河谷地形的地震反应分析
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摘要
震害现象显示在一些覆盖层很薄的基岩河谷山区地震动分布差异明显。为了厘清各形状要素的均质地形模型对地震动特性的影响,侧重分析了河谷坡角、坡高及不对称坡体等要素对均质体河谷模型的地震动(PGA)的影响。研究结果表明:河谷地形谷底内部的地面运动幅值在坡角40°～50°范围内达到最大值;在高坡角的河谷内波衰减比较慢,波形相对较复杂;在深宽比较小时,高频和低频脉冲的地面加速度峰值都呈现同样的变化趋势,且谷底地面各个位置PGA变化不明显,随着深宽比的增加,高频脉冲的地震反应变化复杂,出现谷底中心加速度幅值大于山脚;河谷的不对称形状对谷底PGA有影响,谷底PGA最大的位置靠近坡高小的一侧,且坡角大的一侧山脚附近谷底PGA要小一些,即坡度和高差越大,会很大程度地增加河谷两侧坡体的临空面,并增大地震加速度的放大系数,凸起地形对地震响应有放大作用,对它附近区域却有抑制作用,而且坡高、坡角越大,抑制作用越明显。
The earthquake damage phenomenon indicates that the distribution of earthquake ground motion differs significantly in various parts of bedrock valley areas.The amplitude of ground motion has an important direct impact on the extent of the seismic hazard;larger amplitudes result in more severe disasters.Many towns located in the valley areas are widely distributed over Shanxi,Gansu,and Sichuan provinces and sustain severe damages from earthquakes.Research on this type of area has recently increased with particular emphasis on valley terrain.Many scholars have reported that input data is a significant problem for calculating the parameters of ground motion during strong shocks in such cities because microzoning is often closely related to the characteristics of soil strata and the geomorphological conditions.Nevertheless,the conditions of terrain and geology are interdependent with each other and have an impact on ground motion;it is widely accepted that terrain has an important effect on ground motion.Common valley terrain can be divided into three categories including V valley,inverted trapezoidal valley,and trapezoidal valley.V valley and inverted trapezoidal valley are widespread and are the topics of numerous studies.The bottom of V valley is narrow,and many geological disasters such as rockfalls occur in trapezoidal valleys.The inverted trapezoidal valley is more suitable for residency;therefore,research on this type of valley terrain is important.Because the drainage systems and valley landforms are generally not symmetric,homogeneous terrain models with various slope angles,depth-to-width ratios,and asymmetry of valley are used to analyze the variation of peak ground acceleration(PGA) in valley areas.By comparing the PGA,seismic spectra,and acceleration time history,the relationship between ground motion and topography is analyzed in this study.The results show that 1) the ground motion amplitude at the valley bottom appears to reach maximum value when the slope angles are approximately 40°~50° and later decreases.The minimum is achieved when the angle is changed from 65° to 80° on the basis of spectrum ratio.These results are consistent with published results on the Wenchuan earthquake.The wave in the high-pitched slope valley decays slowly,which it could be due to diffraction of P,SV,and Rayleigh waves.2) No obvious variation of PGA on various valley areas is observed when using a small depth-to-width ratio model,regardless of high-frequency and low-frequency impulse input.With an increase in depth-to-width ratio,an input of high-frequency impulse causes significant variation,and the PGA in the valley center is larger than that at the valley bottom.Diffraction of P,SV,and Rayleigh waves is higher with an increase of depth-to-width ratio,and the distribution of PGA is complex.In addition,the orographic effect is stronger when the wavelength was close to the width of the bottom of valley and slope.3) The amplification factor of earthquake ground motion increases with slope angle and slope height.In addition,the valley asymmetry has an influence on the PGA at the valley bottom.The maximal PGA at the valley bottom is often close to the lower slope side,and the smaller PGA appears to correspond to the side with the larger slope angle;the amplification factors of both sides is increased due to free face changing with the increase in slope angle and slope height.4) Ground motion is consistently amplified on or near the top of the hill areas compared with that at the bases.The protruding topography has amplification effect on ground motion while the hillside has a constrained effect.In addition,a larger slope angle and height relates to more severe damages to residential areas;the effect is less intense with distance from mountains.The amplification factor of the valley between two mountains is related to the distance of the two mountains.If the distance is shorter,the factor is smaller.
