汶川地震次生灾害对土壤动物群落的影响
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摘要
为了查明地震次生灾害对土壤动物的影响,2008年11月在四川彭州银厂沟内分别选取泥石流、滑坡2个次生灾害区样地和2个柳杉林对照样地,对4个样地的土壤动物群落进行调查。结果表明:2个次生灾害区均未发现大型土壤动物,对照区共有大型土壤动物196只,隶属3门7纲17目36类(科),平均密度为65.34个·m-2;次生灾害区共调查到中小型土壤动物232只,隶属3门4纲6目26类(科),平均密度为3222.22个·m-2;对照区共有中小型土壤动物2747只,隶属3门7纲9目64类(科),平均密度38152.78个·m-2;次生灾害区中小型土壤动的类群数、个体密度、多样性指数H和丰富度指数D均显著低于对照区(P<0.01),均匀度指数E显著高于对照区(P<0.01);群落多样性的变化主要是因部分稀有类群的消失和群落密度的下降;与对照区相比,次生灾害区中小型土壤动物群落的湿生性种类的个体百分比下降,旱生及中生性种类的个体百分比增加;次生灾害区与对照区间的群落相似性低于2组样地内部不同样地间的相似性。地震次生灾害对土壤动物,尤其是大型土壤动物的群落结构及多样性有强烈的干扰作用。
To study the impacts of secondary disasters induced by Wenchuan earthquake on soil fauna communities,two plots in previous debris flows and landslide regions and two plots in Cryptomeria fortunei forests,served as control,were set up in Yinchanggou,Pengzhou city.Soil fauna communities in the plots were investigated in November 2008.No soil macrofauna was found in the secondary geological disaster areas,but total 196 soil macrofauna,belonged to 3 phyla,7 classes,17 orders and 36 groups(families),were found in two control plots,with average density 65.34 ind.·m-2.There were 232 soil meso-microfauna,belonged to 3 phyla,4 classes,6 orders and 26 groups(families) in two secondary geological disaster plots and 2 747 soil meso-microfauna,belonged to 3 phyla,7 classes,9 orders and 64 groups(families) in two control plots.The average densities of secondary geological disaster areas and coutrol areas were 3 222.22 ind.·m-2 and 38 152.78 ind.·m-2,respectively.The species group numbers,individual density,and the diversity index(H) and abundance index(D) of three diversity indexes of soil meso-microfauna communities in secondary geological disaster areas were significantly lower than those of the control areas(P < 0.01),but the evenness index(E) was significantly higher than that of the control areas(P < 0.01).Some scares group extinction and community density decrease were the main reasons for the soil meso-microfauna diversity's changes.Compared with the control areas,individual percent of the soil meso-microfauna species community living in wet environment of the secondary geological disaster areas was declined and that of the species living in drought and middle environment increased.The similarities of soil fauna community between the secondary geological disaster areas and control areas were lower than those within the same areas.The results demonstrated that the earthquake-induced geological disasters had strong disturbed effects on the structures and diversities of soil fauna communities,especially,soil macrofauna.
To study the impacts of secondary disasters induced by Wenchuan earthquake on soil fauna communities,two plots in previous debris flows and landslide regions and two plots in Cryptomeria fortunei forests,served as control,were set up in Yinchanggou,Pengzhou city.Soil fauna communities in the plots were investigated in November 2008.No soil macrofauna was found in the secondary geological disaster areas,but total 196 soil macrofauna,belonged to 3 phyla,7 classes,17 orders and 36 groups(families),were found in two control plots,with average density 65.34 ind.·m-2.There were 232 soil meso-microfauna,belonged to 3 phyla,4 classes,6 orders and 26 groups(families) in two secondary geological disaster plots and 2 747 soil meso-microfauna,belonged to 3 phyla,7 classes,9 orders and 64 groups(families) in two control plots.The average densities of secondary geological disaster areas and coutrol areas were 3 222.22 ind.·m-2 and 38 152.78 ind.·m-2,respectively.The species group numbers,individual density,and the diversity index(H) and abundance index(D) of three diversity indexes of soil meso-microfauna communities in secondary geological disaster areas were significantly lower than those of the control areas(P < 0.01),but the evenness index(E) was significantly higher than that of the control areas(P < 0.01).Some scares group extinction and community density decrease were the main reasons for the soil meso-microfauna diversity's changes.Compared with the control areas,individual percent of the soil meso-microfauna species community living in wet environment of the secondary geological disaster areas was declined and that of the species living in drought and middle environment increased.The similarities of soil fauna community between the secondary geological disaster areas and control areas were lower than those within the same areas.The results demonstrated that the earthquake-induced geological disasters had strong disturbed effects on the structures and diversities of soil fauna communities,especially,soil macrofauna.
