“5·12”地震后都汶公路沿线泥石流沟危险性评价
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摘要
都汶公路地处"5.12"汶川大地震的极震区,地震造成大量的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生山地灾害。沿线大多数沟谷都具备暴发泥石流的条件,震后10~20 a将处于泥石流活跃期,尤其前5年泥石流异常活跃。通过野外考察和高分辨率遥感影像数据,获得研究区泥石流沟的基础数据,对比分析建立了震后泥石流总量计算方程,并以泥石流总量和沟床比降作为参数,建立了单沟泥石流危险性评价模型,进行泥石流沟危险性评价。对研究区29条泥石流沟的评价表明:泥石流沟大部分处于中度危险以上,中度危险、高度危险与极高度危险的沟谷占79.31%,其中极高度危险区占20.7%。危险性最大的沟谷为郭竹铺沟、马埝坪沟、野牛沟、一碗水沟和高店子沟,其次是新桥沟、千斤沟、粉丹沟和茨里沟。灾后重建应倍加重视,做好泥石流的预测、预报及防治。
"5·12" Wenchun Earthquake resulted in large numbers of geo-hazards along Dujiangyan-Wenchuan Highway located in the zone of extreme quake areas.After this earthquake,most of valleys have favorable conditions for debris flow occurrence and are very active in the future 10~20 years,especially the beginning 5years after this earthquake.This paper mainly discussed and assessed the hazard levels of debris flow valleys based on the data of field investigation and high-resolution remote sense image identification.The hazard assessment model for single debris flow valley was established using valley slope gradient and debris flow magnitude,and 29 debris flow valleys were assessed by this model and classified into 4 hazard levels of extreme hazard,high hazard,middle hazard and gentle hazard.The assessment result showed that most of debris flow valleys were in and over middle hazard level,occupied 79.31% and the valleys of extreme hazard level accounted for 20.7%.The most hazard valleys were Guozhupu valley,Manianping valley,Yeniu valley,Yiwanshui valley and Gaodianzi valley,and then were Xinqiao valley,Qinjin valley,Fendan valley and Cili valley.These valleys should be pay specific attention and make effective measures to predict,evade and prevent debris flow in the earthquake reconstruction projects.
"5·12" Wenchun Earthquake resulted in large numbers of geo-hazards along Dujiangyan-Wenchuan Highway located in the zone of extreme quake areas.After this earthquake,most of valleys have favorable conditions for debris flow occurrence and are very active in the future 10~20 years,especially the beginning 5years after this earthquake.This paper mainly discussed and assessed the hazard levels of debris flow valleys based on the data of field investigation and high-resolution remote sense image identification.The hazard assessment model for single debris flow valley was established using valley slope gradient and debris flow magnitude,and 29 debris flow valleys were assessed by this model and classified into 4 hazard levels of extreme hazard,high hazard,middle hazard and gentle hazard.The assessment result showed that most of debris flow valleys were in and over middle hazard level,occupied 79.31% and the valleys of extreme hazard level accounted for 20.7%.The most hazard valleys were Guozhupu valley,Manianping valley,Yeniu valley,Yiwanshui valley and Gaodianzi valley,and then were Xinqiao valley,Qinjin valley,Fendan valley and Cili valley.These valleys should be pay specific attention and make effective measures to predict,evade and prevent debris flow in the earthquake reconstruction projects.
引文
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[10]Tang Chuan,Liu Xilin,Zhu Jing.The evaluation and appli-cation of risk degree for debris flow inundation on alluvialfans[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1993,2(4):79-84.[唐川,刘希林,朱静.泥石流堆积泛滥区危险的度的评价与应用[J].自然灾害学报,1993,2(4):79-84.]
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[13]Friele P A,Clague J J.Multifaceted hazard assessment ofCheekye Fan,a large debris flow fan in southwestern BritishColumbia[M]//Jakob M,Hungr O.Debris flows and relatedphenomena.Heidelberg:Springer-Praxis,2005:659-684.
