中国古代人与自然环境关系思想透视
|
摘要
在人类正面临生存环境的严重挑战的今天,中国古代人地关系思想的科学价值与现实意义受到中西方学者的高度重视。中国古代人与自然环境关系思想的突出特色在于,承认自然环境限制作用,强调在此前提下主动地适应自然环境,从以人为本的基点出发去保护自然环境、追求人与自然环境的和谐。这种人与自然环境相协调的人地观是中华民族在长期与开发利用自然环境的生产和生活实践过程中形成的,是中华民族悠久的文化传统的重要组成部分,也是中华文明得以延续的一个重要因素,它对现今社会的发展仍具有现实意义。
More and more overseas and Chinese scholars have rediscovered the scie ntific and practical values of the ancient Chinese ideas on Man-Land relationshi p when the life-supporting environment of human beings is facing the enormous ch allenges now. From the view of modern Geography, the concepts of "heaven" and "e arth" in ancient China may be interpreted into "climate" and "land" which equals to the natural environment. The ancient Chinese ideas on Man-Land relationship aim at the harmonious between man and nature. Its main views may be summed up in to following three aspects: 1) To accept the restriction of environment to human beings. This was the base for the establishment of the ancient Chinese ideas on Man-Land relationship. The restriction was made from two aspects. One was the e ssential restriction of the climate (heaven) and land (earth) to the food produc tion, which acted as the base of the Chinese civilization. Another was the vulne rability of natural system to the impacts of human activities. 2) To claim on th e active adaptation on the premise of obeying the natural rules. The adaptation in ancient China included acclimation and resistance. As a simple and effective means of adaptation, active acclimation aimed to obtain the maximum benefit from the nature with minimum input based on the understanding to the nature. Instead of conquering the nature, resistance aimed to mitigate the damage from the natu re or even to reverse damage to benefit by actively struggling against the negat ive impacts of the nature, which even emphasized the positive activities of huma n beings. 3) To protect the natural environment for the sustainable development of human society. This may be regarded as the forerunner of the modern eco-econo mic ideas. Protection on the farmland and natural balance were in the highest pr iority in order to ensure sustainable utilization of the natural resources. Thes e ideas formed in the long history of China, compose an important part of the tr adition of Chinese cultures. The modern society may benefit from the ideas.
More and more overseas and Chinese scholars have rediscovered the scie ntific and practical values of the ancient Chinese ideas on Man-Land relationshi p when the life-supporting environment of human beings is facing the enormous ch allenges now. From the view of modern Geography, the concepts of "heaven" and "e arth" in ancient China may be interpreted into "climate" and "land" which equals to the natural environment. The ancient Chinese ideas on Man-Land relationship aim at the harmonious between man and nature. Its main views may be summed up in to following three aspects: 1) To accept the restriction of environment to human beings. This was the base for the establishment of the ancient Chinese ideas on Man-Land relationship. The restriction was made from two aspects. One was the e ssential restriction of the climate (heaven) and land (earth) to the food produc tion, which acted as the base of the Chinese civilization. Another was the vulne rability of natural system to the impacts of human activities. 2) To claim on th e active adaptation on the premise of obeying the natural rules. The adaptation in ancient China included acclimation and resistance. As a simple and effective means of adaptation, active acclimation aimed to obtain the maximum benefit from the nature with minimum input based on the understanding to the nature. Instead of conquering the nature, resistance aimed to mitigate the damage from the natu re or even to reverse damage to benefit by actively struggling against the negat ive impacts of the nature, which even emphasized the positive activities of huma n beings. 3) To protect the natural environment for the sustainable development of human society. This may be regarded as the forerunner of the modern eco-econo mic ideas. Protection on the farmland and natural balance were in the highest pr iority in order to ensure sustainable utilization of the natural resources. Thes e ideas formed in the long history of China, compose an important part of the tr adition of Chinese cultures. The modern society may benefit from the ideas.
引文
[1]张家诚.地理环境与中国古代科学思想[M].北京:地震出版社.1999.1-141.
[2]蔡德贵.东方文化及其发展趋势研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),1998,(6):25-33.
[3]蒙培元.中国文化与人类发展[J].中华文化论坛.1998,(3):10-11.
[4]卢嘉锡,路甬祥主编.中国古代科学史纲[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.1998.617-796
[5]季羡林.东西方文化议论集[M].北京:经济日报出版社,1997.1-744
[6]董清义.机械自然观与有机自然观—中西自然观之比较研究.延安大学学报(社会科学版)[J].1997,19(3):7-10.
[7]李根蟠.“天人合一”与“三才”理论—为什么要讨论中国经济史上的“天人关系”.中国经济史研究[J].2000,(3):3-13.
[8]王培华.《管子》关于自然资源与经济社会发展关系的表述析论[J].广东社会科学.2002,(5):66-72.
[9]戴建平.《列子》自然观初探[J].中国道教.2002,(1):39-43.
[10]杨文衡.试论中国古代地学与自然和社会环境的关系[J].自然科学史研究.1997,16(1):1-9.
[11]张家诚.中国的传统文化与现代科学的发展[J].贵州气象.1998,22(5):3-7.
[12]陈正祥.中国文化地理[M].生活·读书·新知三联书店.1983.1-290.
[13]赵逵夫.从《天问》看共工、鲧、禹治水及其对中华文明的贡献[J].社会科学战线.2001,(1):79-95.
[14]王培华.中国历史自然条件与经济社会发展关系的总结性论述—重读《读通鉴论》有感[J].船山学刊.2001,(4):10-14.
[15]张兰生,方修琦,任国玉.全球变化[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2000.1-339.
[16]方修琦,葛全胜,郑景云.环境演变对中华文明影响研究的进展与展望[J].古地理学报.2004,6(1):85-94.
[2]蔡德贵.东方文化及其发展趋势研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),1998,(6):25-33.
[3]蒙培元.中国文化与人类发展[J].中华文化论坛.1998,(3):10-11.
[4]卢嘉锡,路甬祥主编.中国古代科学史纲[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.1998.617-796
[5]季羡林.东西方文化议论集[M].北京:经济日报出版社,1997.1-744
[6]董清义.机械自然观与有机自然观—中西自然观之比较研究.延安大学学报(社会科学版)[J].1997,19(3):7-10.
[7]李根蟠.“天人合一”与“三才”理论—为什么要讨论中国经济史上的“天人关系”.中国经济史研究[J].2000,(3):3-13.
[8]王培华.《管子》关于自然资源与经济社会发展关系的表述析论[J].广东社会科学.2002,(5):66-72.
[9]戴建平.《列子》自然观初探[J].中国道教.2002,(1):39-43.
[10]杨文衡.试论中国古代地学与自然和社会环境的关系[J].自然科学史研究.1997,16(1):1-9.
[11]张家诚.中国的传统文化与现代科学的发展[J].贵州气象.1998,22(5):3-7.
[12]陈正祥.中国文化地理[M].生活·读书·新知三联书店.1983.1-290.
[13]赵逵夫.从《天问》看共工、鲧、禹治水及其对中华文明的贡献[J].社会科学战线.2001,(1):79-95.
[14]王培华.中国历史自然条件与经济社会发展关系的总结性论述—重读《读通鉴论》有感[J].船山学刊.2001,(4):10-14.
[15]张兰生,方修琦,任国玉.全球变化[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2000.1-339.
[16]方修琦,葛全胜,郑景云.环境演变对中华文明影响研究的进展与展望[J].古地理学报.2004,6(1):85-94.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心