引文
陈宁生,张飞.2006.2003年中国西南山区典型灾害性暴雨泥石流运动堆积特征.地理科学,26(6):701-705.
李志伟,童晓立,张维球,等.2004.广东石门台自然保护区森林土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性.华南农业大学学报:自然科学版,25(1):80-84.
梁文举,闻大中.2001.土壤生物及其对土壤生态学发展的影响.应用生态学报,12(1):137-140.
林英华,张夫道,杨学云,等.2004.农田土壤动物与土壤理化性质关系的研究.中国农业科学,37(6):871-877.
林英华,张夫道,张俊清.2005.鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化.生态学报,25(10):2616-2622.
《土壤动物研究方法手册》编写组.1998.土壤动物研究方法手册.北京:中国林业出版社,24-34.
王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,等.2008.汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响.生态学报,28(12):5856-5861.
吴宁,卢涛,罗鹏,等.2008.地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例.生态学报,28(12):5810-5819.
徐新良,江东,庄大方,等.2008.汶川地震灾害核心区生态环境影响评估.生态学报,28(12):5899-5908.
殷秀琴,王海霞,周道玮.2003.松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统土壤动物群落特征.生态学报,23(6):1071-1078.
尹文英.1998.中国土壤动物检索图鉴.北京:科学出版社.
于长福,赵克尊.1985.老爷岭生态实验站的土壤动物初步调查研究.东北林业大学学报,13(3):128-134.
张春敏,王根绪.2008.汶川大地震灾害对区域生态系统的影响——以青川、平武和茂县为例.生态学报,28(12):5833-5841.
赵芹,卿太明,曹叔尤.2009.汶川特大地震对四川水土流失的影响及其经济损失评估.中国水土保持,(3):5-7.
Allen R B,Belljngham P J,Wiser S K.1999.Immediate damage by an earthquake to a tempemte montane forest.Ecology,80(2):708-7l4.
Aubert M,Hedde M,Decans T,et al.2004.Efects of tree can opy composition on earthworms and other macroinverte brates in beech forests of Upper Normandy(France).Pedobiologia,47(5-6):904-912.
Bardgett R D,Keiller S,Cook R,et al.1998.Dynamic interactions between soil animals and microorganisms in upland grassland soil samended with sheep dung:A microcosm experiment.Soil Biologyand Biochemistry,30(4):531-539.
Binkley D,StottlerrIyer R,Suarez F,et al.1994.Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska:Responses to temperature and moisture.Ecoscience,1(1):64-70.
de Aquino A M,da Silva R F,Mercante F M,et al.2008.Invertebrate soil macrofauna under different ground cover plants in the no-tillsystem in the Cerrado.European Journal of Soil Biology,44:191-197.
Diez A G,Salas L,Teran J R D,et al.1996.Late quaternary climate changes and mass movement frequency and magnitude in the Cantabrian region,Spain.Geomorphology,15:291-309.
Garwood N C,Janos D P,Brokaw N.1979.Earthquake-caused landslides:a major disturbance to tropical forests.Science,205:997-999.
Glade T.2003.Landslide occurrence as a response to land use changes:A review of evidence from New Zealand.Catena,51:297-314.
Johns R J.1986.The instability of the tropical ecosystem in New Guinea.Blumea,31:341-371.
