地震滑坡编目图误差分析
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摘要
地震滑坡编目是地震滑坡区域研究的基础。近年来,单次地震事件后的地震滑坡编目工作成果多有出现,然而,地震滑坡编目误差分析,尤其是滑坡的面积与体积误差分析研究却是一项空白。本文提出了一种基于遥感影像空间分辨率的地震滑坡编目误差分析方法,并分别对2010年4月14日玉树Mw6.9级地震触发的2036处滑坡、2010年1月12日海地Mw7.0级地震触发的30828处滑坡、2008年5月12日汶川Mw7.9级地震触发的197481处滑坡编目图进行误差分析。结果表明玉树地震滑坡面积为1.191 km2,误差范围是1.153～1.229 km2(96.81%～103.19%),体积为2.012×106m3,误差范围是1.947×106～2.078×106m3(96.77%～103.28%);海地地震滑坡面积为15.743km2,误差范围是15.118～16.368 km2(96.03%～103.97%),体积为29.698×106m3,误差范围是28.594×106～30.821×106m3(96.28%～103.78%);汶川地震滑坡面积为1160.025km2,误差范围是1072.258～1248.424km2(92.43%～107.62%),体积为4693.159×106m3,误差范围是4372.957×106～5033.739×106m3(93.18%～107.26%)。遥感影像分辨率与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明不同分辨率遥感影像对地震滑坡编目图误差有明显影响,地震滑坡强频分布与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明滑坡规模对地震滑坡编目图误差也有明显影响。该地震滑坡编目图误差分析方法可以推广应用于更多的地震滑坡事件。
Landslide inventory is the essential part of regional earthquake triggered landslide studies. In recent years,studies about landslide inventory related with single seismic event are common. However,area and volume error analysis of inventory of landslides triggered by earthquake is still lack. In this paper,a remote sensing image resolution based error analysis method of inventory of landslides triggered by earthquake was proposed. Error analysis of inventory of 2036 landslides triggered by the April 14,2010 Mw 6. 9 Yushu earthquake,inventory of30828 landslides triggered by the January 12,2010 Mw 7. 0 Haiti earthquake,and inventory of 197481 landslides triggered by the May 12,2008 Mw 7. 9 Wenchuan earthquake were carried out respectively. The results show that area of the Yushu earthquake triggered landslides is 1. 191 km2,of range from 1. 153 km2to 1. 229 km2,which is error range from 96. 81% to 103. 19%; these landslides in a total volume of 2. 012 × 106m3,of range from 1. 947× 106m3to 2. 078 × 106m3,in other words,error range from 96. 77% to 103. 28%. Area of the Haiti earthquake triggered landslides is 15. 743 km2,of range from 15. 118 km2to 16. 368 km2,which is error range from 96. 03%to 103. 97%; these landslides in a total volume of 29. 698 × 106m3,of range from 28. 594 × 106m3to 30. 821 ×106m3,in other words,error range from 96. 28% to 103. 78%. Area of the Wenchuan earthquake triggered landslides is 1160. 025 km2,of range from 1072. 258 km2to 1248. 424 km2,which is error range from 92. 43% to107. 62%; these landslides in a total volume of 4693. 159 × 106m3,of range from 4372. 957 ×106m3to 5033. 739× 106m3,in other words,error range from 93. 18% to 107. 26%. The relation between resolution of the remote sensing and landslide inventory error show that the remote sensing resolution affects on landslide inventory error significantly. Also,the correlation of earthquake landslide frequency distribution and landslide inventory error show that there was a significant effect on landslide inventory error for earthquake landslide frequency distribution. This method of earthquake triggered landslide inventory error analysis can be applied to other more regional earthquake triggered landslides events.
