基于DInSAR和MAI技术揭示地震三维形变场
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摘要
针对DInSAR技术只能获得雷达视线方向形变,无法完全反映地震三维形变场的缺点,提出了利用升降轨SAR干涉对,联合DInSAR技术和MAI技术,采用抗差最小二乘方法求解三维地表形变场,采用残差绝对值和最小法确定权矩阵,保证了结果的可靠性.以2003年伊朗BAM地震为例,分析结果表明:BAM地震运动方式不仅具有南北向的水平走滑,而且带有较大的垂直分量和东西向水平分量.MAI技术形变监测受相干值影响,在相干值大于0.6的区域相位标准差小于0.075m.三维形变场在上下和东西方向分量和联合DInSAR和Offset Tracking技术结果一致,在相干值大于0.6时,最大差异为0.031m;南北方向分量差异较大,达到dm级.提出方法更好地重建地震三维形变场,有助于更好地分析地震发生的原因和影响范围.
One of the limitations of DInSAR is that this technique is only sensitive to the displacements along the radar line-of-sight(LOS)direction,which is impossible to determine3-D co-seismic deformation.To retrieve the 3-D co-seismic deformation,a method based on the robust least squares method that combines multiple-aperture interferometry(MAI)and differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR)was applied to one ascending and one descending interferometric pair,and successfully applied to the BAM(Iran)earthquake event in 2003.The results show that coseismic deformation not only has the level strike-slip in northsouth direction,but also has a large vertical component and a horizontal component in east-west direction.MAI was affected by interferogram coherence.In areas with high coherence(>0.6),measurement standard deviation is less than 0.075 m.In areas with coherence(>0.6),the 3-D deformation was consistent with the result of combining MAI and Offset Tracking technology in up-down and east-west direction,the maximum difference between them was 0.031 m.But the difference in south-north direction was larger,achieved dm.A3-D deformation reconstruction through the proposed method will allow for better modeling,and hence,a more comprehensive understanding,of the source geometry associated with seismic.
One of the limitations of DInSAR is that this technique is only sensitive to the displacements along the radar line-of-sight(LOS)direction,which is impossible to determine3-D co-seismic deformation.To retrieve the 3-D co-seismic deformation,a method based on the robust least squares method that combines multiple-aperture interferometry(MAI)and differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR)was applied to one ascending and one descending interferometric pair,and successfully applied to the BAM(Iran)earthquake event in 2003.The results show that coseismic deformation not only has the level strike-slip in northsouth direction,but also has a large vertical component and a horizontal component in east-west direction.MAI was affected by interferogram coherence.In areas with high coherence(>0.6),measurement standard deviation is less than 0.075 m.In areas with coherence(>0.6),the 3-D deformation was consistent with the result of combining MAI and Offset Tracking technology in up-down and east-west direction,the maximum difference between them was 0.031 m.But the difference in south-north direction was larger,achieved dm.A3-D deformation reconstruction through the proposed method will allow for better modeling,and hence,a more comprehensive understanding,of the source geometry associated with seismic.
引文
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Hu B,Wang H S,Shen Q,et al.2012.Coseismic displacements field of the bam earthquake inferred from inSAR[J].Journal of Information&Computational Science,9(9):2537-2544.
Hu J,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.2008.Two-dimensional Co-Seismic surface displacements field of the Chi-Chi earthquake inferred from SAR image matching[J].Sensors,8(10):6484-6495.
Hu J,Li Z W,Zhu J J,et al.2010.Inferring three-dimensional surface displacement field by combining SAR interferometric phase and amplitude information of ascending and descending orbits[J].Sci.China Earth Sci.,53(4):550-560.
Hu J,Li Z W,Zhu J J,et al.2013.Measuring three-dimensional surface displacements from combined InSAR and GPS data based on BFGS method[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(1):117-126
Jung H S,Lu Z,Won J S,et al.2011.Mapping three-dimensional surface deformation by combining multiple-aperture interferometry and conventional interferometry:Application to the June 2007eruption of Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii[J].IEEE Geosci.Remote Sensing Lett.,8(1):34-38,doi:10.1007/s11430-012-4509-x.
Lu Z,Masterlark T,Dzurisin D,et al.2003.Magma supply dynamics at Westdahl volcano,Alaska,modeled from satellite radar interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,108(B7):2354
Massonnet D,Feigl K J.1998.Radar interferometry and its application to Changes in the Earth’s surface[J].Reviews of Geophysics,36(4):441-500.
Qiu W N,Tao B Z,Yao Y B,et al.2008.The theory and method of surveying data processing(in Chinese)[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,124-143.
Rodriguez E,Martin J M.1992.Theory and design of interferometric synthetic aperture radars[J],Radar and Signal Processing,IEE Proc.F,139(2):147-159.
Sun J B,Liang F,Xu X W,et al.2006.3DCo-seismic deformation field of the BAM earthquake(Mw6.5)from ascending and descending pass ASAR radar interferometry[J].Journal of Remote Sensing(in Chinese),10(4):489-496.
Wang C,Zhang H,Liu Z,et al.2002.Subsidence of Suzhou city(China)from 1993to 1995detected by ERS differential SAR interferometry[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),45(SI):244 253.
Wright T J,Parsons B E,Lu Z.2004.Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(1):L01607.
Zebker H A,Villasenor J.1992.Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes[J].IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote.Sens.,30(5):950-959.
