深地震探测的分辨率分析——以南海北部OBS数据为例
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摘要
多次深地震探测结果表明南海北部陆缘地壳结构在走向和倾向上都有明显的变化.在一些相隔很近的测线上,探测的深部地壳结构却相差较大,为了分析这些探测结果中差异的原因和地壳结构变化的可靠性,本文以东沙东侧海域测线和东沙西侧海域测线为例,对采集的海底地震仪记录进行了时间、位置校正和初至波走时拾取,利用有限差分地震走时层析成像进行了走时反演,获得所在剖面的地壳速度结构,并分析了模型的横向分辨率,剔除模型中短波长的横向速度变化.分辨率检测结果表明,模型的横向分辨率随着深度快速下降,0-8 km深度范围可以分辨10 km的横向变化,8-17 km的范围能够分辨10-40 km,而17-33 km的范围只能分辨40-80 km.因此,折射波的横向分辨能力不高,在地壳深部难以分辨较小的横向速度变化,前人探测的南海北部6 km宽、延伸至莫霍面的滨外断裂带并不能清晰的识别.
Deep seismic sounding surveys in the past two decades show obvious crustal structure changes both across and along the northern margin of the South China Sea. In the surveys, some very closely spaced survey lines displayed remarkable differences in crustal structure. To find the reasons for the differences and to analyze the reliability of crustal structure, ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data from the west and east sides of the Dongsha Islands were reprocessed and inverted with tomography technique. The routine processing and inversion procedures include clock correction, position correction, finite-difference ray-tracing-based tomography, checkerboard test and comparison of the inverted crustal model with initial models. As a key step, we analyzed the lateral velocity resolution and smoothed out the short wavelength velocity variation which maybe most probably artifacts in the final velocity models. Resolution test results show that the lateral resolution declines rapidly with depth. Within the depth range 0-8 km, the lateral resolution is 10 km; as to the depth of 8-17 km, the lateral resolution is 10-40 km; for the lowest part, 17-33 km, the lateral resolution is 40-80 km. With such a resolution check to a previous experiment, a previously inferred 6 km-wide deep fault zone that extends downward to the Moho interface in the coastal South China area is proved to be impossible to be imaged clearly.
Deep seismic sounding surveys in the past two decades show obvious crustal structure changes both across and along the northern margin of the South China Sea. In the surveys, some very closely spaced survey lines displayed remarkable differences in crustal structure. To find the reasons for the differences and to analyze the reliability of crustal structure, ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data from the west and east sides of the Dongsha Islands were reprocessed and inverted with tomography technique. The routine processing and inversion procedures include clock correction, position correction, finite-difference ray-tracing-based tomography, checkerboard test and comparison of the inverted crustal model with initial models. As a key step, we analyzed the lateral velocity resolution and smoothed out the short wavelength velocity variation which maybe most probably artifacts in the final velocity models. Resolution test results show that the lateral resolution declines rapidly with depth. Within the depth range 0-8 km, the lateral resolution is 10 km; as to the depth of 8-17 km, the lateral resolution is 10-40 km; for the lowest part, 17-33 km, the lateral resolution is 40-80 km. With such a resolution check to a previous experiment, a previously inferred 6 km-wide deep fault zone that extends downward to the Moho interface in the coastal South China area is proved to be impossible to be imaged clearly.
引文
[1] Nissen S S, Hayes D E, Buhl P. et al. Deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin of the South China Sea. J. Geophy. Res. ,1995,100CB11) : 22407-22433
[2] Nissen S S, Hayes D E, Yao B, et al. Gravity, heat flow, and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension:Northern margin of the South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. ,1995,100:22447-22483
[3] 姚伯初,曾维军,陈艺中等.南海西沙海槽,一条古缝合线.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(1) :1-10 Yao B C, Zeng W J, Chen Y Z, et al. Xisha trough of South China Sea-an ancient suture. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology (in Chinese), 1994,14(1) : 1-10
[4] Yan P, Zhou D, Liu Z S. A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics. 2001． 338． 1-21
[5] Nakamura Y, Mclntosh K, Chen A T. Preliminary results of a large offset seismic survey west of Hengchun Peninsula,Southern Taiwan. TAO, 1998,9(3) :395-408
[6] Mclntosh K, Nakamura Y, Wang T K, et al. Crustal-scale seismic profiles across Taiwan and the western Philippine Sea. Tectonophysics, 2005,401,23-54
[7] Qiu X L, YeS Y, WuSM, et al. Crustal structure across the Xisha Trough, northwestern South China Sea.Tectonophysics, 2001,341:179-193
[8] Wang T K, Chen M K, Lee C S, et al. Seismic imaging of the transitional crust across the northeastern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics,2006,412:237-254
[9] Zhao M H, Qiu X L, Ye C M, et al. An analysis on deep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai (littoral) Fault Zone in NE South China Sea. Chinese]. Geophys. ,2004,47(5) :954-961
[10] Chen A T, Nakamura Y. Velocity structure beneath eastern offshore of southern Taiwan based on OBS data and its tectonic significance. TAO, 1998,9(3) :409-424
