云冈石窟龙王庙沟风化砂岩风化深度与风化速度环境磁学无损探测
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摘要
风化深度是石窟等石质文物稳定性、耐久性评价和保护方案制定的重要依据之一。本文在定性观察的基础上,利用环境磁学便携式磁化率仪对云冈石窟风化砂岩进行了现场风化程度无损探测,提出了云冈石窟片状风化砂岩风化程度定量分级标准,并探测了云冈石窟龙王庙沟西侧崖壁砂岩的风化深度。认为云冈石窟片状风化砂岩风化程度分为5级,云冈石窟片状风化砂岩在风化退质过程中磁化率值具有先升高后降低的特征。龙王庙沟西侧崖壁水平钻孔ZK3、ZK6处砂岩的风化深度分别为400mm和570mm,相应的风化速度为0.26350～0.26882mm/a和0.37549～0.38306mm/a,离沟口直线距离对此处砂岩的风化具有控制作用。风化的主要影响因素是武周山南崖壁的卸荷裂隙十分发育,它不仅导致石窟寺岩体边坡的失稳,也为水的入渗和渗流,石雕表面盐类的运移和积聚提供了良好的通道,更进一步加速了石雕文物的风化。建议对武周山南崖壁表面岩体进行防风化处理,并修建保护性窟檐以减小风化营力的作用。
Weathering depth is an important basis for assessment of stability and durability,and drafting protection proposal for cave relics.Based on qualitative observation,environmental magnetism portable magnetic susceptibility detector is used to detect the weathering degree of sandstone in Yungang Grottoes.A quantitative weathering grading standard of flaky weathered sandstone is proposed.The weathering depth of sandstone in the west side of Longwangmiao valley is detected.The flaky weathering degree of sandstone is divided into 5 grades.The magnetic susceptibility values increase first and then decrease.The weathering depths in the two horizontal borehole ZK3 and ZK6 are 400mm and 570mm respectively,and the corresponding weathering speeds are 0.26350~0.26882mm/a and 0.37549~0.38306mm/a.The Weathering degree is controlled by the distance to valley mouth.The main effect factor is the unloading cracks in the southern cliff of the Wuzhou Mountain,which not only leads to the rock slope slide,but also provides a good channel for infiltration and seepage of water,transportation and accumulation of the stone surface salts,and further weathering of the stone relics is then be accelerated.The measures of anti-weathering of the southern cliff of Wuzhou Mountain and construction of a brim to the Grottoes are proposed.
Weathering depth is an important basis for assessment of stability and durability,and drafting protection proposal for cave relics.Based on qualitative observation,environmental magnetism portable magnetic susceptibility detector is used to detect the weathering degree of sandstone in Yungang Grottoes.A quantitative weathering grading standard of flaky weathered sandstone is proposed.The weathering depth of sandstone in the west side of Longwangmiao valley is detected.The flaky weathering degree of sandstone is divided into 5 grades.The magnetic susceptibility values increase first and then decrease.The weathering depths in the two horizontal borehole ZK3 and ZK6 are 400mm and 570mm respectively,and the corresponding weathering speeds are 0.26350~0.26882mm/a and 0.37549~0.38306mm/a.The Weathering degree is controlled by the distance to valley mouth.The main effect factor is the unloading cracks in the southern cliff of the Wuzhou Mountain,which not only leads to the rock slope slide,but also provides a good channel for infiltration and seepage of water,transportation and accumulation of the stone surface salts,and further weathering of the stone relics is then be accelerated.The measures of anti-weathering of the southern cliff of Wuzhou Mountain and construction of a brim to the Grottoes are proposed.
引文
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[20]赵不忆,林茂炳.大同云冈石窟岩石风化调查报告[R].1964.
[21]李建宁.探索云冈石窟风化崩塌的因素[R].山西云冈文物管理所印,1963.
[22]黄克忠.云冈石窟砂岩石雕的风化问题[J].水文地质与工程地质,1984,(3):32～35.
