinica,75(2):221~227(in Chinese with English abstract).
Qiao X,Song T,Gao L,Peng Y,Li H,Gao M,Song B,Zhang Q.1994.Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrationalliquefaction.Acta Geologica Sinica,68:16~34(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Qiao Xiufu.1996.Study of seismites of China and its prospects.Geological Review,42(4):316~320(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Qiao X,Gao L.2000.Earthquake events in Neoproterozoic andEarly Paleozoic and its relationship with super continentalRodinia in North China.Chinese Science Bulletin,45(10):931~935.
Roep T B,Events AJ.1992.Pillow-beds:a newtype of seismites?An example froman Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante.Sedi mentology,39:711~724.
Rossetti D F.1999.Soft-sedi ment deformation structures in lateAlbian to Cenomanian deposits,Sao Luis Basin,NorthernBrazil:evidence for palaeoseismicity.Sedi mentology,46:1065~1081.
Scheibur E,Basden H.1996.Geology of New South Wales—Synthesis,Vol.1,Structural Framework.Geological Survey ofNew South Wales,Memoir Geology,13(1):60~65.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites.Sedi mentology,13:155~159.
Shiki T,Cita MB,Gorsline D S.2000.Seismoturbidites,seismitesand tsunamiites.Sedi mentary Geology,135:1~326.
Song Tianrui.1988.A probable earthquake-tsunami sequence inPrecambrian carbonate strata of Ming Tombs District,Beijing.Chinese Science Bulletin,33(13):1121~1124.
Tian Hongshui,Wan Zhongjie,Wang Hualin.2003.Discovery andpreli minary study on seismites of the Cambrian MantouFormation inthe central shandong Area.Geological Review,49(2):121~131(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tye S C,Fielding C R,Jones B G.1996.Stratigraphy andsedi mentology of the Permian Tataeraong and ShoalhaevnGroups in the southernmost Sydney basin,New South Wales.Australian Journal of Earth Sciencess,43:57~69.
Wheeler R L.2002.Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sedi ment structures:criteria from seismic-hazard analysis.In:Ettensohn F R,Rast N,Brett C E,ed.Ancient seismites.Geological Society of America Special Paper,359:1~11.
Yan Z B,Guo F S,Peng H M,Yang Z,Guo G L.2005.polotstudy on sedi mentation of Cambrian Dachenling Formationresulting fromseismic events in the west of Zhejiang Province.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(6):731~736(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Yin Xiulan,Yang Tiannan.2005.Seismitesinthe Laiyang Groupinthe Jiaozhou-Laiyang basin,Shandong Province,and theirtectonic i mplications.Geological Review,51(5):503~506(inChinese with English abstract).
Zhang Qin,Zhu Xiaomin,Zhang Jianjun,Song Gang,YanWeipeng,Zhang Qunwei.2003.The discovery of seismite andits significance in Lower Cretaceous in Liugouzhuang andKulongshan region,Qingnan Sag,Jiuxi Basin.Acta GeologicaSinica,77(2):158~162(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Zhiguang,Liang Dingyi,Liu Wencan,Wan Xiaoqiao,ZhaoXingguo,Wang Keyou.2006.Characters of slumpingaccumulation of Upper Cretaceous Zongzuo Formation anddemonstrate its caused by large break-up and earthquakes,southern Xizang(Tibet).Geological Review,52(3):314~320(in Chinese with English abstract).
杜远生,张传恒,韩欣,顾松竹,林文姣.2001.滇中中元古代昆阳群地震事件沉积的新发现及其地质意义.中国科学(D辑),(4):283~289.
杜远生,Guang R Shi.2003.东澳大利亚悉尼盆地南部二叠纪的地层、沉积环境与盆地演化.古地理学报,5(2):143~151.
段吉业,刘鹏举,万传彪.2002.华北燕山中一新元古代震积岩系列及其地震节律.地质学报,76(4):441~445.
吕洪波,章雨旭,肖国望,张绮玲.2006.内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块.地质论评,52(2):163~169.
彭阳,杨天南,乔秀夫,李典志,王国桢,杨中柱,杨小波.2001.大连上震旦统地震灾变事件研究.地质学报,75(2):221~227.
乔秀夫.1996.中国震积岩的研究与展望.地质论评,42(4):316~320.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列.地质学报,68(1):16~32.
乔秀夫,高林志.1999.华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系.科学通报,44(16):1753~1758.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列.科学通报,33(8):609~611.
田洪水,万中杰,王华林.2003.鲁中寒武系馒头组震积岩的发现及初步研究.地质论评,49(2):121~131.
严兆彬,郭福生,彭花明,杨志,郭国林.2005.浙西寒武系大陈岭组地震事件沉积的初步研究.地质学报,79(6):731~736.
殷秀兰,杨天南.2005.胶州—莱阳盆地白垩纪莱阳群中的震积岩及其构造意义讨论.地质论评,51(5):503~506.
张琴,朱筱敏,张建军,宋刚,闫伟鹏,张伟群.2003.酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄—窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现及意义.地质学报,77(2):158~162.
周志广,梁定益,刘文灿,万晓樵,赵兴国,王克方.2006.藏南晚白垩世宗卓组巨型混杂堆积的特征及其地裂—地震成因特征.地质论评,52(3):314~320.
Brakel A T,Totterdell J M.1996.Palaeogeographic atlas ofAustralia.Vol.6.Permian.Australian Geological SurveyOrganization,Canberra,1~38.
Cita M B,Ricci Lucchi F.1984.Seismicity and sedi mentation.Mar.Geol.,55(1-2):1~161.
