尼日利亚海上区块近海底深水水道体系地震响应特征与沉积模式
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摘要
利用高分辨率三维地震资料,对西非尼日利亚海上OML130地区近海底深水沉积进行了研究。剖析了深水水道体系各沉积单元地震反射特征,详细论述了水道与堤岸单元的外形几何特征及内部充填特征,即单一水道在剖面上为V字型,下部地震反射为强反射、低连续,代表相对粗颗粒碎屑沉积,顶部为中强振幅、连续性强、水平层状地震反射特征,反映了水道发育晩期废弃充填的特点,平面形态为高弯度条带状。在分析水道下切侵蚀与充填特征的基础之上,总结了水道体系内水道之间的3种叠置样式,研究表明平面上类似曲流河沉积体系的水道体系内,后期单一水道的发生不一定是在前期水道基础之上直接侧向迁移与顺流演化,而可能是另一个新的沉积过程,因而在不同位置展现不同的水道叠置样式。通过分析水道体系形成演化的主要影响因素,结合研究区浅层与深层资料,提出了被动大陆边缘深水水道体系的沉积模式。研究认为,在陆坡上某一区域,在物源供给及海平面变化,尤其是流域地形(构造或沉积所致)影响下,使得水道体系、朵叶体系既可以同时出现,也可以在顺流方向交替出现。借助近海底的高分辨率三维地震资料对深水沉积进行研究,可以揭示沉积单元特征,从而建立研究区内适性强的沉积演化模式,为深水油气勘探与开发提供更为成功的服务。
Submarine leveed-channel complexes on the continental slope in OML130 area of West Africa have been anatomized with high-resolution seismic data near the present seabed. Seismic reflection features for each sedimentary elements of the submarine gravity-flow induced leveed-channel complex has been analyzed and summarized. The geometric outlines and the interior infill characteristics have been introduced in detail. Seismic reflections for single channel have the V-shaped cross-sectional motifs with relatively high amplitudes and low continuities at the lower interval,which indicate the relatively coarse-grained sediments,whilst for the upper part of a channel,seismic reflections have the motifs indicating fine-grained sediments with moderate amplitudes and great continuities and the sinuous ribbon plan form. With the analysis on features of cutting and filling,three stacking patterns of channels in the leveed-channel complexes have been summarized. It is concluded that each later channel develops independently from at most cases the earlier channels in terms of the process compared with the sinuous meandering channels in fluvial systems. So,it leads to the three stacking patterns occurred in the different parts of this submarine leveed-channel system. A depositional model for the continental slope leveed-channel complex in West Africa is envisioned based on the analysis of the controlling factors with the data from near-seabed seismic as well as the deeper hydrocarbon-producing intervals. It is likely that the leveed-channel complexes can be occurred simultaneously with the depositional lobate-fan complexes side by side or alternatively downslope with each other. Near seabed high-resolution seismic data help us gain a much more insight than ever into the characteristics of the deep-water depositional systems and build the more rational and applicable models,which will enhance the related studies more successfully.
Submarine leveed-channel complexes on the continental slope in OML130 area of West Africa have been anatomized with high-resolution seismic data near the present seabed. Seismic reflection features for each sedimentary elements of the submarine gravity-flow induced leveed-channel complex has been analyzed and summarized. The geometric outlines and the interior infill characteristics have been introduced in detail. Seismic reflections for single channel have the V-shaped cross-sectional motifs with relatively high amplitudes and low continuities at the lower interval,which indicate the relatively coarse-grained sediments,whilst for the upper part of a channel,seismic reflections have the motifs indicating fine-grained sediments with moderate amplitudes and great continuities and the sinuous ribbon plan form. With the analysis on features of cutting and filling,three stacking patterns of channels in the leveed-channel complexes have been summarized. It is concluded that each later channel develops independently from at most cases the earlier channels in terms of the process compared with the sinuous meandering channels in fluvial systems. So,it leads to the three stacking patterns occurred in the different parts of this submarine leveed-channel system. A depositional model for the continental slope leveed-channel complex in West Africa is envisioned based on the analysis of the controlling factors with the data from near-seabed seismic as well as the deeper hydrocarbon-producing intervals. It is likely that the leveed-channel complexes can be occurred simultaneously with the depositional lobate-fan complexes side by side or alternatively downslope with each other. Near seabed high-resolution seismic data help us gain a much more insight than ever into the characteristics of the deep-water depositional systems and build the more rational and applicable models,which will enhance the related studies more successfully.