崔希璋,於宗俦,陶本藻.2001.广义测量平差(新版)[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,103-106.[14]胡俊,李志伟,朱建军,等.2013.基于BFGS法融合InSAR和GPS技术监测地表三维形变[J].地球物理学报,56(1):117-126.
邱卫宁,陶本藻,姚宜斌,等.2008.测量数据处理理论与方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,124-143.
孙建宝,梁芳,徐锡伟,等.2006.升降轨道ASAR雷达干涉揭示的巴姆地震(Mw 6.5)3D同震形变场[J].遥感学报,10(4):489-496.
王超,张红,刘智,等.2002.基于D-InSAR的1993-1995年苏州市地面沉降监测[J].地球物理学报,45(SI):244-253.
Cui X Z,Yu Z T,Tao B Z.2001.Generalized surveying adjustment(in Chinese)[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,103-106.
Ding X L,Liu G X,Li Z W,et al.2004.Ground subsidence monitoring in Hong Kong with satellite SAR Interferometry[J].Photogram metric Engineering and Remote Sensing,70(10):1151-1156.
Eshghi S,ZaréM.2003.Bam(SE Iran)earthquake of 26December2003,Mw6.5:A preliminary reconnaissance report[R].Website:http://www.iiees.ac.ir/iiees/English/bank/Bam/bam_report_english_recc.html.
Farr T G,Kobrick M.2000.Shuttle Radar Topography Mission produces a wealth of data[J].Eos.Trans.AGU,81(48):583-585.
Fialko Y,Simons M,Agnew D.2001.The complete(3-D)surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 MW 7.1Hector Mine Earthquake,California,from space geodetic observations[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,28(16):3063-3066.
Fialko Y,Sandwell D,Simons M,et al.2005.Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam,Iran,earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit[J].Nature,435(7040):295-299.
Funning G J,Parsons B,Wright T J,et al.2005.Surface displacements and source parameters of the 2003Bam(Iran)earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),110(B9):B09406.
Gudmundsson S,Sigmundsson F,Carstensen J M.2002.Threedimensional surface motion maps estimated from combined interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS data[J].J.Geophys.Res.,107(B10):ETG 13-1-ETG 13-14.
Hashimoto M,Enomoto M,Fukushima Y.2010.Coseismic Deformation from the 2008 Wenchuan,China,Earthquake derived from ALOS/PALSAR Images[J].Tectonophysics,491(1-4):59-71.
Hu B,Wang H S,Shen Q,et al.2012.Coseismic displacements field of the bam earthquake inferred from inSAR[J].Journal of Information&Computational Science,9(9):2537-2544.
Hu J,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.2008.Two-dimensional Co-Seismic surface displacements field of the Chi-Chi earthquake inferred from SAR image matching[J].Sensors,8(10):6484-6495.
Hu J,Li Z W,Zhu J J,et al.2010.Inferring three-dimensional surface displacement field by combining SAR interferometric phase and amplitude information of ascending and descending orbits[J].Sci.China Earth Sci.,53(4):550-560.
Hu J,Li Z W,Zhu J J,et al.2013.Measuring three-dimensional surface displacements from combined InSAR and GPS data based on BFGS method[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(1):117-126
Jung H S,Lu Z,Won J S,et al.2011.Mapping three-dimensional surface deformation by combining multiple-aperture interferometry and conventional interferometry:Application to the June 2007eruption of Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii[J].IEEE Geosci.Remote Sensing Lett.,8(1):34-38,doi:10.1007/s11430-012-4509-x.
Lu Z,Masterlark T,Dzurisin D,et al.2003.Magma supply dynamics at Westdahl volcano,Alaska,modeled from satellite radar interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,108(B7):2354
Massonnet D,Feigl K J.1998.Radar interferometry and its application to Changes in the Earth’s surface[J].Reviews of Geophysics,36(4):441-500.
Qiu W N,Tao B Z,Yao Y B,et al.2008.The theory and method of surveying data processing(in Chinese)[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,124-143.
Rodriguez E,Martin J M.1992.Theory and design of interferometric synthetic aperture radars[J],Radar and Signal Processing,IEE Proc.F,139(2):147-159.
Sun J B,Liang F,Xu X W,et al.2006.3DCo-seismic deformation field of the BAM earthquake(Mw6.5)from ascending and descending pass ASAR radar interferometry[J].Journal of Remote Sensing(in Chinese),10(4):489-496.
Wang C,Zhang H,Liu Z,et al.2002.Subsidence of Suzhou city(China)from 1993to 1995detected by ERS differential SAR interferometry[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),45(SI):244 253.
Wright T J,Parsons B E,Lu Z.2004.Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(1):L01607.
Zebker H A,Villasenor J.1992.Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes[J].IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote.Sens.,30(5):950-959.
崔希璋,於宗俦,陶本藻.2001.广义测量平差(新版)[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,103-106.[14]胡俊,李志伟,朱建军,等.2013.基于BFGS法融合InSAR和GPS技术监测地表三维形变[J].地球物理学报,56(1):117-126.
邱卫宁,陶本藻,姚宜斌,等.2008.测量数据处理理论与方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,124-143.
孙建宝,梁芳,徐锡伟,等.2006.升降轨道ASAR雷达干涉揭示的巴姆地震(Mw 6.5)3D同震形变场[J].遥感学报,10(4):489-496.
王超,张红,刘智,等.2002.基于D-InSAR的1993-1995年苏州市地面沉降监测[J].地球物理学报,45(SI):244-253.
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