柴达木盆地西南缘新近系与地震沉积有关的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义
|
摘要
在区域构造背景研究和岩心观察的基础上,在柴达木盆地西南缘新近纪地层中识别出与地震沉积有关的软沉积物变形构造。软沉积物变形构造包括液化砂岩脉、泄水构造、重荷模、火焰构造、震积砂枕、砂球构造、枕状层、层内错断、地裂缝、串珠状构造、震褶层、混合层及地震角砾状构造等。液化砂岩脉有喉道状、脉络状、飘带状、尖突状及"V"字形五种,主要是由振动流体化作用、振动液化挤压作用和振动拉张裂缝充填作用形成的;重荷模、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造是受地震颤动在砂、泥岩界面上由于砂层下沉、泥层上穿形成的;地裂缝、层内错断、震褶层是地震颤动直接引起的断裂、错断和褶皱;枕状层是地震振动引起的砂层脱水、下沉、变形形成的;混合层构造的完整性取决于地震强度和地震持续时间;地震角砾状构造是由地震振动使原始沉积层断裂形成的自碎屑角砾、脆性角砾和塑性角砾组成。该成果从沉积学角度证明了新近纪是昆仑山造山带北侧断裂活动较强烈时期,也为柴达木盆地新生代构造演化研究提供了依据。地震作用极大地提高了储层的渗透率,改善了油气储层的储集物性。
Based on studies of regional tectonic setting and observation of drilling cores, soft-sediment deformation structures of Neogene related to earthquake are recognized in the southwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin. The soft-sediment deformation structures consist of liquefied sandstone vein,water escape structures,load casts,flame structures,pillow structures,ball structures,pillow beds,micro-faults, seismo-cracks,pinch and swell structures,seismo-folds, mixed layers structures and seismic brecciated structures. There are five kinds of sand dikes, such as throat-like sand dikes, venation-like sand dikes, belt-like sand dikes, upward wedge sand dikes and v-shape sand dikes. They are caused by shaking-fluidization, shaking-liquefaction-pushing and after shaking-pulling soft-sediments filling in cracks. The load casts,flame structures,pillow structures and ball structures are formed by sinking and instilling caused from oscillation of earthquake along the face between sandy and muddy beds. The seismo-cracks,micro-faults and seismo-folds are cracks, faults and folds formed directly by oscillation of earthquake. The pillow beds form by dehydration, sinking and deforming of the sandy beds during earthquake′s oscillation. The integrity of mixed layers structure depends on the magnitude and duration of earthquake. The seismic brecciated structures are made up of autoclastic breccias, plastic breccias and brittle breccias formed by the cracking of basal undisturbed laminate bed because of oscillation of earthquake. The discovery demonstrates that the movement of earthquake was violent on the time of Neogene in the north of Kunlun Orogenic Belt from sedimentology, and it provides a theoretical foundation for the tectonic evolution studies of the Qaidam Basin. Seismic events affect greatly on the physical properties of reservoirs, and the permeability of reservoirs can be improved obviously.
Based on studies of regional tectonic setting and observation of drilling cores, soft-sediment deformation structures of Neogene related to earthquake are recognized in the southwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin. The soft-sediment deformation structures consist of liquefied sandstone vein,water escape structures,load casts,flame structures,pillow structures,ball structures,pillow beds,micro-faults, seismo-cracks,pinch and swell structures,seismo-folds, mixed layers structures and seismic brecciated structures. There are five kinds of sand dikes, such as throat-like sand dikes, venation-like sand dikes, belt-like sand dikes, upward wedge sand dikes and v-shape sand dikes. They are caused by shaking-fluidization, shaking-liquefaction-pushing and after shaking-pulling soft-sediments filling in cracks. The load casts,flame structures,pillow structures and ball structures are formed by sinking and instilling caused from oscillation of earthquake along the face between sandy and muddy beds. The seismo-cracks,micro-faults and seismo-folds are cracks, faults and folds formed directly by oscillation of earthquake. The pillow beds form by dehydration, sinking and deforming of the sandy beds during earthquake′s oscillation. The integrity of mixed layers structure depends on the magnitude and duration of earthquake. The seismic brecciated structures are made up of autoclastic breccias, plastic breccias and brittle breccias formed by the cracking of basal undisturbed laminate bed because of oscillation of earthquake. The discovery demonstrates that the movement of earthquake was violent on the time of Neogene in the north of Kunlun Orogenic Belt from sedimentology, and it provides a theoretical foundation for the tectonic evolution studies of the Qaidam Basin. Seismic events affect greatly on the physical properties of reservoirs, and the permeability of reservoirs can be improved obviously.
