震前电离层扰动研究进展及汶川地震前电离层变化
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摘要
介绍了近年来国内外对震前电离层异常扰动研究进展,大量新的观测证据显示,地震活动前的电离层扰动确实存在,而且在震级大于5级的地震发生前几天到几个小时内的孕震区上空会发生显著电离层扰动。针对2008年5月12日发生的里氏8.0级汶川大地震事件,通过利用漠河、北京、武汉和三亚的地基GPS测量获得的垂直电子总含量(VTEC)数据,北京地面测高仪测量的F_2层临界频率和Es临界频率等参量,考察中国上空电离层在地震前的变化情况,发现地震前1～6 d中,5月6-7,10-11日,白天电子浓度比5月1-5日的值偏低。但f_0E_s增强。5月9日日落后中低纬电子浓度出现异常增强,而这段时间地磁活动平静。探求这些异常变化的机制则需收集更多资料做进一步的研究。
This paper first reports the recent progress in the investigation of ionospheric precursor of earthquake,which indicates that ionospheric disturbance do appear few days or hours prior to earthquake.Then,the ionospheric parameters such as Total Electron Content(TEC)derived from four GPS receivers at Mohe,Beijing, Wuhan and Sanya,F_2 and Es layer critical frequency(f_0F_2 and f_0E_s) observed from the Beijing ground ionosonde were used to examine the ionospheric variation before the Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake. Results show that 1～6 days before the earthquake during May 6th- 7th,10th-11th,daytime value of electron content was generally lower than that during May 1st-5th,while f_0E_s was enhanced.In comparison,the TEC and f_0F_2 experienced a significant increase on May 9th around sunset sector while the geomagnetic activity was low.It is still unknown whether these ionospheric disturbances were related to the earthquake or not.Further study is needed to explore the mechanisms of these ionospheric anomalous disturbances.
This paper first reports the recent progress in the investigation of ionospheric precursor of earthquake,which indicates that ionospheric disturbance do appear few days or hours prior to earthquake.Then,the ionospheric parameters such as Total Electron Content(TEC)derived from four GPS receivers at Mohe,Beijing, Wuhan and Sanya,F_2 and Es layer critical frequency(f_0F_2 and f_0E_s) observed from the Beijing ground ionosonde were used to examine the ionospheric variation before the Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake. Results show that 1～6 days before the earthquake during May 6th- 7th,10th-11th,daytime value of electron content was generally lower than that during May 1st-5th,while f_0E_s was enhanced.In comparison,the TEC and f_0F_2 experienced a significant increase on May 9th around sunset sector while the geomagnetic activity was low.It is still unknown whether these ionospheric disturbances were related to the earthquake or not.Further study is needed to explore the mechanisms of these ionospheric anomalous disturbances.
引文
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[19]杜品仁，蒋和荣，郭兼善．电离层异常能否作为地震前兆研究[J]．地震，1998，18(2)：119-126．Du Pinren,Jiang Herong,Guo Jianshan.Earthquake,1998,18(2):119- 126.
[20]Gonzalez W,Joselyn J,Kamide Y,et al.What is a geomngnetie storm? [J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(A4):5771-5792.
[21]Pulinets S A.Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes:Recent advances in theory and practical applications[J].Tropical Atmosphere Ocean,2004, 15(3):413-435.
[22]Garavaglia M,Dal Moro G,Zadro M.Radon and tilt measurements in a seismic area:temperature effects[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2000,25(3):233-237.
[23]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A.Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes[M]. New York:Springer Verlag Pub,2004.
[24]Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,et al.Statistical study of ionospheric pre- cursors of strong earthquakes at Taiwan area[C]//XXVI URSI Genera] Assembly.Toronto,13-21 August,1999:745.
[25]Kim V P,Hegai V V.A possible presage of strong earthquakes in the night-time mid-latitude region ionosphere[C]//Atmospheric and Iono- spheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1999:619-627.
[2]Weaver P F,Yuen P C,Prolss G W,et al.Acoustic coupling into the ionosphere from seismic waves of the earthquake at Kurile Islands on August 11,1969[J].Nature,1971,226:1239-1241.
[3]Blanc E.Observations in the upper atmosphere of infrasonic waves from natural or artificial sources:A summary[J].Annales Geophysicae,1985, 3:673-688.
[4]Antsilevich M G.The influence of Tashkent earthquake on the Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere,Tashkent earthquake 26 April 1966 [R].Tashkent:FAN,1971:187-188.
[5]Pulinets S A,Legenka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.The earthquakes prediction possibility on the base of topside sounding data[R].IZMIRAN Preprint,1991,34a(981):25.
[6]Pulinets S A,Legenka A D,Zelenova T I.Dependence of the seismo- ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum on the local time[J]. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,1998,38(3):188-193.
[7]Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability[J]. Advances in Space Research,1998,22(6):903-906.
[8]Ondoh T.Seismic-ionospheric effects[C]//Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1999:789-803.
[9]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphere signatures prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2000,27:3113-3116.
[10]卓裕荣．电离层地震前兆之研究[D]．台湾：国立中央大学，2002．Chuo Yu-Jung.A study of seismo-ionospheric precursor[D].Taiwan: National Central University,2002.
[11]丁鉴海，索玉成，余素荣．地磁场与电离层异常现象及其与地震的关系[J]．空间科学学报，2005，25(6)：536-542．Ding Jianhai,Suo Yucheng.Yu Surong.Chinese Journal of Space Science,2005,25(6):536-542.
[12]Calais E,Minster J.GS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17,1994,Northridge earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(9):1045-1048.
[13]Zaslavski Y,Parrot M,Blanc E.Analysis of TEC measurements above active seismic regions[J].Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,1998, 105:219-228.
[14]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,et al.Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(7):1383-1386.
[15]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S J,et al.Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurement[J].Annales Geophysicae,2004:1585-1593.
[16]吴云，乔学军，周义炎．利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J]．大地测量与地球动力学，2005，25(2)：36-40．Wu Yun,Qiao Xuejun,Zhou Yiyan.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2005,25(2):36-40.
[17]Ondoh T,Hayakawa M.Anomalous occurrence of sporadic E-layers before the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake,M 7.2 of January 17,1995[C]// Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1999: 629-639.
[18]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies in the foEs prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[C]//Seismo Electromagnetic: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling.Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,2002:309-312.
[19]杜品仁，蒋和荣，郭兼善．电离层异常能否作为地震前兆研究[J]．地震，1998，18(2)：119-126．Du Pinren,Jiang Herong,Guo Jianshan.Earthquake,1998,18(2):119- 126.
[20]Gonzalez W,Joselyn J,Kamide Y,et al.What is a geomngnetie storm? [J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(A4):5771-5792.
[21]Pulinets S A.Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes:Recent advances in theory and practical applications[J].Tropical Atmosphere Ocean,2004, 15(3):413-435.
[22]Garavaglia M,Dal Moro G,Zadro M.Radon and tilt measurements in a seismic area:temperature effects[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2000,25(3):233-237.
[23]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A.Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes[M]. New York:Springer Verlag Pub,2004.
[24]Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,et al.Statistical study of ionospheric pre- cursors of strong earthquakes at Taiwan area[C]//XXVI URSI Genera] Assembly.Toronto,13-21 August,1999:745.
[25]Kim V P,Hegai V V.A possible presage of strong earthquakes in the night-time mid-latitude region ionosphere[C]//Atmospheric and Iono- spheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1999:619-627.
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