Kitzberger T,Veblen T T,Villalba R.1995.Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia,Argentina:the roles of substrate stabi1ity and climatic variation.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,25:1684-1696.
Loranger-Merciris G,Imbert D,Bernhard-Reversat F,et al.2007.Soil fauna abundance and diversity in a secondary semi-evergreen forestin Guadeloupe(Lesser Antilles):influence of soil type and dominant tree species.Biology and Fertility of Soils,44:269-276.
Magura T,Tóthmérész B,Elek Z.2003.Diversity and composition of carabids during a forestry cycle.Biodiversity and Conservation,12:73-85.
Mikola J,Yeates G W,Wardle D A,et al.2001.Response of soil food—web structure to defoliation of different plant species combinations in an experimental grassland community.Soil Biologyand Biochemical,33:205-214.
Peet R K.1974.The measurement of species of diversity.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,5:285-307.
Pielou E C.1966.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collection.Journal of Theoretical Biology,13:131-144.
Restrepo C,Alvarez N.2006.Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,38(4):446-457.
SetlH,Marshall V G,Trofymow J A.1995.Influence of micro-andmacro-habitat factors on collembolan communities in Douglas-firstumps during forest succession.Applied Soil Ecology,2(4):227-242.
Simpson E H.1949.Measurement of diversity.Nature,163:688.
Stottlemlyer R,ToczydIowski D.1999.Seasonal relationships between precipitation,forest floor,and streamwater nitrogen,Isle Royale,Michigan.Soil Science Society of America,63:389-398.
Sulkava P,Huhta V.2003.Effects of hard frost and freeze-thaw cycles on decomposer communities and N mineralisation in boreal forestsoil.Applied Soil Ecology,22(3):225-239.
Veblen T T,Ashton D H.1978.Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the VaIdivian Andes,Chile.Vegetatio,36:l49-167.
Wardle D A,Bonner K I,Barker G M.2002.Linkages between plant litter decomposition,litter quality,and vegetation responses toherbivores.Functional Ecology,16:585-595.
Wardle D A.1995.Impact of disturbance on detritus food webs in agroeco systems of contrasting tillage and weed management practice.Advances in Ecological Research,26:105-185.
Wolters V.2001.Biodiversity of soil animals and its function.European Journal of Soil Biology,37:221-227.
Zapfack L,Engwald S,Sonke B,et al.2002.The impact of land conversion on plant biodiversity in the forest zone of Cameroon.Biodiversity and Conservation,11:2047-2061.
李志伟,童晓立,张维球,等.2004.广东石门台自然保护区森林土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性.华南农业大学学报:自然科学版,25(1):80-84.
梁文举,闻大中.2001.土壤生物及其对土壤生态学发展的影响.应用生态学报,12(1):137-140.
林英华,张夫道,杨学云,等.2004.农田土壤动物与土壤理化性质关系的研究.中国农业科学,37(6):871-877.
林英华,张夫道,张俊清.2005.鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化.生态学报,25(10):2616-2622.
《土壤动物研究方法手册》编写组.1998.土壤动物研究方法手册.北京:中国林业出版社,24-34.
王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,等.2008.汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响.生态学报,28(12):5856-5861.
吴宁,卢涛,罗鹏,等.2008.地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例.生态学报,28(12):5810-5819.
徐新良,江东,庄大方,等.2008.汶川地震灾害核心区生态环境影响评估.生态学报,28(12):5899-5908.
殷秀琴,王海霞,周道玮.2003.松嫩草原区不同农业生态系统土壤动物群落特征.生态学报,23(6):1071-1078.
尹文英.1998.中国土壤动物检索图鉴.北京:科学出版社.
于长福,赵克尊.1985.老爷岭生态实验站的土壤动物初步调查研究.东北林业大学学报,13(3):128-134.
张春敏,王根绪.2008.汶川大地震灾害对区域生态系统的影响——以青川、平武和茂县为例.生态学报,28(12):5833-5841.
赵芹,卿太明,曹叔尤.2009.汶川特大地震对四川水土流失的影响及其经济损失评估.中国水土保持,(3):5-7.
