论人地关系对湖北省自然灾害的影响
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摘要
自然灾害的发生,并非是一种单纯的自然事件。人口增长及其引发的人地关系失调是不可忽视的重要原因。自秦汉以来,随着人口的不断增长,不合理的土地利用活动极大地改变了原有的人地关系。根据各个时期的不同特点,湖北省人地关系的演变过程经历了四个阶段;人地关系演变的结果是"人、土、水"等关系严重恶化,进而引发并加重一系列自然灾害;具体表现在:(1)"人土"关系恶化导致植被减少、水土流失加剧、洪旱灾害加重;(2)"人水"关系恶化引起洪旱灾害频发;(3)70%的崩塌、滑坡与泥石流等地质灾害与人类的采矿或其它工程建设活动密切相关;(4)大中型水库诱发性地震明显增加。人地关系恶化总的结果是导致湖北省"灾种增多、频率加快、灾情趋重"。因此,湖北省自然灾害的防灾减灾工作,不仅要重视水利工程、生态工程等减灾措施的作用,更要重视人地关系变化对自然灾害的影响,从调整人地关系入手,进行生态减压,从而达到从根本上防灾减灾的目的。
The occurrence of natural disaster really isn't a kind of simple natural incident. The growth of population and imbalance of the man-land relationship led by the growth of population are not negligible factors. Along with constantly increasing in number of population since Qin-Han Dynasty, the irrational land utilization has largely changed the original man-land relationship.The process of the man-land relationship has gone through five different stages.The results of this process are causing the serious imbalance of the "man-soil"and "man-water"relationship,leading to a series of natural disasters. The concrete show is in:(1) the worsening of the"man-soil"relationship leads to the disappearance of vegetation, the serious erosion of the soil,and the increasing of the ecology calamity;(2) the worsening of"man-water"relationship causes the frequent occurrence of flood and draught disasters;(3)70% of geology calamity such as collapses,landslide and mud-rock flow etc.is caused by human's activities such as mining and engineering construction;(4)the small and middle-sized earthquakes are increasing largely because of the growth in number of big and middle-sized reservoir.In a word, the worsening man-land relationship resulted in the increase of disaster,the frequence of the calamities' appearance becomes more and more,and the situation of disaster becomes more severely.Therefore,the prevention work of natural disaster in Hubei Province not only should attach importance to irrigation projects and ecology projects,but also should pay much more attention to the impacts of the change of the man-land relationship on natural disaster.Last,the authors put forward that the preventative work should begins with the adjustment of the man-land relationship.
The occurrence of natural disaster really isn't a kind of simple natural incident. The growth of population and imbalance of the man-land relationship led by the growth of population are not negligible factors. Along with constantly increasing in number of population since Qin-Han Dynasty, the irrational land utilization has largely changed the original man-land relationship.The process of the man-land relationship has gone through five different stages.The results of this process are causing the serious imbalance of the "man-soil"and "man-water"relationship,leading to a series of natural disasters. The concrete show is in:(1) the worsening of the"man-soil"relationship leads to the disappearance of vegetation, the serious erosion of the soil,and the increasing of the ecology calamity;(2) the worsening of"man-water"relationship causes the frequent occurrence of flood and draught disasters;(3)70% of geology calamity such as collapses,landslide and mud-rock flow etc.is caused by human's activities such as mining and engineering construction;(4)the small and middle-sized earthquakes are increasing largely because of the growth in number of big and middle-sized reservoir.In a word, the worsening man-land relationship resulted in the increase of disaster,the frequence of the calamities' appearance becomes more and more,and the situation of disaster becomes more severely.Therefore,the prevention work of natural disaster in Hubei Province not only should attach importance to irrigation projects and ecology projects,but also should pay much more attention to the impacts of the change of the man-land relationship on natural disaster.Last,the authors put forward that the preventative work should begins with the adjustment of the man-land relationship.
引文
[1] 梁淑芬,朱煜城,许春福,等.湖北省自然灾害及防御对策[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1992.12.
[2] 湖北省文史研究馆.湖北省自然灾害历史资料[M].武汉:湖北省文史研究馆编印,1955,5.
[3] 宋传银.湖北近代洪涝灾害[J].中南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998,(4):63-69.
[4] 吴宜进,蔡述明,王万里.湖北省历史干湿气候的世纪振动及其比较[J].武汉大学学报(自然科学版),1999,45(3A):634-638.
[5] 吴宜进,邓先瑞.湖北省降水量的周期分析[J].热带地理,1998,17(3):201-204.
[6] 郑祚芳,陈家华.湖北省近50年气候变化特征分析[J].气象科学,2002,22(3):279-286.