The earthquake damage phenomenon indicates that the distribution of earthquake ground motion differs significantly in various parts of bedrock valley areas.The amplitude of ground motion has an important direct impact on the extent of the seismic hazard;larger amplitudes result in more severe disasters.Many towns located in the valley areas are widely distributed over Shanxi,Gansu,and Sichuan provinces and sustain severe damages from earthquakes.Research on this type of area has recently increased with particular emphasis on valley terrain.Many scholars have reported that input data is a significant problem for calculating the parameters of ground motion during strong shocks in such cities because microzoning is often closely related to the characteristics of soil strata and the geomorphological conditions.Nevertheless,the conditions of terrain and geology are interdependent with each other and have an impact on ground motion;it is widely accepted that terrain has an important effect on ground motion.Common valley terrain can be divided into three categories including V valley,inverted trapezoidal valley,and trapezoidal valley.V valley and inverted trapezoidal valley are widespread and are the topics of numerous studies.The bottom of V valley is narrow,and many geological disasters such as rockfalls occur in trapezoidal valleys.The inverted trapezoidal valley is more suitable for residency;therefore,research on this type of valley terrain is important.Because the drainage systems and valley landforms are generally not symmetric,homogeneous terrain models with various slope angles,depth-to-width ratios,and asymmetry of valley are used to analyze the variation of peak ground acceleration(PGA) in valley areas.By comparing the PGA,seismic spectra,and acceleration time history,the relationship between ground motion and topography is analyzed in this study.The results show that 1) the ground motion amplitude at the valley bottom appears to reach maximum value when the slope angles are approximately 40°~50° and later decreases.The minimum is achieved when the angle is changed from 65° to 80° on the basis of spectrum ratio.These results are consistent with published results on the Wenchuan earthquake.The wave in the high-pitched slope valley decays slowly,which it could be due to diffraction of P,SV,and Rayleigh waves.2) No obvious variation of PGA on various valley areas is observed when using a small depth-to-width ratio model,regardless of high-frequency and low-frequency impulse input.With an increase in depth-to-width ratio,an input of high-frequency impulse causes significant variation,and the PGA in the valley center is larger than that at the valley bottom.Diffraction of P,SV,and Rayleigh waves is higher with an increase of depth-to-width ratio,and the distribution of PGA is complex.In addition,the orographic effect is stronger when the wavelength was close to the width of the bottom of valley and slope.3) The amplification factor of earthquake ground motion increases with slope angle and slope height.In addition,the valley asymmetry has an influence on the PGA at the valley bottom.The maximal PGA at the valley bottom is often close to the lower slope side,and the smaller PGA appears to correspond to the side with the larger slope angle;the amplification factors of both sides is increased due to free face changing with the increase in slope angle and slope height.4) Ground motion is consistently amplified on or near the top of the hill areas compared with that at the bases.The protruding topography has amplification effect on ground motion while the hillside has a constrained effect.In addition,a larger slope angle and height relates to more severe damages to residential areas;the effect is less intense with distance from mountains.The amplification factor of the valley between two mountains is related to the distance of the two mountains.If the distance is shorter,the factor is smaller.
引文
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[3]高修建,江彪.河谷形状对地震波散射的影响[J].低温建筑技术,2004,(3):39-40.GAO Xiu-jian,JIANG Biao.Influence of canyon shape onplane SH wave scattering[J].Low Temperature ArchitectureTechnology,2004,(3):39-40.
[4]周国良.河谷地形对多支撑大跨桥梁地震反应影响[D].2010.ZHOU Guo-liang.Canyon topography effects on seismic re-sponse of multi-support bridges[D].2010.
[5]张孝波,景立平,肖文海.大型河谷场地地震动特性研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2010,30(6):644-649.ZHANG Xiao-bo,JING Li-ping,XIAO Wen-hai.Research onground motion characteristics of large-scale valley[J].Journalof Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2010,30(6):644-649.
[6]卢育霞,刘琨,石玉成,等.甘肃文县上城台地的地震记录分析[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增):393-397.LU Yu-xia,LIU Kun,SHI Yu-cheng,et al.Analysis on seis-mic records observed on Shangcheng platform in Wenxian,Gansu province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(S1):393-397.
[7]白建方,楼梦麟.复杂场地土层的有限元建模的两个问题研究[J].岩土工程界,2008,11(9):27-30.BAI Jian-fang,LOU Meng-lin.Study on two problems aboutfinite element model of complex site[J].Geotechnical Engi-neering World,2008,11(9):27-30.
[8]孙崇绍,闵祥仪,周民都.陇南山区局部地形对地震动强度的影响[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(4):331-335.SUN Chong-shao,MIN Xiang-yi,ZHOU Min-du.Influenceof local topography on ground motion in mountain region ofsouthern Gansu province[J].Northwestern SeismologicalJournal,2011,33(4):331-335.
[9]乔震元,刘本玉,张远富.汶川8.0级地震峰值地震动特性研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(1):91-95.QIAO Zhen-yuan,LIU Ben-yu,ZHANG Yuan-fu.Researchon the peak ground motion characteristics of Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(1):91-95.
[10]田述军,孔纪名,阿发友,等.汶川地震山地灾害对环境因素的响应机制[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):92-98.TIAN Shu-jun,KONG Ji-ming,A You-fa,et al.ResponsiveMechanism between Earthquake-induced Landslides and En-vironment in Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of SichuanUniversity(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(5):92-98.
