法理地震学与全面禁止核试验条约
|
摘要
法理地震学的用途之一就是帮助核查"全面禁止核试验条约"的执行情况。法理地震学家面临的一个重要挑战是将每年发生的成千上万次天然地震与可能违反条约的地下爆破区别开来。识别方法主要有4种:(a)体波与面波的震级比,(b)高频P波与S波能量比,(c)基于模型的方法,(d)震源深度。方法(a)和(b)有经验基础。方法(a)～(c)的不足是对全球地质学介质范围内激发的地下爆破缺少一个等效的弹性震源。可靠的常规震源深度的确定已被证明非常困难。然而,过去的十几年获得的在识别可疑震源方面的经验说明,尽管没有单一的方法能够长期奏效,但巧妙地独创性地应用各种互补方法通常能够解决可疑震源识别问题。
引文
[1]Marshall P D,Rozgonova D,Weiss W.Testing times:the road to a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:80-81
[2]Blandford R R.Discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,1977,5:111-122
[3]Douglas A.Seismic source identification:a review of past and present research efforts.1981.See Husebye&Mykkeltveit,1981,pp.1-48
[4]Douglas A.Forensic seismology revisited.Surv.Geophys.,2007,28:1-31
[5]Takano M,Krioutchenkov V.Technical methods employed for the On-Site Inspection.Kerntechnik,2001,66:143-146
[6]Barrientos S,Haslinger F,Astiz L,et al.Seismological monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:82-89
[7]Lawrence M,Galindo M,Grenard P,et al.Hydroacoustic monitoring system for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:90-95
[8]Christie D R,Vivas Veloso J A,Campus P,et al.Detection of atmospheric nuclear explosions:the infrasound component of the International Monitoring System.Kerntechnik,2001,66:96-101
[9]Matthews M,Schulze J.The radionuclide monitoring system of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Or-ganisation:from sample to product.Kerntechnik,2001,66:102-111
[10]Karhu P,Clawson R.Radionuclide laboratories supporting the network of radionuclide stations in verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:126-128
[11]Bratt S R.The International Data Centre of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty:vision and progress.Kerntechnik,2001,66:134-142
[12]Sykes L.Four decades of progress in seismic identification help verify the CTBT.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2002,83:497,500
[13]Douglas A,Bowers D,Marshall P D,et al.Putting nuclear-test monitoring to the test.Nature,1999,398:474-475
[14]Bowers D,Marshall P D,Douglas A.The level of deterrence provided by data from the SPITS seismometer ar-ray to possible violations of the Comprehensive Test Ban in the Novaya Zemlya region.Geophys.J.Int.,2001,146:425-438
[15]Richards P G,KimW-Y.Testing the nuclear test-ban treaty.Nature,1997,389:781-782
[16]Hartse HE.The16August1997Novaya Zemlya seismic event as viewed from GSN stations KEV and KBS.Seism.Res.Lett.,1998,69:206-215
[17]Bowers D.Was the16August1997seismic disturbance near Novaya Zemlya an earthquake-Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:2400-2409
[18]Kim W-Y,Richards P G.North Korean nuclear test:seismic discrimination at low yield.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2007,88:158,161
[19]van der Vink G E,Park J.Nuclear test ban monitoring:new requirements,new resources.Science,1994,263:634-635
[20]Kradolfer U.Waves4U:waveform availability through AutoDRM’s.Seism.Res.Lett.,2000,71:79-82
[21]McCormack D A.Using seismic data in air crash investigations.CTBTO Spectr.,2003,2:1,16
[22]KimW-Y,Sykes L R,Armitage J H,et al.Seismic waves generated by aircraft impacts and building collap-ses at World Trade Center,New York City.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2001,82:565,570-571
[23]Holzer TL,Fletcher J B,Fuis G S,et al.Seismograms offer insight into Oklahoma City bombing.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,1996,77:393,398-399
[24]Koper K D,Wallace TC,Hollnack D.Seismic analysis of the7August1998truck bomb blast at the Ameri-can embassy in Nairobi,Kenya.Seism.Res.Lett.,1999,70:512-521
[25]Koper KD,Wallace TC,Reinke R E,et al.Empirical scaling laws for truck bomb explosions based on seis-mic and acoustic data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:527-542
[26]Natl.Acad.Sci.Technical issues related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.Washington,DC:Natl.Acad.Press,2002:84
[27]Richards P G,Zavales J.Seismological methods for monitoring a CTBT:the technical issues arising in early negotiations.1996.See Husebye&Dainty1996,pp.53-81
[28]Blandford R R.Seismic discrimination problems at regional distances.1981.See Husebye&Mykkeltveit1981,pp.695-740
[29]Blandford R R.Regional seismic event discrimination.1996.See Husebye&Dainty1996,pp.689-719
[30]Bowers D,Douglas A.Characterisation of large mine tremors using P observed at teleseismic distances.1997.See Gibowicz&Lasocki1997,pp.55-60
[31]Bowers D,Walter W R.Discriminating between large mine collapses and explosions using teleseismic P waves.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:803-830
[32]Bennett TJ,McLaughlin K L.Seismic characteristics and mechanisms of rockbursts for use in seismic dis-crimination.1997.See Gibowicz&Lasocki1997,pp.61-66
[33]Fisk MD,Jepsen D,Murphy J R.Experimental seismic event-screening criteria at the Prototype International Data Centre.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:865-888
[34]Denny M D,Johnson L R.The explosion seismic source function:Models and scaling laws reviewed.1991.See Taylor et al.1991,pp.1-24
[35]Fisk M D,Gray H L,McCartor G D.Regional discrimination without transporting thresholds.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1996,86:1545-1558
[36]Anderson D N,Taylor S R.Application of regularized discrimination analysis to regional seismic event identi-fication.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:1078-1090
[37]Anderson D N,Fagan D K,Tinker MA,et al.Amathematical statistics formulation of the teleseismic explo-sion identification problem with multiple discriminants.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2007,97:1730-1741