[7] 伊武军.人地关系调控与生态环境——以长江洪灾为例湖北近代洪涝灾害[J].福建地质,2000,20(1):41-46.
[8] 张伟然.湖北历史文化地理研究[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000.154-168.
[9] 史德明.长江流域水土流失与洪涝灾害关系剖析[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(1):1-7.
[10] 梁音,史学正,史德明.从长江上游地区水土流失及"土壤水库容"分析1998洪水[J].中国水土保持,1998,(11):32-34.
[11] 查世煜,李秋洪.三峡库区耕地的水土流失问题与对策[J].农业环境与发展,1998,(2):30-33.
[12] 张小林.三峡库区水土流失防治及其对环境质量的改善[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4):85-89.
[13] 张金池,胡海波,阮宏华,等.长江流域的水土流失及防治对策[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23(2):17-21.
[14] 张斌,杨瑞,高水生.浅析洪灾对湖北省生态环境的影响[J].环境科学与技术,2000,(增刊):80-84.
[15] 蔡述明,杜耘,黄进良,等.长江中游洪涝灾害的成因与监测决策支持系统的建立[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2002,27(1):643-647.
[16] 蔡述明,雷慰慈,关庆滔.试论综合治理开发江汉平原之方略[A].长江流域资源、生态、环境与经济开发研究论文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1991.12-20.
[17] 张感山.湖北水资源统一管理的对策思路[J/OL].http://www.cws.net.cn/CWR_Journal/200201/24.html.
[18] 张梁,李闽.地质灾害生命损失灾情分析与对策[J].安全与环境工程,2001,8(3):1-4.
[19] 曹安俊.加强地质灾害防治工作,促进经济社会可持续发展[J].湖北地矿,2001,15(3):6-8.
[20] 康平.天倾之忧-湖北省地质灾害调查和预报纪实[J].湖北地矿,2001,15(3):23-36.
[21] 严尊国,杨福平,周昕,等.未来长江三峡水库诱发地震的预测技术探讨[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(1):103-107.
[2] 湖北省文史研究馆.湖北省自然灾害历史资料[M].武汉:湖北省文史研究馆编印,1955,5.
[3] 宋传银.湖北近代洪涝灾害[J].中南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998,(4):63-69.
[4] 吴宜进,蔡述明,王万里.湖北省历史干湿气候的世纪振动及其比较[J].武汉大学学报(自然科学版),1999,45(3A):634-638.
[5] 吴宜进,邓先瑞.湖北省降水量的周期分析[J].热带地理,1998,17(3):201-204.
[6] 郑祚芳,陈家华.湖北省近50年气候变化特征分析[J].气象科学,2002,22(3):279-286.
[7] 伊武军.人地关系调控与生态环境——以长江洪灾为例湖北近代洪涝灾害[J].福建地质,2000,20(1):41-46.
[8] 张伟然.湖北历史文化地理研究[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000.154-168.
[9] 史德明.长江流域水土流失与洪涝灾害关系剖析[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(1):1-7.
[10] 梁音,史学正,史德明.从长江上游地区水土流失及"土壤水库容"分析1998洪水[J].中国水土保持,1998,(11):32-34.
[11] 查世煜,李秋洪.三峡库区耕地的水土流失问题与对策[J].农业环境与发展,1998,(2):30-33.
[12] 张小林.三峡库区水土流失防治及其对环境质量的改善[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4):85-89.
[13] 张金池,胡海波,阮宏华,等.长江流域的水土流失及防治对策[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23(2):17-21.
[14] 张斌,杨瑞,高水生.浅析洪灾对湖北省生态环境的影响[J].环境科学与技术,2000,(增刊):80-84.
[15] 蔡述明,杜耘,黄进良,等.长江中游洪涝灾害的成因与监测决策支持系统的建立[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2002,27(1):643-647.
[16] 蔡述明,雷慰慈,关庆滔.试论综合治理开发江汉平原之方略[A].长江流域资源、生态、环境与经济开发研究论文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1991.12-20.
[17] 张感山.湖北水资源统一管理的对策思路[J/OL].http://www.cws.net.cn/CWR_Journal/200201/24.html.
[18] 张梁,李闽.地质灾害生命损失灾情分析与对策[J].安全与环境工程,2001,8(3):1-4.
[19] 曹安俊.加强地质灾害防治工作,促进经济社会可持续发展[J].湖北地矿,2001,15(3):6-8.
[20] 康平.天倾之忧-湖北省地质灾害调查和预报纪实[J].湖北地矿,2001,15(3):23-36.
[21] 严尊国,杨福平,周昕,等.未来长江三峡水库诱发地震的预测技术探讨[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(1):103-107.
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