引文
1陈世悦,袁文芳,鄢继华.济阳坳陷早第三纪震积岩的发现及其意义[J].地质科学,2003,38(3):413-424[Chen Shiyue,Yuan Wen-fang,Yan Jihua.Discovery and significance of earthquake event depos-its of Early Tertiary in the Jiyang Depression[J].Earth Science,2003,38(3):413-424]
2杨剑萍,王辉,陈世悦,等.济阳坳陷古近系震积岩特征[J].沉积学报,2004,22(2):281-287[Yang Jianping,Wang Hui,Chen Shiyue,et al.The features of seismite in Jiyang Sub-basin,Paleogene[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(2):281-287]
3杨剑萍,王亚丽,查明,等.山东惠民凹陷古近系湖泊地震涌浪记录的新发现[J].地质学报,2006,11(80):1715-1720[Yang Jian-ping,Wang Yali,Zha Ming,et al.Discovery of the seismic surge wave deposits record of Paleogene in Huimin Depression,Shandong Province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,11(80):1715-1720]
4袁静.山东惠民凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):40-46[Yuan Jing.The property and geological signif-icance of seismites of Paleogene in Huimin Sag,Shandong Province[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):40-46]
5Ralph Neuwerth.Soft-sediment deformation in a tectonically active are-a:the Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation in the Cauca Valley(Western Colombia)[J].Sedimentary Geology,2006,186:67-88
6Alfaro P,Moretti M,Soria J M.Soft-sediment deformation structures in-duced by earthquakes(seismites)in Pliocene lacustrine deposits(Guadix-Baza Basin,Central Betic Cordillera)[J].Ecological Geolog-icae Helvetiae,1997,90:531-540
7杜远生,Guang R Shi,龚一鸣,等.东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造[J].地质学报,2007,81(4):511-517[Du Yuansheng,Guang R Shi,Gong Yiming,et al.Permiansoft-sediment deformation structures related to earthquake in the South-ern Sydney Basin,Eastern Australia[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(4):511-517]
8Roep TB,Events AJ.Pillow-beds:a newtype of seismites:an example from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante[J].Sedimentology,1992,39:711-724
9Vanneste K,Meghraoui M,Camelbeeck T.Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation along the Belgian portion of the Feld-biss Fault,Lower Rhine Graben system[J].Tectonophysics,1999,309:57-79
10Knaust D.Pinch-and-swell structures at the Middle/Upper Muschelka-lk boundary(Triassic)evidence of earthquake effects(seismites)in the Germanic Basin[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2002,91(2):291-303
11Marco S,Agnon A.Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada,Dead Sea graben[J].Geology,1995,23:695-698
12Rodrguez-Pascua MA,Calvo J P,De Vicente G,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].Sedimentary Ge-ology,2000,135:117-135
13Rodrguez-Pascua MA,De Vicente G,Calvo J P,et al.Similarities be-tween recent seismic activity and paleoseismites during the late mio-cene in the external Betic Chain(Spain):relationship by‘b’value and the fractal dimension[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:749-763
14杜远生,韩欣.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):389-394[Du Yuansheng,Han Xin.Seismo-deposition and seis-mites[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2000,15(4):389-394]
15李廷栋.青藏高原隆升的过程和机制[J].地球学报,1995,1:1-9[Li Tingdong.The uplifting process and mechanism of the Qinghai-Ti-bet Plateau[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1995,1:1-9]
16王桂宏,谭彦虎,陈新领,等.新生代柴达木盆地构造演化与油气勘探领域[J].石油地质,2006,1:80-84[Wang Guihong,Tan Yan-hu,Chen Xinling,et al.Cenozoic tectonic evolution and oil/gas explo-ration field in Qaidam Basin[J].Petroleum Geology,2006,1:80-84]
17Song T,Wang X.Structural styles and stratigraphic patterns of synde-positional faults in a contractional setting:examples from the Qaidam Basin,northwestern China[J].AAPG Bulletin,1993,77:102-117