引文
1 Kolla V,Posamentier H W,Wood L J.Deep-water and fluvial sinuous channels-characteristics,similarities and dissimilarities,and modes of formation[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):388-405
2 Ven Kolla.A review of sinuous channel avulsion patterns in some major deep-sea fans and factors controlling them[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):450-469
3 Kolla V,Bourges Ph,Urruty J M,et al.2001.Evolution of deep-water Tertiary sinuous channels offshore Angola(West Africa)and implications for reservoir architecture[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(8):1373-1405
4 刘新颖,于水,陶维祥,等.刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道充填结构及演化特征[J].地球科学,2012,37(1):105-112[Liu Xinying,Yu Shui,Tao Weixiang,et al.Filling architecture and evolution of Upper Miocene deep-water channel in Congon Fan Basin[J].Earth Science,2012,37(1):105-112]
5 Faugkres J C,et al.Seismic patterns of a muddy contourite fan(Vema Channel,South Brazilian Basin)and a sandy distal turbidite deep-sea fan(Cap Ferret system,Bay of Biscay):a comparison[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,115(1/2/3/4):81-110
6 Wynn R B,et al.Sinuous deep-water channels:Genesis,geometry and architecture[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):341-387
7 Bouma A H.Fine-grained submarine fans as possible recorders of longand short-term climatic changes[J].Global and Planetary Change,2001,28(1/2/3/4):85-91
8 Fonnesu F.3D seismic images of a low-sinuosity slope channel and related depositional lobe(West Africa deep-offshore)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):615-629
9 赵晓明,吴胜和,刘丽.尼日尔三角洲盆地Akpo油田新近系深水浊积水道储层构型表征[J].石油学报,2012,33(6):1049-1058[Zhao Xiaoming,Wu Shenghe,Liu Li.Characterization of reservoir architectures for Neogene deepwater turbidity channels of Akpo oilfield,Niger Delta Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(6):1049-1058]
10 刘新颖.西非第三系深水扇沉积特征及发育演化规律[J].东北石油大学学报,2013,37(3):24-31[Liu Xinying.Depositional characteristics and evolution of the Tertiary deepwater fan in West Africa[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2013,37(3):24-31]
11 李明娟,胡滨,白海强,等.西非深水Preowei构造复杂断裂精细解释及沉积体刻画[J].石油物探,2013,52(3):294-300[Li Mingjuan,Hu Bin,Bai Haiqiang,et al.The fine interpretation of complex fracture and characterization of sedimentary body on Preowei structure[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2013,52(3):294-300]
12 Mattern F.Ancient sand-rich submarine fans:depositional systems,models,identification,and analysis[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2005,70(3/4):167-202
13 Adeogba H H,et al.Transient fan architecture and depositional controls from near-surface 3-D seismic data,Niger Delta continental slope[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(5):627-643
14 Kolla V,Bourges Ph,Urruty J M,et al.Evolution of deep-water Tertiary sinuous channels offshore Angola(west Africa)and implications for reservoir architecture[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(8):1373-1405
15 Russell B.Wynn,Neil H.Kenyon,Douglas G.Masson,et al.Characterization and recognition of deep-water channel-lobe transition zones[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(8):1441-1462
16 于水,程涛,陈莹.尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征[J].地球科学,2012,37(4):763-770[Yu Shui,Cheng Tao,Chen Ying.Depositional characteristics of deepwater systems in the Niger delta basin[J].Earth Science,2012,37(4):763-770]
17 王颖,吕明.深水沉积储层特征——以尼日利亚OML130区块为例[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(2):228-236[Wang Ying,LüMing.Reservoir characteristics sediment in Nigeria deep-water area[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2009,20(2):228-236]
18 赵晓明,吴胜和,刘丽.西非陆坡区深水复合水道沉积构型模式[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(6):1-12[Zhao Xiaoming,Wu Shenghe,Liu Li.Sedimentary architecture model of deep-water channel complexes in slope area of West Africa[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum,2012,36(6):1-12]
19 Gamberi F,et al.Integrating modern seafloor and outcrop data in the analysis of slope channel architecture and fill[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,41:83-103
20 Beaubouef R T.Deep-water leveed-channel complexes of the Cerro Toro Formation,Upper Cretaceous,southern Chile[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(11):1471-1500
