岩石圈地震前兆异常机制
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摘要
对于电磁卫星所观测到的地震震前电磁异常现象的机制,即电磁异常如何从岩石圈穿过大气层耦合到电离层及其以上空间,目前仍是尚未解决的问题.本文主要介绍目前大量有关地震岩石圈异常的机制研究,力图从卫星地震电磁异常的源头—岩石圈地震来获得相关认识.岩石圈地震前兆异常包括:地表变形、水位变化、悬浮薄雾、超低频(ULF)电磁异常、山脊或山顶发光闪电、卫星红外图片大范围数度温度异常、磁场高于地磁偶极场的0.5%、电离层等离子体密度变化、动物奇异行为等.人们提出了许多试图解释各种异常现象的假说,如热耦合假说、气泡运移假说、边界位错充电假说、离子空穴运移假说等.本文希望通过对以上各种假说提出的基础、物理机理以及异常现象解释的探讨,促进对岩石圈地震前兆异常现象机理认识,从而为地震电磁异常的正确认识提供更有力的帮助.
It is still an unsolved question how the electromagnetic anomalies observed on the electromagnetic satellite move from the Lithosphere to the ionosphere or the aerosphere.In this paper I collect lots of anomalous mechanism about the lithosphere earthquake and want to acquire the corresponding understanding from the source of the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena-lithosphere earthquake.It includes: bulging of the Earth's surface,changing of the well water levels,ground-hugging fog,low frequency electromagnetic emission,earthquake lights from ridges and the tops,magnetic field anomalies up to 0.5% of the Earth's dipole field,temperature anomalies by several degrees as seen in the satellite images,changes in the plasma density of the ionosphere,and the strange animal behavior and so on.Now several hypotheses were introduced to try to interpret the diverse anomalies,including thermal anomalies on the Earth surface with the Atmosphere-lithosphere coupling,gas-fluid "bubble",upward migration,crack propagation and the motion of charged edge dislocation,Positive-hole-pairs(PHPs) motion and so on.Earthquake precursor anomalous phenomena's process and the mechanism studied and the explanation are discussed in the paper.Although there are some defects in these hypotheses,it would give us a powerful help to correctly realize the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena with the development of study on the mechanism of the Lithosphere Earthquake precursory anomalous phenomena step by step.
It is still an unsolved question how the electromagnetic anomalies observed on the electromagnetic satellite move from the Lithosphere to the ionosphere or the aerosphere.In this paper I collect lots of anomalous mechanism about the lithosphere earthquake and want to acquire the corresponding understanding from the source of the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena-lithosphere earthquake.It includes: bulging of the Earth's surface,changing of the well water levels,ground-hugging fog,low frequency electromagnetic emission,earthquake lights from ridges and the tops,magnetic field anomalies up to 0.5% of the Earth's dipole field,temperature anomalies by several degrees as seen in the satellite images,changes in the plasma density of the ionosphere,and the strange animal behavior and so on.Now several hypotheses were introduced to try to interpret the diverse anomalies,including thermal anomalies on the Earth surface with the Atmosphere-lithosphere coupling,gas-fluid "bubble",upward migration,crack propagation and the motion of charged edge dislocation,Positive-hole-pairs(PHPs) motion and so on.Earthquake precursor anomalous phenomena's process and the mechanism studied and the explanation are discussed in the paper.Although there are some defects in these hypotheses,it would give us a powerful help to correctly realize the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena with the development of study on the mechanism of the Lithosphere Earthquake precursory anomalous phenomena step by step.
引文
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[6]Pulinets S A,Khegai V V,Boyarchuk K A,et al.Atmos-pheric electric field as a source of ionospheric variability[J].Physics-Uspekhi,1998,41:515~522.
[7]Pulinets S A and Legen’ka A D.Spatial-temporal characteris-tics of large scale distribution of electron density observed inthe ionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes[J].CosmicResearch,2003,41(3):221~229.