[23]黄继忠.水岩作用与云冈石窟风化病害机理研究[D].中国地质科学院博士论文.2005.
[24]黄继忠.云冈石窟地质特征研究[J].东南文化,2003,(5):91～93.
[25]牟会宠,杨法志,伍法权.石质文物保护的工程地质力学研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.
[26]方云,陈星,刘俊红等.云冈石窟危岩发育的成因分析[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):137～141.
[27]黄继忠.云冈石窟主要病害及治理[J].雁北师范学院学报,2003,(10):57～59.
[2]黄克忠,解廷藩.云石窟石雕的风化与保护:文物保护与环境地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[3]Tamer Fopa1.Quantification of weathering depths in slightlyweathered Turfs[J].Environmental Geology,2002,42:632～641.
[4]Takahiro Oyama,Masahiro Chigira.Weathering rate of mudstone and tuff on old unlined tunnel walls[J].EngineeringGeology,1999,55:15～27.
[5]李宏松.大足宝顶山摩崖造像岩体表层风化深度的研究[A]∥王思敬.第四届全国青年工程地质大会论文集[C].北京:地质出版社,1997.
[6]Shoichi Hachinohe,Nobuaki Hiraki,Takasuke,at a1.Ratesof weathering and temporal changes in strength of marine terracesin Boso Peninsula,Japan[J].Engineering Geology,1999,55:29～43.
[7]方玉禹,夏鸿,欧宗豪等.地球物理勘探方法在云冈石窟的应用[R].1965.
[8]黄克忠,钟世航.云冈石窟石雕风化的微测深试验[J].文物保护和考古研究,1989,(1):28～33.
[9]Thompson R&Oldfield F.Environmental Magnetism[M].London,Allen&Unwin,1986.
[10]Evans M E&Heller F.Environmental Magnetism[M].Academic Press,London/San diego,2003.
[11]Maher B.A.,Characterization of soils by mineral measurements[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1986,42:76～92.
[12]俞劲炎等.土壤磁学[M].南昌:江西科技出版社,1991.
[13]Heller F,Liu S T.Palaeocimatic and sedimentary history frommagnetic susceptibility of loess in china[J].Geophys.Res.Letter,1986,13:1169～1172.
[14]Hunt A.The application of mineral magnetic methods toatmospheric aerosol discrimination[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Interiors,1986,42:10～21.
[15]Versteeg J K,Morris W A,Rukavina N A.The utility ofmagnetic propertyes as a proxy for maping contamination inHamilton Harbor sediments[J].Great Lakes Research,1995,21:71～83.
[16]旺罗,刘东生,吕厚远.污染土壤的磁化率特征[J].科学通报,2000,45(10):1091～1094.
[17]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖.城市土壤磁化率特征及其环境意义[J].华南农业大学学报,2001,22(4):26～28.
[18]徐海军,金振民,欧新功等.超高压榴辉岩退变质作用对岩石磁化率的影响[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2004,29(6):674～684.
[19]郎元强,胡大千,刘畅.南海北部陆区岩石磁化率的矿物学研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):573～587.
[20]赵不忆,林茂炳.大同云冈石窟岩石风化调查报告[R].1964.
[21]李建宁.探索云冈石窟风化崩塌的因素[R].山西云冈文物管理所印,1963.
[22]黄克忠.云冈石窟砂岩石雕的风化问题[J].水文地质与工程地质,1984,(3):32～35.
[23]黄继忠.水岩作用与云冈石窟风化病害机理研究[D].中国地质科学院博士论文.2005.
[24]黄继忠.云冈石窟地质特征研究[J].东南文化,2003,(5):91～93.
[25]牟会宠,杨法志,伍法权.石质文物保护的工程地质力学研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.
[26]方云,陈星,刘俊红等.云冈石窟危岩发育的成因分析[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):137～141.
[27]黄继忠.云冈石窟主要病害及治理[J].雁北师范学院学报,2003,(10):57～59.
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