21 Abreu V,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):631-648
22 马君,刘剑平,潘校华,等.西非被动大陆边缘构造演化特征及动力学背景[J].中国石油勘探,2003(3):60-64[Ma Jun,Liu Jianping,Pan Xiaohua,et al.Evolution Characteristics and dynamic background of passive continental margin structure in West Africa[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2003(3):60-64]
23 熊利平,王骏,殷进垠,等.西非构造演化及其对油气成藏的控制作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(5):641-646[Xiong Liping,Wang Jun,Yin Jinyin,et al.Tectonic evolution and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation in West Africa[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(5):641-646]
24 Pickering K T,Corregidor J.Mass-transport complexes(MTCs)and tectonic control on basin-floor submarine fans,Middle Eocene,South Spanish Pyrenees[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2005,75:761-783
25 蒋恕,王华,Paul Weimer.深水沉积层序特点及构成要素[J].地球科学,2008,33(6):825-833[Jiang Shu,Wang Hua,Paul Weimer.Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and sedimentary elements in deepwater[J].Earth Science,2008,33(6):825-833]
26 吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930[Wu Shiguo,Qin Yunshan.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Seap[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930]
27 马宏霞,吕福亮,范国章,等.缅甸若开海域块体搬运沉积地震响应及典型地质特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(54):751-759 [Ma Hongxia,LüFuliang,Fan Guozhang,et al.Seismic responses and geological characteristics of mass-transport deposits in the Rakhine Basin,Offshore Myanmar[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(54):751-759]
28 李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.块体搬运复合体的识别—演化及其油气勘探意义[J].沉积学报,2010,28(1):76-81[Li Lei,Wang Yingmin,Zhang Lianmei,et al.Identification and evolution of mass transport complexes and its significance for oil and gas exploration[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(1):76-81]
29 Droz L,Marsset T,Ondreas H,et al.Architecture of an active mudrich turbidite system:The Zaire Fan(Congo-Angola margin southeast Atlantic):Results from ZaAngo 1 and 2 cruises[J].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(7):1145-1168
30 Mc Hargue T,Pyrcz M J,Sullivan M D,et al.Architecture of turbidite channel systems on the continental slope:Patterns and predictions[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2011,28(3):728-743
31 Henry W.Posamentier.Depositional elements associated with a basin floor channel-levee system case study from the Gulf of Mexico[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):677-690
32 Mike Mayalla,Ed Jones,Mick Casey.Turbidite channel reservoirsKey elements in facies prediction and effective development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23(8):821-841
33 孙辉,范国章,吕福亮,等.孟加拉湾缅甸若开盆地上新统斜坡水道复合体沉积特征[J].沉积学报,2011,21(9):695-703[Sun Hui,Fan Guozhang,LüFuliang,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of Pliocene slope channel complexes in the Rakhine Basin,Offshore Myanmar[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2011,21(9):695-703]
34 Sinclair H D,Tomasso M.Delta-fed turbidites infilling topographically complex basins-A New depositional model for the Annot sandstones,SE France[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2000,70(3):504-519
35 Sinclair D,Tomasso M.Depositional evolution of confined turbidite basins[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2002,72(4):451-456
36 王英民,王海荣,邱燕,等.深水沉积的动力学机制和响应[J].沉积学报,2007,25(4),495-504[Wang Yingmin,Wang Hairong,Qiu Yan,et al.Process of dynamics and its response of deep-water sedimentation[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(4):495-504]
37 李华,何幼斌,王振奇.深水高弯度水道—堤岸沉积体系形态及特征[J].古地理学报,2011,13(2):139-149[Li Hua,He Youbin,Wang Zhenqi.Morphology and characteristics of deep water high sinuous channel-levee system[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2011,13(2):139-149]
38 Abreu,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):631-648
39 Deptuck M E,et al.Migration–aggradation history and 3-D seismic geomorphology of submarine channels in the Pleistocene Benin-major Canyon,western Niger Delta slope[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):406-433