Landslide inventory is the essential part of regional earthquake triggered landslide studies. In recent years,studies about landslide inventory related with single seismic event are common. However,area and volume error analysis of inventory of landslides triggered by earthquake is still lack. In this paper,a remote sensing image resolution based error analysis method of inventory of landslides triggered by earthquake was proposed. Error analysis of inventory of 2036 landslides triggered by the April 14,2010 Mw 6. 9 Yushu earthquake,inventory of30828 landslides triggered by the January 12,2010 Mw 7. 0 Haiti earthquake,and inventory of 197481 landslides triggered by the May 12,2008 Mw 7. 9 Wenchuan earthquake were carried out respectively. The results show that area of the Yushu earthquake triggered landslides is 1. 191 km2,of range from 1. 153 km2to 1. 229 km2,which is error range from 96. 81% to 103. 19%; these landslides in a total volume of 2. 012 × 106m3,of range from 1. 947× 106m3to 2. 078 × 106m3,in other words,error range from 96. 77% to 103. 28%. Area of the Haiti earthquake triggered landslides is 15. 743 km2,of range from 15. 118 km2to 16. 368 km2,which is error range from 96. 03%to 103. 97%; these landslides in a total volume of 29. 698 × 106m3,of range from 28. 594 × 106m3to 30. 821 ×106m3,in other words,error range from 96. 28% to 103. 78%. Area of the Wenchuan earthquake triggered landslides is 1160. 025 km2,of range from 1072. 258 km2to 1248. 424 km2,which is error range from 92. 43% to107. 62%; these landslides in a total volume of 4693. 159 × 106m3,of range from 4372. 957 ×106m3to 5033. 739× 106m3,in other words,error range from 93. 18% to 107. 26%. The relation between resolution of the remote sensing and landslide inventory error show that the remote sensing resolution affects on landslide inventory error significantly. Also,the correlation of earthquake landslide frequency distribution and landslide inventory error show that there was a significant effect on landslide inventory error for earthquake landslide frequency distribution. This method of earthquake triggered landslide inventory error analysis can be applied to other more regional earthquake triggered landslides events.
引文
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马保起,陈杰,周荣军,何宏林,田勤俭,何玉林,王志才,孙昭民,冯希杰,于贵华,陈立春,陈桂华,于慎鄂,冉勇康,李细光,李陈侠,安艳芬.2008.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30(3):597～629.
徐锡伟,陈桂华,于贵华,孙鑫喆,谭锡斌,陈立春,孙建宝,陈于高,陈文山,张淑萍,李康.2010.5·12汶川地震地表破裂基本参数的再论证及其构造内涵分析.地球物理学报,53(10):2321～2336.
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,胡道功,张作辰.2010.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征.工程地质学报,18(3):289～296.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.2009a.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积.科技导报,27(11):79～81.
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,涂新斌,许领,李维朝,田伟,曹琰波,姚鑫.2009b.汶川Ms8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译.遥感学报,13(4):754～762.
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述.地质论评,56(6):860～874.
许冲.2012.汶川地震滑坡详细编录及其与全球其他地震滑坡事件对比.科技导报,30(25):18～26.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012a.逻辑回归模型在玉树地震滑坡危险性评价中的应用与检验.工程地质学报,20(3):326～333.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012b.走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异.地质通报,31(4):532～540.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012c.俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析.工程地质学报,20(5):732～744.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012d.基于不同核函数的2010年玉树地震滑坡空间预测模型研究.地球物理学报,55(9):2994～3005.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012.玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制.地震地质,34(1):47～62.
Chigira M,Yagi H.2006.Geological and geomorphological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquake in Japan.Engineering Geology,82(4):202～221.
Dai Fuchu,Xu Chong,Yao Xin,Xu Ling,Tu Xinbin,Gong Qiuming.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40 (4):883～895.
Gorum T,Fan Xuanmei,van Westen C J,Huang Runqiu,Xu Qiang,Tang Chuan,Wang Gonghui.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008Wenchuan earthquake.Geomorphology,133(3-4):152～167.
Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,Galli M,Reichenbach P,Rossi M.2008.Distribution of landslides in the Upper Tiber River basin,central Italy.Geomorphology,96(1):105～122.
Harp E L,Jibson R W.1995.Inventory of landslides triggered by the1994 Northridge,California earthquake.USGS.http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/95-213/metadata.faq.html
Harp E L,Jibson R W.1996.Landslides triggered by the 1994Northridge,California,Earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86(1B):S319～S332.
Harp E L,Jibson R W,Dart R L.2011.The effect of complex fault rupture on the distribution of landslides triggered by the 12 January2010,Haiti earthquake.Proceedings of the Second World Landslide Forum,Rome:October 3-7,1-5.
Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.2009.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,68(3):363～371.
Jibson R W,Harp E L.1994.Landslides triggered by the Northridge earthquake.Earthquake&Volcanoes,25(1):31～41.
Jibson R W,Harp E L.2011.Field Reconnaissance Report of Landslides Triggered by the January 12,2010,Haiti Earthquake.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1023/.
Kamp U,Growley B J,Khattak G A,Owen L A.2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region.Geomorphology,101(4):631～642.
Khazai B,Sitar N.2004.Evaluation of factors controlling earthquakeinduced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake and comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events.Engineering Geology,71 (1-2):79～95.
Korup O.2005.Distribution of landslides in southwest New Zealand.Landslides,2(1):43～51.
Larsen I J,Montgomery D R,Korup O.2010.Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material.Nature Geoscience,3(4):247～251.
Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,Harp E L,Keefer D K,Bauer M A.2008.Landslides triggered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake.Geomorphology,94(1-2):1～9.
Parker R N,Densmore A L,Rosser N J,de Michele M,Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Whadcoat S,Petley D N.2011.Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth.Nature Geoscience,4(7):449～452.
Sassa K.2005.Landslide disasters triggered by the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake in Japan.Landslides,2(2):135～142.
Sato H P,Sekiguchi T,Kojiroi R,Suzuki Y,Iida M.2005.Overlaying landslides distribution on the earthquake source,geological and topographical data:the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004,Japan.Landslides,2(2):143～152.
Sato H P,Hasegawa H,Fujiwara S,Tobita M,Koarai M,Une H,Iwahashi J.2007.Interpretation of landslide distribution triggered by the 2005 Northern Pakistan earthquake using SPOT 5 imagery.Landslides,4(2):113～122.
Sekiguchi T,Sato H P.2006.Feature and distribution of landslides induced by the Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004,Japan.Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,43(3):142～154.
Sepúlveda S A,Serey A,Lara M,Pavez A,Rebolledo S.2010.Landslides induced by the April 2007 Aysén Fjord earthquake,Chilean Patagonia.Landslides,7(4):483～492.
ten Brink U S,Geist E L,Andrews B D.2006.Size distribution of submarine landslides and its implication to tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico.Geophysical Research Letters,33:11307.
Wang W N,Nakamura H,Tsuchiya S,Chen C C.2002.Distributions of landslides triggered by the Chi-chi Earthquake in Central Taiwan on September 21,1999.Landslides-Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,38(4):18～26.
Wang W N,Wu H L,Nakamura H,Wu S C,Ouyang S,Yu M F.2003.Mass movements caused by recent tectonic activity:The 1999Chi-chi earthquake in central Taiwan.Island Arc,12(4):325～334.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei.2012.Comment on"Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,China"by Shengwen Qi,Qiang Xu,Hengxing Lan,Bing Zhang,Jianyou Liu[Engineering Geology 116(2010)95-108].Engineering Geology,133-134:40～42.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua.2012a.Earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping and validation related with the 2010 Portau-Prince,Haiti earthquake.Disaster Advances,5(4):1297～1304.
Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Xu Xiwei,Lee Yuan His.2012b.GIS-based support vector machine modeling of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Jianjiang River watershed,China.Geomorphology,145-146:70～80.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Dai Fuchu,Saraf A K.2012c.Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China.Computers&Geosciences,46:317～329.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua.2013a.Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau:an example of the 14 April 2010,Ms 7.1,Yushu,China earthquake.Landslides.doi:10.1007/s10346-012-0340-x
Xu Chong,X Xiwei u,Yao Qi,Wang Yanying.2013b.GIS-based bivariate statistical modelling for earthquake-triggered landslides susceptibility mapping related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,46 (2):221～236.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Yao Xin,Dai Fuchu.2013c.Three(nearly)complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan Mw 7.9 earthquake and their spatial distribution statistical analysis.Landslides.doi:10.1007/s10346-013-0404-6
Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Yu Guihua,Chen Guihua,Klinger Y,Hubbard J,Shaw J.2009a.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,37(6):515～518.
Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua,Chen Guihua,Ran Yongkang,Li Chenxia,Chen Yuegau,Chang Chungpai.2009b.Parameters of Coseismic Reverse‐and Oblique‐Slip Surface Ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,Eastern Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition,83(4):673～684.
Yagi H,Sato G,Higaki D,Yamamoto M,Yamasaki T.2009.Distribution and characteristics of landslides induced by the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake in 2008 in Tohoku District,Northeast Japan.Landslides,6(4):335～344.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yao Xin,Xiong Tanyu,Ma Yinsheng,Hu Daogong,Yang Nong,Guo Changbao.2010.Rapid identification and emergency investigation of surface ruptures and geohazards induced by the Ms 7.1 Yushu Earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition,84(6):1315～1527.
徐锡伟,陈桂华,于贵华,孙鑫喆,谭锡斌,陈立春,孙建宝,陈于高,陈文山,张淑萍,李康.2010.5·12汶川地震地表破裂基本参数的再论证及其构造内涵分析.地球物理学报,53(10):2321～2336.
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,胡道功,张作辰.2010.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征.工程地质学报,18(3):289～296.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.2009a.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积.科技导报,27(11):79～81.
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,涂新斌,许领,李维朝,田伟,曹琰波,姚鑫.2009b.汶川Ms8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译.遥感学报,13(4):754～762.
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述.地质论评,56(6):860～874.
许冲.2012.汶川地震滑坡详细编录及其与全球其他地震滑坡事件对比.科技导报,30(25):18～26.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012a.逻辑回归模型在玉树地震滑坡危险性评价中的应用与检验.工程地质学报,20(3):326～333.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012b.走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异.地质通报,31(4):532～540.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012c.俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析.工程地质学报,20(5):732～744.
许冲,徐锡伟.2012d.基于不同核函数的2010年玉树地震滑坡空间预测模型研究.地球物理学报,55(9):2994～3005.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012.玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制.地震地质,34(1):47～62.
Chigira M,Yagi H.2006.Geological and geomorphological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquake in Japan.Engineering Geology,82(4):202～221.
Dai Fuchu,Xu Chong,Yao Xin,Xu Ling,Tu Xinbin,Gong Qiuming.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40 (4):883～895.
Gorum T,Fan Xuanmei,van Westen C J,Huang Runqiu,Xu Qiang,Tang Chuan,Wang Gonghui.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008Wenchuan earthquake.Geomorphology,133(3-4):152～167.
Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,Galli M,Reichenbach P,Rossi M.2008.Distribution of landslides in the Upper Tiber River basin,central Italy.Geomorphology,96(1):105～122.
Harp E L,Jibson R W.1995.Inventory of landslides triggered by the1994 Northridge,California earthquake.USGS.http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/95-213/metadata.faq.html
Harp E L,Jibson R W.1996.Landslides triggered by the 1994Northridge,California,Earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86(1B):S319～S332.
