四川省王朗自然保护区地震干扰后大熊猫栖息地的恢复
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摘要
四川省王朗自然保护区是大熊猫的重要栖息地,1976年该地区发生了震级为7.2和6.7级地震(松潘-平武大地震),给该地区森林植被造成了不同程度的破坏。通过对地震遗迹的植被调查,研究了地震后不同干扰强度下,恢复群落的物种组成及多样性特征。结果表明:受地震干扰较严重的群落(群落E1)缺失乔木层,在灌木和草本层中主要由阳性先锋物种幼树、幼苗及部分灌木和草本组成;干扰较轻的群落(群落E2)乔木层物种组成与未受破坏的对照原始林(群落F)相似,但还包含部分先锋物种,而在灌木和草本层物种组成上与群落F没有明显差异;群落E1中植物的科、属及种的丰富度显著低于群落E2和群落F,而后两者之间没有显著差异。3种群落类型间的物种组成及多样性差异是由不同的地震干扰强度造成的。
Wanglang Nature Reserve is one of the important protected regions for Giant Panda in Sichuan Province,China.However,this nature reserve is located in the area susceptible to earthquake.In 1976,two shallow earthquakes,7.2 and 6.7 respectively,sequentially took place in this region.And also in this region,another severe earthquake(8.0)have just happened in August,2008.The earthquakes caused a variety of influences to the local society and environment,including serious landslides and severe damages to forest vegetation.These damages have lead to serious loss of habitats for Giant Pandas,thus the restoration of forest vegetation is key for the protection of Giant Pandas.However,the recovery of vegetations from earthquake disturbance has seldom been examined in this region.In the present study,we investigated the species composition and diversity for communities that restored naturally from different disturbances during the 1976's earthquakes.Our results showed that:the community recovered from intensive earthquake disturbance(Community E1)was characterized by the lack of tree layer,and the shrub and herb layers were dominated by heliophilous and pioneer species.The species composition of tree layer in the slightly disturbed forest community(Community E2)was similar to that of the primary forest(Community F),except that pioneer species were observed in Community E2.The community E2 and F had no significant differences in species composition for shrub and herb layers.The numbers of family,genera and species in Community E1 were significant lower than that of Community E2 and F,and there were no significant difference between Community E2 and Community F.The differences in species composition and diversity among these communities were caused by different disturbance intensity of the earthquake.
Wanglang Nature Reserve is one of the important protected regions for Giant Panda in Sichuan Province,China.However,this nature reserve is located in the area susceptible to earthquake.In 1976,two shallow earthquakes,7.2 and 6.7 respectively,sequentially took place in this region.And also in this region,another severe earthquake(8.0)have just happened in August,2008.The earthquakes caused a variety of influences to the local society and environment,including serious landslides and severe damages to forest vegetation.These damages have lead to serious loss of habitats for Giant Pandas,thus the restoration of forest vegetation is key for the protection of Giant Pandas.However,the recovery of vegetations from earthquake disturbance has seldom been examined in this region.In the present study,we investigated the species composition and diversity for communities that restored naturally from different disturbances during the 1976's earthquakes.Our results showed that:the community recovered from intensive earthquake disturbance(Community E1)was characterized by the lack of tree layer,and the shrub and herb layers were dominated by heliophilous and pioneer species.The species composition of tree layer in the slightly disturbed forest community(Community E2)was similar to that of the primary forest(Community F),except that pioneer species were observed in Community E2.The community E2 and F had no significant differences in species composition for shrub and herb layers.The numbers of family,genera and species in Community E1 were significant lower than that of Community E2 and F,and there were no significant difference between Community E2 and Community F.The differences in species composition and diversity among these communities were caused by different disturbance intensity of the earthquake.
引文
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[34]Toh I,Gillespie M,Lamb D.The role of isolated trees in facilitating tree seedling recruitment at a degraded sub-tropical rainforest site.Restoration Ecology,1999,7(3):288-297.
[12]申国珍,李俊清,任艳林,等.大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和干扰关系研究.北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):115～119.
[13]巩文,任继文,赵长青,等.甘肃省大熊猫栖息地生境分析.林业科学,2005,41(5):86～90.
[14]林英华,顾海军,隆廷伦,等.森林采伐对平武大熊猫栖息地的影响.林业科学,2005,41(1):109～115.
[15]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价.生态学报,2001,21(11):1869～1874.
[16]毛志宏,朱教君.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,2006,26(8):2695～2701.
[17]申国珍,李俊清,蒋仕伟.大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和动态特征.生态学报,2004,24(6):1294～1299.
[19]高贤明,黄建辉,万师强,等.秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究.生态学报,1997,17(6):619～625.
[2]Peres C A,Jos B,Laurance W F.Detecting anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2006,21(5):227-229.
[3]Sheil D,Burslem D F R P.Disturbing hypotheses in tropical forests.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2003,18(1):18-26.
[4]Guariguata M R,Ostertag R.Neotropical secondary forest succession:changes in structural and functional characteristics.Forest Ecology and Management,2001,148(1):185-206.
[5]Sletvold N,Rydgren K.Population dynamics in Digitalis purpurea:the interaction of disturbance and seed bank dynamics.Journal of Ecology,2007,95(6):1346-1359.