40 Heinio P,Davies R J.Knick point migration in submarine channels in response to fold growth,western Niger Delta[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):434-449
41 韩文明.2DWRI深水沉积储层直接预测新方法—基于尼日尔三角洲深水沉积储层研究[J].中国海上油气,2013,25(1):20-23[Han Wenming.2DWRI method to detect directly reservoirs deposited in deep water:Based on a study on the deepwater reservoirs in Niger delta[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2013,25(1):20-23]
2 Ven Kolla.A review of sinuous channel avulsion patterns in some major deep-sea fans and factors controlling them[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):450-469
3 Kolla V,Bourges Ph,Urruty J M,et al.2001.Evolution of deep-water Tertiary sinuous channels offshore Angola(West Africa)and implications for reservoir architecture[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(8):1373-1405
4 刘新颖,于水,陶维祥,等.刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道充填结构及演化特征[J].地球科学,2012,37(1):105-112[Liu Xinying,Yu Shui,Tao Weixiang,et al.Filling architecture and evolution of Upper Miocene deep-water channel in Congon Fan Basin[J].Earth Science,2012,37(1):105-112]
5 Faugkres J C,et al.Seismic patterns of a muddy contourite fan(Vema Channel,South Brazilian Basin)and a sandy distal turbidite deep-sea fan(Cap Ferret system,Bay of Biscay):a comparison[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,115(1/2/3/4):81-110
6 Wynn R B,et al.Sinuous deep-water channels:Genesis,geometry and architecture[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24(6/7/8/9):341-387
7 Bouma A H.Fine-grained submarine fans as possible recorders of longand short-term climatic changes[J].Global and Planetary Change,2001,28(1/2/3/4):85-91
8 Fonnesu F.3D seismic images of a low-sinuosity slope channel and related depositional lobe(West Africa deep-offshore)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):615-629
9 赵晓明,吴胜和,刘丽.尼日尔三角洲盆地Akpo油田新近系深水浊积水道储层构型表征[J].石油学报,2012,33(6):1049-1058[Zhao Xiaoming,Wu Shenghe,Liu Li.Characterization of reservoir architectures for Neogene deepwater turbidity channels of Akpo oilfield,Niger Delta Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(6):1049-1058]
10 刘新颖.西非第三系深水扇沉积特征及发育演化规律[J].东北石油大学学报,2013,37(3):24-31[Liu Xinying.Depositional characteristics and evolution of the Tertiary deepwater fan in West Africa[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2013,37(3):24-31]
11 李明娟,胡滨,白海强,等.西非深水Preowei构造复杂断裂精细解释及沉积体刻画[J].石油物探,2013,52(3):294-300[Li Mingjuan,Hu Bin,Bai Haiqiang,et al.The fine interpretation of complex fracture and characterization of sedimentary body on Preowei structure[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2013,52(3):294-300]
12 Mattern F.Ancient sand-rich submarine fans:depositional systems,models,identification,and analysis[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2005,70(3/4):167-202
13 Adeogba H H,et al.Transient fan architecture and depositional controls from near-surface 3-D seismic data,Niger Delta continental slope[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(5):627-643
14 Kolla V,Bourges Ph,Urruty J M,et al.Evolution of deep-water Tertiary sinuous channels offshore Angola(west Africa)and implications for reservoir architecture[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(8):1373-1405
15 Russell B.Wynn,Neil H.Kenyon,Douglas G.Masson,et al.Characterization and recognition of deep-water channel-lobe transition zones[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(8):1441-1462
16 于水,程涛,陈莹.尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征[J].地球科学,2012,37(4):763-770[Yu Shui,Cheng Tao,Chen Ying.Depositional characteristics of deepwater systems in the Niger delta basin[J].Earth Science,2012,37(4):763-770]
17 王颖,吕明.深水沉积储层特征——以尼日利亚OML130区块为例[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(2):228-236[Wang Ying,LüMing.Reservoir characteristics sediment in Nigeria deep-water area[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2009,20(2):228-236]
18 赵晓明,吴胜和,刘丽.西非陆坡区深水复合水道沉积构型模式[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(6):1-12[Zhao Xiaoming,Wu Shenghe,Liu Li.Sedimentary architecture model of deep-water channel complexes in slope area of West Africa[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum,2012,36(6):1-12]
