敦煌莫高窟崖体风化特征及保护对策
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摘要
详细的现场调查发现,莫高窟岩体以物理风化为主。按照病害与地貌部位的组合关系,从加固工程实际出发,将风化病害划分为9种形式、3种程度,确定不同病害的空间展布特征。依据"综合性高、成熟度高、有效性强"的工程技术遴选原则,选择出PS渗透固化、裂隙注浆、锚索锚固、薄顶加固、局部清除等具体加固措施,论证各项措施的可靠性,从而建立莫高窟加固工程设计的框架结构。
Detailed investigations conducted on the rock cliff of Mogao Grottoes show that physical weathering is the major factor responsible for the deterioration of cliff rock. From the viewpoint of reinforcement engineering, weathering hazards in Mogao Grottoes are classified into 9 kinds with 3 different intensities in relation to micro geomorgraphy. Various treatments are evaluated and suggested for engineering design;such as the PS consolidation of cliff surface,crack grouting,cable stabilization to unstable rock mass,topping of thin-covered caves and removing of unfavorable structures for stabilization constructed in the early time. The reliability of the treatments is proven and the frame structure for design of reinforcement engineering in Mogao Grottoes is established.
Detailed investigations conducted on the rock cliff of Mogao Grottoes show that physical weathering is the major factor responsible for the deterioration of cliff rock. From the viewpoint of reinforcement engineering, weathering hazards in Mogao Grottoes are classified into 9 kinds with 3 different intensities in relation to micro geomorgraphy. Various treatments are evaluated and suggested for engineering design;such as the PS consolidation of cliff surface,crack grouting,cable stabilization to unstable rock mass,topping of thin-covered caves and removing of unfavorable structures for stabilization constructed in the early time. The reliability of the treatments is proven and the frame structure for design of reinforcement engineering in Mogao Grottoes is established.
引文
[1]孙儒涧.莫高窟石窟加固工程的回顾[J].敦煌研究,1994,[2]:14–29.[SUN Rujian.Review reinforcement engineering of Mogao Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,1994,[2]:14–29.[in Chinese]]
[2]李最雄.丝绸之路石窟壁画彩塑保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.[LI Zuixiong.Conservation of the wall paintings and colored statues of the grottoes on the Silk Road[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005.[in Chinese]]
[3]李最雄.敦煌石窟保护工作六十年[J].敦煌研究,2004,[3]:10–26.[LI Zuixiong.Sixty years on the conservation of the Dunhuang Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,2004,[3]:10–26.[in Chinese]]
[4]李最雄,NEVILLE A,林博明.莫高窟崖顶的化学固沙实验[J].敦煌研究,1993,[1]:120–125.[LI Zuixiong,NEVILLE A,LIN Boming.Chemically sand fixed experiment on the top of Mogao Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,1993,[1]:120–125.[in Chinese]]
[5]屈建军,张伟民,凌裕泉.莫高窟顶尼纶网栅栏防沙效应初步研究[J].干旱区研究,1993,[3]:20–25.[QU Jianjun,ZHANG Weimin,LING Yuquan.Experimental research of nylon fence off sand on roof of Dunhuang Mogao cave[J].Arid Zone Research,1993,[3]:20–25.[in Chinese]]
[6]汪万福,张伟民.敦煌莫高窟窟顶风沙环境综合治理回顾与展望[J].敦煌研究,2007,[5]:98–102.[WANG Wanfu,ZHANG Weimin.Review and prospect the comprehensive control of blown sand environment on the top of Mogao Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,2007,[5]:98–102.[in Chinese]]
[7]HALL K,ANDRéM F.Rock thermal data at the grain scale:applicability to granular disintegration in cold environments[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28[8],823–836.
[8]HALL K,GUGLIELMIN M,STRINI A.Weathering of granite in Antarctica:II.thermal stress at the grain scale[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2008,33[3]:475–493.
[9]WANG X D,ZHANG H Y,ZHANG M Q.Stabilization and consolidation of Mogao Grottoes in China[C]//SOLA P,ESTAIRE J,OLALLA C,ed.Preservation of Natural Stone and Rock Weathering.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2007:211–216.
[10]GUO Q L,WANG X D,ZHANG H Y,et al.Damage and conservation of the high cliff on the northern area of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,China[J].Landslides[to be published].
[11]YI W Z,LANG X Q.Techniques for reinforcement of the Maijishan Grottoes[C]//Proceedings of Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1993:187–193.
[12]李文军,王逢睿.中国石窟岩体病害治理技术[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,2006.[LI Wenjun,WANG Fengrui.Treatment technology for diseases of rock grottoes in China[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,2006.[in Chinese]]
[13]MARGOTTINI C.Instability and geotechnical problems of the Buddha niches and surrounding cliff in Bamiyan Valley,Central Afghanistan[J].Landslides,2004,3[1]:41–51.
[14]FAN J S.Fifty years of protection of the Dunhuang Grottoes[C]//Proceedings of Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1993:12–22.