[14]Hungr O,Morgan G C,VanDine D F,et al.Debris flowde-fenses in British Columbia[C]//Costa J E,Wieczorek G F.Reviews in Engineering Geology,Volume VII,Debris Flows/Avalanches:Process,Recognition,and Mitigation.The Geo-logical Society of America,Boulder,Colorado,1987:201-222.
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[16]Ikeya H.Debris flowand its countermeasures in Japan[J].Bull Int Ass Engng Geol,1989,40,15-33.
[17]Mizuyama T,Kobashi S,Ou G.Prediction of debris flowpeak discharge[C]//Proc Int Symp Interpraevent,Bern,Switzerland,Bd4,1992:99-108.
[18]Schilling S P,Iverson R M.Automated reproducable deline-ation of zones at risk from inundation by large volcanic deb-ris flows[C]//Proc First Int Conf on Debris Flow HazardsMitigation,San Francisco,U.S.A.,ASCE,1997:176-186.
[19]Griswold J P.Mobility statistics and hazard mapping fornon-volcanic debris flows and rockalanches[D].PortlandState University,2004.
[20]Berti M,Simoni A.Prediction of debris flowinundation are-as using empirical mobility relationships[J].Geomorpholo-gy,2007,90:144-161.
[21]康志成,李卓芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:54-55.
[22]Gartner J E.Relations between debris-flowvolumes genera-ted from recently burned basins and basin morphology,trig-gering storm rainfall and material properties[D].Universityof Colorado,Boulder CO,2005,87.
[23]deWolfe V G.An evaluation of erosion control methods af-ter wildfire in debris-flow prone areas[D].Colorado Schoolof Mines,Golden CO,2006.
[24]Li Yong.Several results concerning the gradient of debrisflow gully[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1999,5(6):51-55.[李泳.泥石流沟床比降的几点讨论[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(6):51-55.]
[25]UNDRO(United Nation Disaster Relief Organization).Pr啨vention et att啨nuation des catastrophes[M].Aspects啨conomiques,UNDRO,Gen埁ve,1979.
[26]Wei Fangqiang,Hu Kaiheng,Lopez J L,et al.Methodologyand applications of momentum zones of debris flow hazard[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(3):298-301.[韦方强,胡凯衡,J.L.Lopez,et al.泥石流危险性动量分区方法与应用[J].科学通报,2003,48(3):298-301.]
[27]罗元华,陈崇希.泥石流堆积数值模拟及泥石流灾害风险评估方法[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.
[28]罗元华,张梁,张业成.地质灾害风险评估方法[M].北京:地质出版社,1998.
[2]Chen Ningsheng,Cui Peng,Wang Xiaoying,et al.Testingstudy on strength reduction of gravelly soil in triggering areaof debris Flow under Earthquake[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanical and Engineering,2004,23(16):2743-2747.[陈宁生,崔鹏,王晓颖,等.地震作用下泥石流源区砾石土体强度的衰减实验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2743-2747.]
[3]Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,He Siming,et al.Mountain dis-asters induced by the Earthquake of May 12 in Wenchuanand the disasters mitigation[J].Journal of Mountain Sci-ences,2008,26(3):280-282.[崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.“5.12”汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282.]
[4]Davies TR H.Using hydroscience and hydrotechnical engi-neering to reduce debris flow hazards[C]//Proc First IntConf on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation.San Francisco,U.S.A.,ASCE,1997:787-810.
[5]Wang Xiaopeng,Pan Zi,Ren Qunzhi.Hazard assessmentof debris flow based on geomorphic information entropy incatchment[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium UniversitatisPekinensis,2006,1(3):1-5.[王晓朋,潘懋,任群智.基于流域系统地貌信息熵的泥石流危险性定量评价[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2006,1(3):1-5.]
[6]Lin P S,Lin J Y,Hung J C,et al.Assessing debris-flowhazard in a watershed in Taiwan[J].Eng Geol,2002,66(3):295-313.
[7]Tan Bingyan.Quantified comprehensive evaluation for thescope and inrensity of mud-rock flow gully activity[J].Bul-letin of Soil and Water Conservation,1986,6(1):51-57.[谭炳炎.泥石流沟的严重程度的数量化综合评判[J].水土保持通报,1986,6(1):51-57.]
