湖北屈家岭遗址孢粉、炭屑记录与古文明发展
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摘要
湖北屈家岭遗址附近的河湖相沉积剖面及文化层的孢粉和炭屑分析表明,距今5400-4200年间,遗址周边地区分布有常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶林,大量的禾本科(Gramineae)和松属(Pinus)花粉及炭屑表明这一时期有强烈的人类活动,暖湿的气候条件为屈家岭文化和石家河文化发展奠定了基础。距今4200-2200年间,莎草科(Cyperaceae)花粉和水蕨(Ceratopteris)孢子的减少反映生境干旱化,遗址周边发育由蒿属(Artemis-ia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、唐松草(Thalictrum)和蕨类植物组成的坡草丛;这种生境干旱化是由气候变干和强烈人类活动所致。伴随着生境日趋干旱化,屈家岭文化和石家河文化走向衰亡。距今2200年前,莎草科花粉和水蕨孢子含量增加表明这一时期遗址周围生境比较湿润,与此同时,大量的禾本科花粉及高浓度的炭屑指示着又一人类活动高潮期的到来。
Palynological and charcoal analyses of both the sedimentary profile and cultural layers of Qujialing site,Hubei Province suggest that evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forests were distributed in the surrounding areas of the site between 5400 and 4200 a BP.Abundant Gramineae and Pinus pollens and charcoal points to strong human activities;the warm and wet climate during this period provided favourable condition for the development of Qujialing and Shijiahe Cultures.During 4200—2200 a BP,grassland which is composed of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Thalictrum and ferns etc.was developed.The decline of the Cyperaceae and Ceratopteris indicates a shift to more arid environment,resulting in a widespread grassland.The trend towards more arid environment was mainly caused by a stronger human activity and subsequent drier climate.Along with the increasing aridity,the Qujialing and Shijiahe Cultures became declined and eventually collapsed.By 2200 a BP,an increase of Cyperaceae pollens and Ceratopteris spores suggests that relatively moist habitats existed during this period around the Qujialing site.Meanwhile,the rich Gramineae and high concentration of microcharcoal particles indicate the arrival of another prosperous period in human history.
Palynological and charcoal analyses of both the sedimentary profile and cultural layers of Qujialing site,Hubei Province suggest that evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forests were distributed in the surrounding areas of the site between 5400 and 4200 a BP.Abundant Gramineae and Pinus pollens and charcoal points to strong human activities;the warm and wet climate during this period provided favourable condition for the development of Qujialing and Shijiahe Cultures.During 4200—2200 a BP,grassland which is composed of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Thalictrum and ferns etc.was developed.The decline of the Cyperaceae and Ceratopteris indicates a shift to more arid environment,resulting in a widespread grassland.The trend towards more arid environment was mainly caused by a stronger human activity and subsequent drier climate.Along with the increasing aridity,the Qujialing and Shijiahe Cultures became declined and eventually collapsed.By 2200 a BP,an increase of Cyperaceae pollens and Ceratopteris spores suggests that relatively moist habitats existed during this period around the Qujialing site.Meanwhile,the rich Gramineae and high concentration of microcharcoal particles indicate the arrival of another prosperous period in human history.
引文
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靳桂云,孔昭宸.2002.孢粉分析在考古学中应用的回顾与展望[M].见:中国社会科学院考古研究所编著.21世纪中国考古学与世界考古学.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
李宜垠,周力平,崔海亭.2008.人类活动的孢粉指示体[J].科学通报,53(9):991-1002.
吕静,王宇飞,李承森.2002.古炭屑与古森林火[J].古地理学报,4(2):71-76.
马春梅,朱诚,郑朝贵,等.2008.中国东部山地泥炭高分辨率腐殖化度记录的晚冰期以来气候变化[J].中国科学(D辑),38(9):1078-1091.
莫多闻,李菲,李水城,等.1996.甘肃葫芦河流域中全新世环境演化及其对人类活动的影响[J].地理学报,51(1):59-69.
吴立,王心源,张广胜,等.2008.安徽巢湖泊沉积物—炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变[J].古地理学报,10(2):183-192.
吴汝祚.1995.论老哈河、大凌河地区的文明起源[J].北方文物,1:2-8.
夏正楷,杨晓燕,叶茂林.2003.青海喇家遗址史前灾难事件[J].科学通报,48(11):1200-1204.
杨权喜.1994.试论中国文明起源与江汉文明[J].浙江社会科学,5:90-94.
张家诚.1999.地理环境与中国古代科学思想[M].北京:地震出版社,1-141.
张兰生,方修琦,任国玉.2000.全球变化[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1-339.
张绪球.1991.石家河文化的分期、分布和类型[J].考古学报,4:389-414.
张忠培.2000.中国古代文明形成的考古学研究[J].故宫博物院院刊,2:1-23.
赵志军.2004.植物考古学的田野工作方法——浮选法[J].考古,3:80-87.
朱诚,于世永,卢春成.1997.长江三峡及江汉平原地区全新世环境考古与异常洪涝灾害研究[J].地理学报,52(3):268-278.
朱乃诚.2006.中国文明起源研究[M].福建福州:福建人民出版社.
朱育新,王苏民,羊向东,等.1999.中晚全新世江汉平原沔城地区古人类活动的湖泊沉积记录[J].湖泊科学,11(1):33-39.
An C B,Tang L Y,Barton L,et al.2005.Climate change and culturalresponse around4000cal yr B.P.in the western part of Chinese Lo-ess Plateau[J].Quaternary Research,63:347-352.
Clark R L.1982.Point count estimation of charcoal in pollen prepara-tions and thin sections of sediment[J].Pollen et Spores,24:523-535.
deMenocal P B.2001.Cultural responses to climate change during thelate Holocene[J].Science,292:667-673.
Fairbanks R G,Mortlock R A,Chiu T-C,et al.2005.Marine radiocar-bon calibration curve spanning10000to50000years B.P.basedon paired230Th/234U/238U and14C dates on Pristine corals[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,24:1781-1796.
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Haug G H,Gunther D,Peterson L C,et al.2003.Climate and the col-lapse of Maya civilization[J].Science,299:1731-1735.
Kuper R,Kropelin S.2006.Climate-controlled Holocene occupation inthe Sahara:Motor of Africa s evolution[J].Science,313:803-807.
Li Y Y,Willis KJ,Zhou LP,et al.2006.The impact of ancient civili-zation on the northeastern Chinese landscape:Palaeoecological evi-dence from the Western Liaohe River Basin,Inner Mongolia[J].The Holocene,16:1109-1121.
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