[8]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Electrodynam-ic model of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere coupling[J].J.Atmos.Solar-Terr.Phys.,2001a,63:1681~1691.
[9]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Perturbationof the electric field in the Earth-ionosphere layer at the chargedaerosol injection[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,2001b,41:187~191.
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[11]Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere cou-pling mechanism and its application in the case of the June 20,1990 earthquake in Iran:Interpretation of its ionosphereeffects[J].J.Earthquake Pre Res.,1998,7:98~111.
[12]Molchanov O,Fedorov E,Schekotov A,et al.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism forpreseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2004,4:757~767.
[13]Takeuchi A,Nagahama H.Voltage-changes induced bystick-slip of granits[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2001,28(17):3365~3368.
[14]Freund F T.Rocks that crackle and sparkle and glow:strange pre-earthquake phenomena[J].Journal of Scienti.cExploration,2003,17(1):37~71.
[15]Finkelstein D,Hill U S,Powell J R.The piezoelectric theoryof earthquake lighting[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1973,78:992~993.
[16]Freund F T.Charge generation and propagation in rocks[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2002,33:545~572.
[17]Tronin A A.Atmosphere-Lithosphere coupling thermal a-nomalies on the earth surface in seismic processes[A].Seis-mo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionospherecoupling[C].TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,pp173~176.
[18]Iudin D I,Korovkin N V,Molchanov O A,et al.Model ofearthquake duo to gas-fluid“bubble”upward migration I:Physical rational[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp177~185.
[19]Tzanis A,Filippos.A physical model of electric earthquakeprecursors due to crack propagation and the motion of chargededge dislocations[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp117~130.
[20]Mellon J J.Electric properties of igneous rock under pre-earthquake conditions[D].Corvallis:Oregon State Universi-ty,2004.
[21]Sibson R H.Rupture nucleation on unfavorably oriented fault[J].Bull Seis Soc Am,1990,81:2493~2497.
[22]Lockner D A,Johnston M J S,Byerlee J D.A mechanism toexplain the generation of earthquake lights[J].Nature,1983,302:28~33.
[23]Warwick J W,Stoker C,Meyer T R.Radio emission associ-ated with rock fracture:possible application to the great Chil-ean earthquake of May 22,1960[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1982,87:2851~2859.
[24]Ogawa T,Oike K,Miura T.Electromagnetic radiation fromrocks[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:6245~6249.
[25]Enomoto Y,Hashimoto H.Emission of charged particlesfrom indentation fracture of rocks[J].Nature,1990,346:641~643.
[26]Slifkin L.Seismic electric signals from displacement ofcharged dislocations[J].Tectonophysics,1993,224:149~152.
[27]Cress G O,Brady B T,Rowell G A.Sources of electromag-netic radiation from fracture of rock samples in the laboratory[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1987,14:331~334.
[28]Bella F,Biagi P F,Caputo M,et al.Electromagnetic back-ground and preseismic anomalies recorded in the Amare cave(in Italy)[A].Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earth-quake Prediction[C].TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1994,pp181~192.
[29]Freund F T.Stress-induced changes in the electrical conduc-tivity of igneous rocks[R].Reported I to Jet Propulsion La-boratory.Subcontract No.1259433.1 Mar.2004.
[30]Gufeld I L,Gusev G,Pokhotelov O.Is the prediction ofearthquake date possible by VLF radio wave monitoringmethod[A].Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earth-quake Prediction[C].TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1994,pp381.
[31]Surkov V V,Iudin D I,Molchanov O A,et al.Thermofluc-tuational mechanism of cracks migration as a model of earth-quake preparation[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Litho-sphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp195~201.
[32]Sahimi M.Applications of percolation theory[M].London:Taylor and Francis,1994.
[33]Eaton B A.Graphical method predicts geopressures wordwise[J].World Oil,1979,7:100~104.
[34]Varotsos P,Alexopoulos K.Physical properties of the varia-tions of the electric field of the earth preceding earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,1984,110:73~98.