Du Yuansheng.2005.Seismite related to volcanic activity fromQuaternary Huguangyan formation in Weizhou island,Beihai,Guangxi.Acta Sedi mentologica Sinica,23(2):203~209(inChinese with English abstract).
Du Y S,Gong S Y,Han X,Wang J S,Gu S Z,Lin WJ.2001.Silurian seismites and its tectonic significance in Hanxia,Yumen city,north Qilian Mountains.Acta Geologica Sinica,75:385~390.
Du Yuansheng,Shi Guangrong.2003.Permian stratigraphy andsedi mentary environments and basin evolution of Sydney Basinin eastern Australia.Journal of Palaeogeography,5(2):143~151(in Chinese with English abstract).
Du Y S,Shi G R,Gong Y M.2005.Earthquake-controlled eventdeposits and its tectonic significance from the Middle PermianWandrawandian Siltstoneinthe Sydney Basin,Australia.ChinaScience(Dser.),48(9):1337~1346.
Duan Jiye.Liu Pengju,Wan Chuanbiao.2002.Mesoproterozoic andNeoproterozoic seismite and its rhythmin the Yanshan area,North China Platform.Acta Geologica Sinica,76(4):441~445(in Chinese with English abstract).
Elliott L G.1993.Post-Carboniferous tectonic evolution of easternAustralia.APEAJournal,33:215~236.
Heezen B C,Dyke C L.1964.Grand Bank Slump.AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists48,221~225.
L櫣Hongbo,Zhang Yuxu,Xao Guowang,Zhang Qiling.2006.Earthquake slump blocks discovered in lower part of theSailinhudong Group,Heinaobao,Southeast Bayan Obo,InnerMongolia.Geological Review,52(2):163~169(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Mohindra R,Bagati T N.1996.Seismically induced soft-sedi mentdeformation structures(seismites)around Sumdo in the lowerSpiti valley(Tethys Hi malaya).Sedi mentary Geology,101:69~83.
Molina J M,Alfaro P,Moretti M,Soria J M.1998.Soft-sedi mentdeformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm wavesin tempestites(Miocene,Guadalquivir Basin,Spain).TerraNova,10:145~150.
Peng Y,Yang T N,Qiao X F,Li D Z,Wang G Z,Yang Z Z,YangX B.2001.A study of seismic event in the Late Siniancarbonates of Dlian.Acta Geologica Sinica,75(2):221~227(in Chinese with English abstract).
Qiao X,Song T,Gao L,Peng Y,Li H,Gao M,Song B,Zhang Q.1994.Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrationalliquefaction.Acta Geologica Sinica,68:16~34(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Qiao Xiufu.1996.Study of seismites of China and its prospects.Geological Review,42(4):316~320(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Qiao X,Gao L.2000.Earthquake events in Neoproterozoic andEarly Paleozoic and its relationship with super continentalRodinia in North China.Chinese Science Bulletin,45(10):931~935.
Roep T B,Events AJ.1992.Pillow-beds:a newtype of seismites?An example froman Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante.Sedi mentology,39:711~724.
Rossetti D F.1999.Soft-sedi ment deformation structures in lateAlbian to Cenomanian deposits,Sao Luis Basin,NorthernBrazil:evidence for palaeoseismicity.Sedi mentology,46:1065~1081.
Scheibur E,Basden H.1996.Geology of New South Wales—Synthesis,Vol.1,Structural Framework.Geological Survey ofNew South Wales,Memoir Geology,13(1):60~65.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites.Sedi mentology,13:155~159.
Shiki T,Cita MB,Gorsline D S.2000.Seismoturbidites,seismitesand tsunamiites.Sedi mentary Geology,135:1~326.
Song Tianrui.1988.A probable earthquake-tsunami sequence inPrecambrian carbonate strata of Ming Tombs District,Beijing.Chinese Science Bulletin,33(13):1121~1124.
Tian Hongshui,Wan Zhongjie,Wang Hualin.2003.Discovery andpreli minary study on seismites of the Cambrian MantouFormation inthe central shandong Area.Geological Review,49(2):121~131(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tye S C,Fielding C R,Jones B G.1996.Stratigraphy andsedi mentology of the Permian Tataeraong and ShoalhaevnGroups in the southernmost Sydney basin,New South Wales.Australian Journal of Earth Sciencess,43:57~69.
Wheeler R L.2002.Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sedi ment structures:criteria from seismic-hazard analysis.In:Ettensohn F R,Rast N,Brett C E,ed.Ancient seismites.Geological Society of America Special Paper,359:1~11.
Yan Z B,Guo F S,Peng H M,Yang Z,Guo G L.2005.polotstudy on sedi mentation of Cambrian Dachenling Formationresulting fromseismic events in the west of Zhejiang Province.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(6):731~736(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Yin Xiulan,Yang Tiannan.2005.Seismitesinthe Laiyang Groupinthe Jiaozhou-Laiyang basin,Shandong Province,and theirtectonic i mplications.Geological Review,51(5):503~506(inChinese with English abstract).
Zhang Qin,Zhu Xiaomin,Zhang Jianjun,Song Gang,YanWeipeng,Zhang Qunwei.2003.The discovery of seismite andits significance in Lower Cretaceous in Liugouzhuang andKulongshan region,Qingnan Sag,Jiuxi Basin.Acta GeologicaSinica,77(2):158~162(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Zhiguang,Liang Dingyi,Liu Wencan,Wan Xiaoqiao,ZhaoXingguo,Wang Keyou.2006.Characters of slumpingaccumulation of Upper Cretaceous Zongzuo Formation anddemonstrate its caused by large break-up and earthquakes,southern Xizang(Tibet).Geological Review,52(3):314~320(in Chinese with English abstract).
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