[11] Zelt C A, Barton B J. Three-dimensional seismic refraction tomography: A comparison of two methods applied to data from the Faeroe Basin. J. Geophy. Res. , 1998,103(B4) :7187-7210
[12] Nakamura Y, Paul L, Donoho, et al. Large-offset seismic surveying using ocean-bottom seismographs and air guns: Instrumentation and field technique. Geophysics, 1987,52:1601-1611
[13] 王彦林,阎 贫,郑红波等.OBS记录的时间和定位误差校正.热带海洋学报,2007,26(5) :40-46 Wang Y L, Yan P, Zheng H B, et al. Timing and positioning corrections of ocean bottom seismography data. Journal of Tropical Oceanography (in Chinese) , 2007,26(5) :40-46
[14] Vidale J E. Finite-difference calculation of travel times.Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1988,78(6) :2062-2076
[15] Vidale J E. Finite-difference calculation of traveltimes in three dimensions. Geophysics, 1990,55(5) :521-526
[16] Zelt C A. Lateral velocity resolution from three-dimensional seismic refraction data. Geophys. J. Int. ,1998,135:1101-1112
[17] Zelt B C, Ellis R-M, Clowes R M, et al. Inversion of three-dimensional wide-angle seismic data from the southwestern Canadian Cordillera. J. Geophys. Res. , 1996, 101: 8503-8529
[18] Condie K C. Earth as an Evolving Planetary System.Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005,20
[19] 刘昭蜀,陈森强.南海地质构造和地球物理特征.见:刘昭蜀等主编.南海地质.北京:科学出版社,2002． 255-260 Liu Z S, Chen S Q. Geological Structure and Geophysical Characteristics of South China Sea. In: Liu Z H, et al. eds.Geology of the South China Sea (in Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2002． 255-260
[20] 刘以宣.南海新构造与地壳稳定性.北京:科学出版社,1994． 85-107 Liu Y X. New Tectonic and Crustal Stability of South China Sea (in Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 1994． 85-107
[2] Nissen S S, Hayes D E, Yao B, et al. Gravity, heat flow, and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension:Northern margin of the South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. ,1995,100:22447-22483
[3] 姚伯初,曾维军,陈艺中等.南海西沙海槽,一条古缝合线.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(1) :1-10 Yao B C, Zeng W J, Chen Y Z, et al. Xisha trough of South China Sea-an ancient suture. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology (in Chinese), 1994,14(1) : 1-10
[4] Yan P, Zhou D, Liu Z S. A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics. 2001． 338． 1-21
[5] Nakamura Y, Mclntosh K, Chen A T. Preliminary results of a large offset seismic survey west of Hengchun Peninsula,Southern Taiwan. TAO, 1998,9(3) :395-408
[6] Mclntosh K, Nakamura Y, Wang T K, et al. Crustal-scale seismic profiles across Taiwan and the western Philippine Sea. Tectonophysics, 2005,401,23-54
[7] Qiu X L, YeS Y, WuSM, et al. Crustal structure across the Xisha Trough, northwestern South China Sea.Tectonophysics, 2001,341:179-193
[8] Wang T K, Chen M K, Lee C S, et al. Seismic imaging of the transitional crust across the northeastern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics,2006,412:237-254
[9] Zhao M H, Qiu X L, Ye C M, et al. An analysis on deep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai (littoral) Fault Zone in NE South China Sea. Chinese]. Geophys. ,2004,47(5) :954-961
[10] Chen A T, Nakamura Y. Velocity structure beneath eastern offshore of southern Taiwan based on OBS data and its tectonic significance. TAO, 1998,9(3) :409-424
[11] Zelt C A, Barton B J. Three-dimensional seismic refraction tomography: A comparison of two methods applied to data from the Faeroe Basin. J. Geophy. Res. , 1998,103(B4) :7187-7210
[12] Nakamura Y, Paul L, Donoho, et al. Large-offset seismic surveying using ocean-bottom seismographs and air guns: Instrumentation and field technique. Geophysics, 1987,52:1601-1611
[13] 王彦林,阎 贫,郑红波等.OBS记录的时间和定位误差校正.热带海洋学报,2007,26(5) :40-46 Wang Y L, Yan P, Zheng H B, et al. Timing and positioning corrections of ocean bottom seismography data. Journal of Tropical Oceanography (in Chinese) , 2007,26(5) :40-46
[14] Vidale J E. Finite-difference calculation of travel times.Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1988,78(6) :2062-2076
[15] Vidale J E. Finite-difference calculation of traveltimes in three dimensions. Geophysics, 1990,55(5) :521-526
[16] Zelt C A. Lateral velocity resolution from three-dimensional seismic refraction data. Geophys. J. Int. ,1998,135:1101-1112
[17] Zelt B C, Ellis R-M, Clowes R M, et al. Inversion of three-dimensional wide-angle seismic data from the southwestern Canadian Cordillera. J. Geophys. Res. , 1996, 101: 8503-8529
[18] Condie K C. Earth as an Evolving Planetary System.Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005,20
[19] 刘昭蜀,陈森强.南海地质构造和地球物理特征.见:刘昭蜀等主编.南海地质.北京:科学出版社,2002． 255-260 Liu Z S, Chen S Q. Geological Structure and Geophysical Characteristics of South China Sea. In: Liu Z H, et al. eds.Geology of the South China Sea (in Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2002． 255-260
[20] 刘以宣.南海新构造与地壳稳定性.北京:科学出版社,1994． 85-107 Liu Y X. New Tectonic and Crustal Stability of South China Sea (in Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 1994． 85-107
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