[35]Brady B T,Rowell G A.Laboratory investigation of the elec-trodynamics of rock fracture[J].Nature,1986,321:488~492.
[36]Baron R.Effects of negative ions on cognitive performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1987,72:131~137.
[37]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Ionosphericgeneration mechanism of geomagnetic pulsations observed onthe Earth’s surface before earthquake[J].J Atmos-TerrPhys,2003,64:21~29.
[38]刘光鼎.回顾与展望——21世纪的固体地球物理[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(2):191~197.Liu G D.Review and prospect———21st century solid geo-physics[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2002,17(2):191~197.
[39]陈顒,李娟.2001年地球物理学的一些进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(1):1~4.Chen Y,Li J.Advances of geophysics in 2001[J].Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(1):1~4.
[40]滕吉文.21世纪地球物理学的机遇和挑战[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):208~215.Teng J W.Opportunity challenge and developing frontiers:geophysics in 21st century[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2004,19(2):208~215.
[41]滕吉文.当代中国地球物理学向何处去[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):327~339.Teng J W.Where is the contemporary geophysics of Chinagoing[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):327~339.
[2]Larkina V I,Migulin V V,Molchanov O A,et al.Some sta-tistical results on very frequency radiowave emissions in theupper ionosphere over earthquake zones[J].Phys Earth PlanetInter,1989,57:100~109.
[3]Larkina V I,Sergeeva N G,Senin B V.Manifestations oflithospheric structures of the Antarctic in satillite data[A].“Physics of Auroral Phenomena”,Proc.XXVI Annual Semi-nar,Apatity[C],2003,206~208.
[4]Niagi P F,Ermini A,Kingsley S P.Distribution in LF radi-osignlas and the Umbria-Marche(Italy)Siesmic sequence in1997-1998[J].Phys Chem Earth,2001,26:755~759.
[5]Biagi P F,Molchanov O A,Piccolo R,et al.Co-postseismichydrogeochemical anomalies in a volcanic environment[J].Nat.Haz.Earth Sys.,2003,3:263~267.
[6]Pulinets S A,Khegai V V,Boyarchuk K A,et al.Atmos-pheric electric field as a source of ionospheric variability[J].Physics-Uspekhi,1998,41:515~522.
[7]Pulinets S A and Legen’ka A D.Spatial-temporal characteris-tics of large scale distribution of electron density observed inthe ionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes[J].CosmicResearch,2003,41(3):221~229.
[8]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Electrodynam-ic model of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere coupling[J].J.Atmos.Solar-Terr.Phys.,2001a,63:1681~1691.
[9]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Perturbationof the electric field in the Earth-ionosphere layer at the chargedaerosol injection[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,2001b,41:187~191.
[10]Sorokin V M,Yaschenko A K,Chmyrev V M,et al.DC e-lectric field amplification in the mid-latitude ionosphere over-seismically active faults[J].Natural Hazards and Earth Sys-tem Science,2005,5:661~666.
[11]Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere cou-pling mechanism and its application in the case of the June 20,1990 earthquake in Iran:Interpretation of its ionosphereeffects[J].J.Earthquake Pre Res.,1998,7:98~111.
[12]Molchanov O,Fedorov E,Schekotov A,et al.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism forpreseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2004,4:757~767.
[13]Takeuchi A,Nagahama H.Voltage-changes induced bystick-slip of granits[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2001,28(17):3365~3368.
[14]Freund F T.Rocks that crackle and sparkle and glow:strange pre-earthquake phenomena[J].Journal of Scienti.cExploration,2003,17(1):37~71.
[15]Finkelstein D,Hill U S,Powell J R.The piezoelectric theoryof earthquake lighting[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1973,78:992~993.
[16]Freund F T.Charge generation and propagation in rocks[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2002,33:545~572.