[11]陈文凯,何少林,张苏平,等.汶川地震甘肃省文县地震地质灾害遥感分析[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(4):363-369.CHEN Wen-kai,HE Shao-lin,ZHANG Su-ping,et al.A-nalysis on the Geo-hazards Triggered by Wenchuan Earth-quake in Wenxian courtry,Gansu province,Based on RemoteSensing Information[J].Northwestern Seismological Jour-nal,2011,33(4):363-369.
[12]Celebi M.Topographic and Geological Amplification Deter-mined form Strong-motion and Aftershock Records of 3March 1895Chile Earthquake[J].Bull.Soc.Am.,1987,77:1147-1107.
[13]景立平,卓旭炀,王祥建.复杂场地对地震波传播的影响[J].地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(6):16-23.JING Li-ping,ZHUO Xu-yang,WANG Xiang-jian.Effect ofComplex Site on Seismic Wave Propagation[J].EarthquakeEngineering and Engineering Vibration,2005,25(6):16-23.
[2]袁晓铭,廖振鹏.圆弧形凹陷地形对平面SH波散射问题的级数解答[J].地震工程与工程振动,1993,13(2):1-11.YUAN Xiao-ming,LIAO Zhen-peng.Series solution for scat-tering of plane SH waves by a canyon of circular-arc cross sec-tion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1993,13(2):1-11.
[3]高修建,江彪.河谷形状对地震波散射的影响[J].低温建筑技术,2004,(3):39-40.GAO Xiu-jian,JIANG Biao.Influence of canyon shape onplane SH wave scattering[J].Low Temperature ArchitectureTechnology,2004,(3):39-40.
[4]周国良.河谷地形对多支撑大跨桥梁地震反应影响[D].2010.ZHOU Guo-liang.Canyon topography effects on seismic re-sponse of multi-support bridges[D].2010.
[5]张孝波,景立平,肖文海.大型河谷场地地震动特性研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2010,30(6):644-649.ZHANG Xiao-bo,JING Li-ping,XIAO Wen-hai.Research onground motion characteristics of large-scale valley[J].Journalof Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2010,30(6):644-649.
[6]卢育霞,刘琨,石玉成,等.甘肃文县上城台地的地震记录分析[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增):393-397.LU Yu-xia,LIU Kun,SHI Yu-cheng,et al.Analysis on seis-mic records observed on Shangcheng platform in Wenxian,Gansu province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(S1):393-397.
[7]白建方,楼梦麟.复杂场地土层的有限元建模的两个问题研究[J].岩土工程界,2008,11(9):27-30.BAI Jian-fang,LOU Meng-lin.Study on two problems aboutfinite element model of complex site[J].Geotechnical Engi-neering World,2008,11(9):27-30.
[8]孙崇绍,闵祥仪,周民都.陇南山区局部地形对地震动强度的影响[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(4):331-335.SUN Chong-shao,MIN Xiang-yi,ZHOU Min-du.Influenceof local topography on ground motion in mountain region ofsouthern Gansu province[J].Northwestern SeismologicalJournal,2011,33(4):331-335.
[9]乔震元,刘本玉,张远富.汶川8.0级地震峰值地震动特性研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(1):91-95.QIAO Zhen-yuan,LIU Ben-yu,ZHANG Yuan-fu.Researchon the peak ground motion characteristics of Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2011,33(1):91-95.
[10]田述军,孔纪名,阿发友,等.汶川地震山地灾害对环境因素的响应机制[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):92-98.TIAN Shu-jun,KONG Ji-ming,A You-fa,et al.ResponsiveMechanism between Earthquake-induced Landslides and En-vironment in Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of SichuanUniversity(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(5):92-98.
[11]陈文凯,何少林,张苏平,等.汶川地震甘肃省文县地震地质灾害遥感分析[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(4):363-369.CHEN Wen-kai,HE Shao-lin,ZHANG Su-ping,et al.A-nalysis on the Geo-hazards Triggered by Wenchuan Earth-quake in Wenxian courtry,Gansu province,Based on RemoteSensing Information[J].Northwestern Seismological Jour-nal,2011,33(4):363-369.
[12]Celebi M.Topographic and Geological Amplification Deter-mined form Strong-motion and Aftershock Records of 3March 1895Chile Earthquake[J].Bull.Soc.Am.,1987,77:1147-1107.
[13]景立平,卓旭炀,王祥建.复杂场地对地震波传播的影响[J].地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(6):16-23.JING Li-ping,ZHUO Xu-yang,WANG Xiang-jian.Effect ofComplex Site on Seismic Wave Propagation[J].EarthquakeEngineering and Engineering Vibration,2005,25(6):16-23.
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