[8]Liu Xilin.Study on hazaard identification of debris flow[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1988,3(3):10-15.[刘希林.泥石流危险度判定的研究[J].灾害学,1988,3(3):10-15.]
[9]高桥堡,中川一,佐藤宏章.扇状地ごちける图砂泛滥灾害危险度的评价[J].京都大学防灾研究所年报,1988,31(B-2):655-676.
[10]Tang Chuan,Liu Xilin,Zhu Jing.The evaluation and appli-cation of risk degree for debris flow inundation on alluvialfans[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1993,2(4):79-84.[唐川,刘希林,朱静.泥石流堆积泛滥区危险的度的评价与应用[J].自然灾害学报,1993,2(4):79-84.]
[11]Shieh Chenglun,Jan Chyandeng,Tsai Yuanfan.A numeri-cal simulation of debris flow and its application[J].NaturalHazards,1996(13):39-541.
[12]池谷浩,米尺谷,诚悦.土石流危险区域的设定研究(第二报)[J].土木技术资料,1979,21(9):46-50.
[13]Friele P A,Clague J J.Multifaceted hazard assessment ofCheekye Fan,a large debris flow fan in southwestern BritishColumbia[M]//Jakob M,Hungr O.Debris flows and relatedphenomena.Heidelberg:Springer-Praxis,2005:659-684.
[14]Hungr O,Morgan G C,VanDine D F,et al.Debris flowde-fenses in British Columbia[C]//Costa J E,Wieczorek G F.Reviews in Engineering Geology,Volume VII,Debris Flows/Avalanches:Process,Recognition,and Mitigation.The Geo-logical Society of America,Boulder,Colorado,1987:201-222.
[15]Rickenmann D.Empirical relationships for debris flows[J].Natural Hazards,1999,19:47-77.
[16]Ikeya H.Debris flowand its countermeasures in Japan[J].Bull Int Ass Engng Geol,1989,40,15-33.
[17]Mizuyama T,Kobashi S,Ou G.Prediction of debris flowpeak discharge[C]//Proc Int Symp Interpraevent,Bern,Switzerland,Bd4,1992:99-108.
[18]Schilling S P,Iverson R M.Automated reproducable deline-ation of zones at risk from inundation by large volcanic deb-ris flows[C]//Proc First Int Conf on Debris Flow HazardsMitigation,San Francisco,U.S.A.,ASCE,1997:176-186.
[19]Griswold J P.Mobility statistics and hazard mapping fornon-volcanic debris flows and rockalanches[D].PortlandState University,2004.
[20]Berti M,Simoni A.Prediction of debris flowinundation are-as using empirical mobility relationships[J].Geomorpholo-gy,2007,90:144-161.
[21]康志成,李卓芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:54-55.
[22]Gartner J E.Relations between debris-flowvolumes genera-ted from recently burned basins and basin morphology,trig-gering storm rainfall and material properties[D].Universityof Colorado,Boulder CO,2005,87.
[23]deWolfe V G.An evaluation of erosion control methods af-ter wildfire in debris-flow prone areas[D].Colorado Schoolof Mines,Golden CO,2006.
[24]Li Yong.Several results concerning the gradient of debrisflow gully[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1999,5(6):51-55.[李泳.泥石流沟床比降的几点讨论[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(6):51-55.]
[25]UNDRO(United Nation Disaster Relief Organization).Pr啨vention et att啨nuation des catastrophes[M].Aspects啨conomiques,UNDRO,Gen埁ve,1979.
[26]Wei Fangqiang,Hu Kaiheng,Lopez J L,et al.Methodologyand applications of momentum zones of debris flow hazard[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(3):298-301.[韦方强,胡凯衡,J.L.Lopez,et al.泥石流危险性动量分区方法与应用[J].科学通报,2003,48(3):298-301.]
[27]罗元华,陈崇希.泥石流堆积数值模拟及泥石流灾害风险评估方法[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.
[28]罗元华,张梁,张业成.地质灾害风险评估方法[M].北京:地质出版社,1998.
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