Harp E L,Jibson R W,Dart R L.2011.The effect of complex fault rupture on the distribution of landslides triggered by the 12 January2010,Haiti earthquake.Proceedings of the Second World Landslide Forum,Rome:October 3-7,1-5.
Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.2009.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,68(3):363～371.
Jibson R W,Harp E L.1994.Landslides triggered by the Northridge earthquake.Earthquake&Volcanoes,25(1):31～41.
Jibson R W,Harp E L.2011.Field Reconnaissance Report of Landslides Triggered by the January 12,2010,Haiti Earthquake.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1023/.
Kamp U,Growley B J,Khattak G A,Owen L A.2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region.Geomorphology,101(4):631～642.
Khazai B,Sitar N.2004.Evaluation of factors controlling earthquakeinduced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake and comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events.Engineering Geology,71 (1-2):79～95.
Korup O.2005.Distribution of landslides in southwest New Zealand.Landslides,2(1):43～51.
Larsen I J,Montgomery D R,Korup O.2010.Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material.Nature Geoscience,3(4):247～251.
Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,Harp E L,Keefer D K,Bauer M A.2008.Landslides triggered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake.Geomorphology,94(1-2):1～9.
Parker R N,Densmore A L,Rosser N J,de Michele M,Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Whadcoat S,Petley D N.2011.Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth.Nature Geoscience,4(7):449～452.
Sassa K.2005.Landslide disasters triggered by the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake in Japan.Landslides,2(2):135～142.
Sato H P,Sekiguchi T,Kojiroi R,Suzuki Y,Iida M.2005.Overlaying landslides distribution on the earthquake source,geological and topographical data:the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004,Japan.Landslides,2(2):143～152.
Sato H P,Hasegawa H,Fujiwara S,Tobita M,Koarai M,Une H,Iwahashi J.2007.Interpretation of landslide distribution triggered by the 2005 Northern Pakistan earthquake using SPOT 5 imagery.Landslides,4(2):113～122.
Sekiguchi T,Sato H P.2006.Feature and distribution of landslides induced by the Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004,Japan.Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,43(3):142～154.
Sepúlveda S A,Serey A,Lara M,Pavez A,Rebolledo S.2010.Landslides induced by the April 2007 Aysén Fjord earthquake,Chilean Patagonia.Landslides,7(4):483～492.
ten Brink U S,Geist E L,Andrews B D.2006.Size distribution of submarine landslides and its implication to tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico.Geophysical Research Letters,33:11307.
Wang W N,Nakamura H,Tsuchiya S,Chen C C.2002.Distributions of landslides triggered by the Chi-chi Earthquake in Central Taiwan on September 21,1999.Landslides-Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,38(4):18～26.
Wang W N,Wu H L,Nakamura H,Wu S C,Ouyang S,Yu M F.2003.Mass movements caused by recent tectonic activity:The 1999Chi-chi earthquake in central Taiwan.Island Arc,12(4):325～334.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei.2012.Comment on"Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,China"by Shengwen Qi,Qiang Xu,Hengxing Lan,Bing Zhang,Jianyou Liu[Engineering Geology 116(2010)95-108].Engineering Geology,133-134:40～42.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua.2012a.Earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping and validation related with the 2010 Portau-Prince,Haiti earthquake.Disaster Advances,5(4):1297～1304.
Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Xu Xiwei,Lee Yuan His.2012b.GIS-based support vector machine modeling of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Jianjiang River watershed,China.Geomorphology,145-146:70～80.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Dai Fuchu,Saraf A K.2012c.Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China.Computers&Geosciences,46:317～329.
Xu Chong,Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua.2013a.Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau:an example of the 14 April 2010,Ms 7.1,Yushu,China earthquake.Landslides.doi:10.1007/s10346-012-0340-x
Xu Chong,X Xiwei u,Yao Qi,Wang Yanying.2013b.GIS-based bivariate statistical modelling for earthquake-triggered landslides susceptibility mapping related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,46 (2):221～236.
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