19 Gamberi F,et al.Integrating modern seafloor and outcrop data in the analysis of slope channel architecture and fill[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,41:83-103
20 Beaubouef R T.Deep-water leveed-channel complexes of the Cerro Toro Formation,Upper Cretaceous,southern Chile[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(11):1471-1500
21 Abreu V,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):631-648
22 马君,刘剑平,潘校华,等.西非被动大陆边缘构造演化特征及动力学背景[J].中国石油勘探,2003(3):60-64[Ma Jun,Liu Jianping,Pan Xiaohua,et al.Evolution Characteristics and dynamic background of passive continental margin structure in West Africa[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2003(3):60-64]
23 熊利平,王骏,殷进垠,等.西非构造演化及其对油气成藏的控制作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(5):641-646[Xiong Liping,Wang Jun,Yin Jinyin,et al.Tectonic evolution and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation in West Africa[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(5):641-646]
24 Pickering K T,Corregidor J.Mass-transport complexes(MTCs)and tectonic control on basin-floor submarine fans,Middle Eocene,South Spanish Pyrenees[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2005,75:761-783
25 蒋恕,王华,Paul Weimer.深水沉积层序特点及构成要素[J].地球科学,2008,33(6):825-833[Jiang Shu,Wang Hua,Paul Weimer.Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and sedimentary elements in deepwater[J].Earth Science,2008,33(6):825-833]
26 吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930[Wu Shiguo,Qin Yunshan.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Seap[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930]
27 马宏霞,吕福亮,范国章,等.缅甸若开海域块体搬运沉积地震响应及典型地质特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(54):751-759 [Ma Hongxia,LüFuliang,Fan Guozhang,et al.Seismic responses and geological characteristics of mass-transport deposits in the Rakhine Basin,Offshore Myanmar[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(54):751-759]
28 李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.块体搬运复合体的识别—演化及其油气勘探意义[J].沉积学报,2010,28(1):76-81[Li Lei,Wang Yingmin,Zhang Lianmei,et al.Identification and evolution of mass transport complexes and its significance for oil and gas exploration[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(1):76-81]
29 Droz L,Marsset T,Ondreas H,et al.Architecture of an active mudrich turbidite system:The Zaire Fan(Congo-Angola margin southeast Atlantic):Results from ZaAngo 1 and 2 cruises[J].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(7):1145-1168
30 Mc Hargue T,Pyrcz M J,Sullivan M D,et al.Architecture of turbidite channel systems on the continental slope:Patterns and predictions[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2011,28(3):728-743
31 Henry W.Posamentier.Depositional elements associated with a basin floor channel-levee system case study from the Gulf of Mexico[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6/7/8):677-690
32 Mike Mayalla,Ed Jones,Mick Casey.Turbidite channel reservoirsKey elements in facies prediction and effective development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23(8):821-841
33 孙辉,范国章,吕福亮,等.孟加拉湾缅甸若开盆地上新统斜坡水道复合体沉积特征[J].沉积学报,2011,21(9):695-703[Sun Hui,Fan Guozhang,LüFuliang,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of Pliocene slope channel complexes in the Rakhine Basin,Offshore Myanmar[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2011,21(9):695-703]
34 Sinclair H D,Tomasso M.Delta-fed turbidites infilling topographically complex basins-A New depositional model for the Annot sandstones,SE France[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2000,70(3):504-519
35 Sinclair D,Tomasso M.Depositional evolution of confined turbidite basins[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2002,72(4):451-456
36 王英民,王海荣,邱燕,等.深水沉积的动力学机制和响应[J].沉积学报,2007,25(4),495-504[Wang Yingmin,Wang Hairong,Qiu Yan,et al.Process of dynamics and its response of deep-water sedimentation[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(4):495-504]
37 李华,何幼斌,王振奇.深水高弯度水道—堤岸沉积体系形态及特征[J].古地理学报,2011,13(2):139-149[Li Hua,He Youbin,Wang Zhenqi.Morphology and characteristics of deep water high sinuous channel-levee system[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2011,13(2):139-149]
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