[6]Turner MG,Barker W L,Peterson C J,et al.Factors influencing succession:lessons from large,infrequent natural disturbances.Ecosystems,1998,1(6):511-523.
[7]Turner MG,Dale V H.Comparing large,infrequent disturbances:what have we learned?Ecosystems,1998,1(6):493-496.
[8]Foster D R,Knight D H,Franklin J F.Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large infrequent forest disturbances.Ecosystems,1998,1(6):497-510.
[9]Chazdon R L.Tropical forest recovery:legacies of human impact and natural disturbances.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2003,6(1-2):51-71.
[10]Whittaker R J.Disturbed island ecology.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1995,10(10):421-425.
[11]Salo J,Kalliola R,Hakkinen I,et al.River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forest.Nature,1986,322(6076):254-258.
[12]Shen G Z,Li J Q,Ren Y L,et al.Disturbances and subalpine forest structure in giant panda`s habitat.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2002,24(5):115-119.
[13]Gong W,Ren J W,Zhao C Q,et al.Environmental analysis on giant panda habitat in Gansu Province.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(5):86-90.
[14]Lin Y H,Gu HJ,Long TL,et al.Impact of logging upon the habitat of giant panda in Pingwu County,Sichuan,China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(1):109-115.
[15]Ouyang Z Y,Liu J G,Xiao H,et al.An assessment of giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(11):1869-1874.
[16]Mao Z H,Zhu J J.Effects of disturbances on species composition and diversity of plant communities.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2695-2701.
[17]Shen G Z,Li J Q,Jiang S W.Structure and dynamics of subalpine forests in giant panda habitat.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(6):1294-1299.
[18]Rice B,Westoby M.Species richness in vascular vegetation of the West Head,New South Wales.Austral Ecology,1983,8(2):163-168.
[19]Gao X M,Huang J H,Wan S Q,et al.Ecological studies on the plant community succession on the abandoned cropland in Taibaishan,QinlingMountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1997,17(6):619-625.
[20]Levin S A,Paine R T.Disturbance,patch formation,and community structure.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1974,71(7):2744-2747.
[21]Denslow J S.Disturbance and diversity in tropical rain forests:the density effect.Ecological Applications,1995,5(4):962-968.
[22]Collins S L,Glenn S M,Gibson D J.Experimental analysis of intermediate disturbance and initial floristic composition:decoupling cause and effect.Ecology,1995,76(2):486-492.
[23]Mackey R L,Currie D J.The diversity-disturbance relationship:is it generally strong and peaked?Ecology,2001,82(12):3479-3492.
[24]Roxburgh S H,Shea K,Wilson B.The intermediate disturbance hypothesis:patch dynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence.Ecology,2004,85(2):359-371.
[25]Holl K D,Kappelle M.Tropical forest recovery and restoration.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1999,14(10):378-379.
[26]Holl K D.Effect of shrub on tree seedling establishment in an abandoned tropical pasture.Journal of Ecology,2002,90(1):179-187.
[27]Holl K D.Do bird perching structures elevate seed rain and seedling establishment in abandoned tropical pasture?Restoration Ecology,1998,6(3):253-261.
[28]Ferguson B G,Vandermeer J,Morales H,et al.Post-agricultural succession in El Petén,Guatemala.Conservation Biology,2003,17(3):818-828.
[29]Zahawi R A,Augspurger C K.Early plant succession in abandoned pastures in Ecuador.Biotropica,1999,31(4):540-552.
[30]Vieira D L M,Scariot A.Principles of natural regeneration of tropical dry forests for restoration.Restoration Ecology,2006,14(1):11-20.
[31]Zahawi R A,Augspurger C K.Tropical forest restoration:tree islands as recruitment foci in degraded lands of Honduras.Ecological Applications,2006,16:464-478.
[32]Carrire S M,AndréM,Letourmy P,et al.Seed rain under isolated trees in a slash and burn agricultural system in southern Cameroon.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2002,18(3):353-374.
[33]Carrire S M,Letourmy P,McKey D B.Effects of remnant trees in fallows on diversity and structure of forest regrowth in a slash-and-burn agricultural system in southern Cameroon.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2002,18(3):375-396.
[34]Toh I,Gillespie M,Lamb D.The role of isolated trees in facilitating tree seedling recruitment at a degraded sub-tropical rainforest site.Restoration Ecology,1999,7(3):288-297.
[12]申国珍,李俊清,任艳林,等.大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和干扰关系研究.北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):115～119.
[13]巩文,任继文,赵长青,等.甘肃省大熊猫栖息地生境分析.林业科学,2005,41(5):86～90.
[14]林英华,顾海军,隆廷伦,等.森林采伐对平武大熊猫栖息地的影响.林业科学,2005,41(1):109～115.
[15]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价.生态学报,2001,21(11):1869～1874.
[16]毛志宏,朱教君.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,2006,26(8):2695～2701.
[17]申国珍,李俊清,蒋仕伟.大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和动态特征.生态学报,2004,24(6):1294～1299.
[19]高贤明,黄建辉,万师强,等.秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究.生态学报,1997,17(6):619～625.
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