[15]王旭东,张明泉,张虎元,等.敦煌莫高窟洞窟围岩的工程特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19[6]:756–761.[WANG Xudong,ZHANG Mingquan,ZHANG Huyuan,et al.Engineering properties of surrounding rocks of Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19[6]:756–761.[in Chinese]]
[16]张虎元,曾正中,张明泉,等.敦煌莫高窟围岩稳定性及环境保护[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,17[2]:73–80.[ZHANG Huyuan,ZENG Zhengzhong,ZHANG Mingquan,et al.Rock mass stability and environmental protection problems at Mogao Grottoes site[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1996,17[2]:73–80.[in Chinese]]
[17]付长华,石玉成.地震荷载下莫高窟围岩动态损伤特性研究[J].西北地震学报,2004,[3]:266–273.[FU Changhua,SHI Yucheng.Research on dynamic damage characteristics of country rock of Mogao Grottoes under earthquake loading[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2004,[3]:266–273.[in Chinese]]
[18]BOUAZZA A,ZORNBERG J G,ADAM D.Geosynthetics in waste containment facilities:recent advances[C]//Geosynthetics—7th ICG-Delmas.Lisse:Swets and Zeitlinger,2002,445–507.
[19]ROWE R K,SANGAM H P.Durability of HDPE geomembranes[J].Geotextiles and Geomembranes,2002,20[2]:77–95.
[2]李最雄.丝绸之路石窟壁画彩塑保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.[LI Zuixiong.Conservation of the wall paintings and colored statues of the grottoes on the Silk Road[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005.[in Chinese]]
[3]李最雄.敦煌石窟保护工作六十年[J].敦煌研究,2004,[3]:10–26.[LI Zuixiong.Sixty years on the conservation of the Dunhuang Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,2004,[3]:10–26.[in Chinese]]
[4]李最雄,NEVILLE A,林博明.莫高窟崖顶的化学固沙实验[J].敦煌研究,1993,[1]:120–125.[LI Zuixiong,NEVILLE A,LIN Boming.Chemically sand fixed experiment on the top of Mogao Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,1993,[1]:120–125.[in Chinese]]
[5]屈建军,张伟民,凌裕泉.莫高窟顶尼纶网栅栏防沙效应初步研究[J].干旱区研究,1993,[3]:20–25.[QU Jianjun,ZHANG Weimin,LING Yuquan.Experimental research of nylon fence off sand on roof of Dunhuang Mogao cave[J].Arid Zone Research,1993,[3]:20–25.[in Chinese]]
[6]汪万福,张伟民.敦煌莫高窟窟顶风沙环境综合治理回顾与展望[J].敦煌研究,2007,[5]:98–102.[WANG Wanfu,ZHANG Weimin.Review and prospect the comprehensive control of blown sand environment on the top of Mogao Grottoes[J].Dunhuang Research,2007,[5]:98–102.[in Chinese]]
[7]HALL K,ANDRéM F.Rock thermal data at the grain scale:applicability to granular disintegration in cold environments[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28[8],823–836.
[8]HALL K,GUGLIELMIN M,STRINI A.Weathering of granite in Antarctica:II.thermal stress at the grain scale[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2008,33[3]:475–493.
[9]WANG X D,ZHANG H Y,ZHANG M Q.Stabilization and consolidation of Mogao Grottoes in China[C]//SOLA P,ESTAIRE J,OLALLA C,ed.Preservation of Natural Stone and Rock Weathering.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2007:211–216.
[10]GUO Q L,WANG X D,ZHANG H Y,et al.Damage and conservation of the high cliff on the northern area of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,China[J].Landslides[to be published].
[11]YI W Z,LANG X Q.Techniques for reinforcement of the Maijishan Grottoes[C]//Proceedings of Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1993:187–193.
[12]李文军,王逢睿.中国石窟岩体病害治理技术[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,2006.[LI Wenjun,WANG Fengrui.Treatment technology for diseases of rock grottoes in China[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,2006.[in Chinese]]
[13]MARGOTTINI C.Instability and geotechnical problems of the Buddha niches and surrounding cliff in Bamiyan Valley,Central Afghanistan[J].Landslides,2004,3[1]:41–51.
[14]FAN J S.Fifty years of protection of the Dunhuang Grottoes[C]//Proceedings of Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1993:12–22.
[15]王旭东,张明泉,张虎元,等.敦煌莫高窟洞窟围岩的工程特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19[6]:756–761.[WANG Xudong,ZHANG Mingquan,ZHANG Huyuan,et al.Engineering properties of surrounding rocks of Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19[6]:756–761.[in Chinese]]
[16]张虎元,曾正中,张明泉,等.敦煌莫高窟围岩稳定性及环境保护[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,17[2]:73–80.[ZHANG Huyuan,ZENG Zhengzhong,ZHANG Mingquan,et al.Rock mass stability and environmental protection problems at Mogao Grottoes site[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1996,17[2]:73–80.[in Chinese]]
[17]付长华,石玉成.地震荷载下莫高窟围岩动态损伤特性研究[J].西北地震学报,2004,[3]:266–273.[FU Changhua,SHI Yucheng.Research on dynamic damage characteristics of country rock of Mogao Grottoes under earthquake loading[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2004,[3]:266–273.[in Chinese]]
[18]BOUAZZA A,ZORNBERG J G,ADAM D.Geosynthetics in waste containment facilities:recent advances[C]//Geosynthetics—7th ICG-Delmas.Lisse:Swets and Zeitlinger,2002,445–507.
[19]ROWE R K,SANGAM H P.Durability of HDPE geomembranes[J].Geotextiles and Geomembranes,2002,20[2]:77–95.
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