Allen R B,Belljngham P J,Wiser S K.1999.Immediate damage by an earthquake to a tempemte montane forest.Ecology,80(2):708-7l4.
Aubert M,Hedde M,Decans T,et al.2004.Efects of tree can opy composition on earthworms and other macroinverte brates in beech forests of Upper Normandy(France).Pedobiologia,47(5-6):904-912.
Bardgett R D,Keiller S,Cook R,et al.1998.Dynamic interactions between soil animals and microorganisms in upland grassland soil samended with sheep dung:A microcosm experiment.Soil Biologyand Biochemistry,30(4):531-539.
Binkley D,StottlerrIyer R,Suarez F,et al.1994.Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska:Responses to temperature and moisture.Ecoscience,1(1):64-70.
de Aquino A M,da Silva R F,Mercante F M,et al.2008.Invertebrate soil macrofauna under different ground cover plants in the no-tillsystem in the Cerrado.European Journal of Soil Biology,44:191-197.
Diez A G,Salas L,Teran J R D,et al.1996.Late quaternary climate changes and mass movement frequency and magnitude in the Cantabrian region,Spain.Geomorphology,15:291-309.
Garwood N C,Janos D P,Brokaw N.1979.Earthquake-caused landslides:a major disturbance to tropical forests.Science,205:997-999.
Glade T.2003.Landslide occurrence as a response to land use changes:A review of evidence from New Zealand.Catena,51:297-314.
Johns R J.1986.The instability of the tropical ecosystem in New Guinea.Blumea,31:341-371.
Kitzberger T,Veblen T T,Villalba R.1995.Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia,Argentina:the roles of substrate stabi1ity and climatic variation.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,25:1684-1696.
Loranger-Merciris G,Imbert D,Bernhard-Reversat F,et al.2007.Soil fauna abundance and diversity in a secondary semi-evergreen forestin Guadeloupe(Lesser Antilles):influence of soil type and dominant tree species.Biology and Fertility of Soils,44:269-276.
Magura T,Tóthmérész B,Elek Z.2003.Diversity and composition of carabids during a forestry cycle.Biodiversity and Conservation,12:73-85.
Mikola J,Yeates G W,Wardle D A,et al.2001.Response of soil food—web structure to defoliation of different plant species combinations in an experimental grassland community.Soil Biologyand Biochemical,33:205-214.
Peet R K.1974.The measurement of species of diversity.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,5:285-307.
Pielou E C.1966.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collection.Journal of Theoretical Biology,13:131-144.
Restrepo C,Alvarez N.2006.Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,38(4):446-457.
SetlH,Marshall V G,Trofymow J A.1995.Influence of micro-andmacro-habitat factors on collembolan communities in Douglas-firstumps during forest succession.Applied Soil Ecology,2(4):227-242.
Simpson E H.1949.Measurement of diversity.Nature,163:688.
Stottlemlyer R,ToczydIowski D.1999.Seasonal relationships between precipitation,forest floor,and streamwater nitrogen,Isle Royale,Michigan.Soil Science Society of America,63:389-398.
Sulkava P,Huhta V.2003.Effects of hard frost and freeze-thaw cycles on decomposer communities and N mineralisation in boreal forestsoil.Applied Soil Ecology,22(3):225-239.
Veblen T T,Ashton D H.1978.Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the VaIdivian Andes,Chile.Vegetatio,36:l49-167.
Wardle D A,Bonner K I,Barker G M.2002.Linkages between plant litter decomposition,litter quality,and vegetation responses toherbivores.Functional Ecology,16:585-595.
Wardle D A.1995.Impact of disturbance on detritus food webs in agroeco systems of contrasting tillage and weed management practice.Advances in Ecological Research,26:105-185.
Wolters V.2001.Biodiversity of soil animals and its function.European Journal of Soil Biology,37:221-227.
Zapfack L,Engwald S,Sonke B,et al.2002.The impact of land conversion on plant biodiversity in the forest zone of Cameroon.Biodiversity and Conservation,11:2047-2061.
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