2杨剑萍,王辉,陈世悦,等.济阳坳陷古近系震积岩特征[J].沉积学报,2004,22(2):281-287[Yang Jianping,Wang Hui,Chen Shiyue,et al.The features of seismite in Jiyang Sub-basin,Paleogene[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(2):281-287]
3杨剑萍,王亚丽,查明,等.山东惠民凹陷古近系湖泊地震涌浪记录的新发现[J].地质学报,2006,11(80):1715-1720[Yang Jian-ping,Wang Yali,Zha Ming,et al.Discovery of the seismic surge wave deposits record of Paleogene in Huimin Depression,Shandong Province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,11(80):1715-1720]
4袁静.山东惠民凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):40-46[Yuan Jing.The property and geological signif-icance of seismites of Paleogene in Huimin Sag,Shandong Province[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):40-46]
5Ralph Neuwerth.Soft-sediment deformation in a tectonically active are-a:the Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation in the Cauca Valley(Western Colombia)[J].Sedimentary Geology,2006,186:67-88
6Alfaro P,Moretti M,Soria J M.Soft-sediment deformation structures in-duced by earthquakes(seismites)in Pliocene lacustrine deposits(Guadix-Baza Basin,Central Betic Cordillera)[J].Ecological Geolog-icae Helvetiae,1997,90:531-540
7杜远生,Guang R Shi,龚一鸣,等.东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造[J].地质学报,2007,81(4):511-517[Du Yuansheng,Guang R Shi,Gong Yiming,et al.Permiansoft-sediment deformation structures related to earthquake in the South-ern Sydney Basin,Eastern Australia[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(4):511-517]
8Roep TB,Events AJ.Pillow-beds:a newtype of seismites:an example from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante[J].Sedimentology,1992,39:711-724
9Vanneste K,Meghraoui M,Camelbeeck T.Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation along the Belgian portion of the Feld-biss Fault,Lower Rhine Graben system[J].Tectonophysics,1999,309:57-79
10Knaust D.Pinch-and-swell structures at the Middle/Upper Muschelka-lk boundary(Triassic)evidence of earthquake effects(seismites)in the Germanic Basin[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2002,91(2):291-303
11Marco S,Agnon A.Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada,Dead Sea graben[J].Geology,1995,23:695-698
12Rodrguez-Pascua MA,Calvo J P,De Vicente G,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].Sedimentary Ge-ology,2000,135:117-135
13Rodrguez-Pascua MA,De Vicente G,Calvo J P,et al.Similarities be-tween recent seismic activity and paleoseismites during the late mio-cene in the external Betic Chain(Spain):relationship by‘b’value and the fractal dimension[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:749-763
14杜远生,韩欣.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):389-394[Du Yuansheng,Han Xin.Seismo-deposition and seis-mites[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2000,15(4):389-394]
15李廷栋.青藏高原隆升的过程和机制[J].地球学报,1995,1:1-9[Li Tingdong.The uplifting process and mechanism of the Qinghai-Ti-bet Plateau[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1995,1:1-9]
16王桂宏,谭彦虎,陈新领,等.新生代柴达木盆地构造演化与油气勘探领域[J].石油地质,2006,1:80-84[Wang Guihong,Tan Yan-hu,Chen Xinling,et al.Cenozoic tectonic evolution and oil/gas explo-ration field in Qaidam Basin[J].Petroleum Geology,2006,1:80-84]
17Song T,Wang X.Structural styles and stratigraphic patterns of synde-positional faults in a contractional setting:examples from the Qaidam Basin,northwestern China[J].AAPG Bulletin,1993,77:102-117
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心