[17]Tronin A A.Atmosphere-Lithosphere coupling thermal a-nomalies on the earth surface in seismic processes[A].Seis-mo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionospherecoupling[C].TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,pp173~176.
[18]Iudin D I,Korovkin N V,Molchanov O A,et al.Model ofearthquake duo to gas-fluid“bubble”upward migration I:Physical rational[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp177~185.
[19]Tzanis A,Filippos.A physical model of electric earthquakeprecursors due to crack propagation and the motion of chargededge dislocations[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp117~130.
[20]Mellon J J.Electric properties of igneous rock under pre-earthquake conditions[D].Corvallis:Oregon State Universi-ty,2004.
[21]Sibson R H.Rupture nucleation on unfavorably oriented fault[J].Bull Seis Soc Am,1990,81:2493~2497.
[22]Lockner D A,Johnston M J S,Byerlee J D.A mechanism toexplain the generation of earthquake lights[J].Nature,1983,302:28~33.
[23]Warwick J W,Stoker C,Meyer T R.Radio emission associ-ated with rock fracture:possible application to the great Chil-ean earthquake of May 22,1960[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1982,87:2851~2859.
[24]Ogawa T,Oike K,Miura T.Electromagnetic radiation fromrocks[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:6245~6249.
[25]Enomoto Y,Hashimoto H.Emission of charged particlesfrom indentation fracture of rocks[J].Nature,1990,346:641~643.
[26]Slifkin L.Seismic electric signals from displacement ofcharged dislocations[J].Tectonophysics,1993,224:149~152.
[27]Cress G O,Brady B T,Rowell G A.Sources of electromag-netic radiation from fracture of rock samples in the laboratory[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1987,14:331~334.
[28]Bella F,Biagi P F,Caputo M,et al.Electromagnetic back-ground and preseismic anomalies recorded in the Amare cave(in Italy)[A].Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earth-quake Prediction[C].TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1994,pp181~192.
[29]Freund F T.Stress-induced changes in the electrical conduc-tivity of igneous rocks[R].Reported I to Jet Propulsion La-boratory.Subcontract No.1259433.1 Mar.2004.
[30]Gufeld I L,Gusev G,Pokhotelov O.Is the prediction ofearthquake date possible by VLF radio wave monitoringmethod[A].Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earth-quake Prediction[C].TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1994,pp381.
[31]Surkov V V,Iudin D I,Molchanov O A,et al.Thermofluc-tuational mechanism of cracks migration as a model of earth-quake preparation[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Litho-sphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp195~201.
[32]Sahimi M.Applications of percolation theory[M].London:Taylor and Francis,1994.
[33]Eaton B A.Graphical method predicts geopressures wordwise[J].World Oil,1979,7:100~104.
[34]Varotsos P,Alexopoulos K.Physical properties of the varia-tions of the electric field of the earth preceding earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,1984,110:73~98.
[35]Brady B T,Rowell G A.Laboratory investigation of the elec-trodynamics of rock fracture[J].Nature,1986,321:488~492.
[36]Baron R.Effects of negative ions on cognitive performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1987,72:131~137.
[37]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Ionosphericgeneration mechanism of geomagnetic pulsations observed onthe Earth’s surface before earthquake[J].J Atmos-TerrPhys,2003,64:21~29.
[38]刘光鼎.回顾与展望——21世纪的固体地球物理[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(2):191~197.Liu G D.Review and prospect———21st century solid geo-physics[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2002,17(2):191~197.
[39]陈顒,李娟.2001年地球物理学的一些进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(1):1~4.Chen Y,Li J.Advances of geophysics in 2001[J].Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(1):1~4.
[40]滕吉文.21世纪地球物理学的机遇和挑战[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):208~215.Teng J W.Opportunity challenge and developing frontiers:geophysics in 21st century[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2004,19(2):208~215.
[41]滕吉文.当代中国地球物理学向何处去[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):327~339.Teng J W.Where is the contemporary geophysics of Chinagoing[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):327~339.
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