[38]Pearce R G.Fault plane solutions using relative amplitudes of P and surface reflections:further studies.Geo-phys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1980,60:459-487
[39]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Blamey C.Aquantitative evaluation of seismic signals at teleseismic distances—Ⅲ.Computed P and Rayleigh wave seismograms.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1972,28:385-410
[40]Bowers D,Pearce R G,Douglas A.Using regional geophysical databases to facilitate the identification of sur-face reflections on P-seismograms.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,142:915-924
[41]Murphy J R,Barker B W.Improved focal-depth determination through automated identification of the seismicdepth phasespPandsP.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:1213-1229
[42]Heyburn R,Bowers D.Earthquake depth estimation using theFtrace and associated probability.Geophys.J.Int.,2008,98:18-35
[43]Bowers D.The October30,1994seismic disturbance in South Africa:earthquake or large rock burst-J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:9843-9857
[44]Myers S C,Walter W R,Mayeda K,et al.Observations in support ofRgscattering as a source for explosion Swaves:regional and local recordings of the1997Kazakhstan depth of burial experiment.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89:544-549
[45]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Kembhavi V K.The relative excitation of seismic surface and body waves by point sources.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1971,23:451-460
[46]Patton HJ.Bias in the centroid moment tensor for central Asian earthquakes:evidence from regional surface wave data.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:26963-26974
[47]Lilwall R C.Station threshold bias in short-period amplitude distance and station terms used to compute body-wave magnitudesmb.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1987,91:1127-1133
[48]Zaslavsky-Paltiel I,Steinberg D M.Comparison of methods for estimating station magnitude corrections for im-proved seismologic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98:1-17
[49]Marshall P D,Springer D L,Rodean H C.Magnitude corrections for attenuation in the upper mantle.Geo-phys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1979,57:609-638
[50]Bowers D,Douglas A.The effect of the earthquake radiation pattern onmb—a study using aftershocks in the1976Gazli sequence.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88:523-530
[51]Granville J P,Kim W-Y,Richards P G.An assessment of seismic body-wave magnitudes published by the prototype International Data Centre.Seism.Res.Lett.,2002,73:893-906
[52]Bowers D,Douglas A,Selby N D,et al.Seismological identification of the1998May28Pakistan nuclear test.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150:153-161
[53]Granville J P,Richards P G,KimW-Y,et al.Understanding the differences between three teleseismicmb scales.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2005,95:1809-1824
[54]Stevens J L,McLaughlin K L.Optimization of surface wave identification and measurement.Pure Appl.Geo-phys.,2001,158:1547-1582
[55]Rezapour M,Pearce R G.Bias in surface wave magnitudeMSdue to inadequate distance corrections.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88:43-61
[56]Marshall P D,Basham P W.Discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions employing an improvedMSscale.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1972,28:431-458
[57]Russell D.Development of a time-domain,variable-period surface wave magnitude measurement procedure for application at regional and teleseismic distances,part I:theory.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:665-677
[58]Bonner J L,Russell D R,Harkrider D G,et al.Development of a time-domain,variable-period surface-wave magnitude measurement procedure for application at regional and teleseismic distances,Part II:application and MS-mbperformance.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:678-696
[59]Selby N D,Bowers D,Marshall P D,et al.Empirical path and station corrections for surface-wave magni-tude,MS,using a global network.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,155:379-390
[60]Barker B,Clark M,Davis P,et al.Monitoring nuclear tests.Science,1998,281:1967-1968
[61]Selby N D.Association of Rayleigh waves using back-azimuth measurements:application to test ban verifica-tion.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91:580-593
[62]Stevens J L,Day S M.The physical basis ofmb:MSand variable frequency magnitude methods for earth-quake/explosion discrimination.J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:3009-3020
[63]Mueller R A,Murphy J R.Seismic characterization of underground nuclear detonations.Part I.Seismic scal-ing law of underground nuclear detonations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1971,61:1675-1692
[64]Murphy J R.Types of seismic event and their source descriptions.1996.See Husebye&Dainty1996pp.225-245
[65]Toks z M N,Kehrer HH.Tectonic release by underground nuclear explosions and its effect on seismic dis-crimination.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1972,31:141-161
[66]Rygg E.Anomalous surface waves from underground explosions.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1979,69:1995-2002
[67]Ekstr m G,Richards P G.Empirical measurements of tectonic moment release in nuclear explosions from teleseismic surface waves and body waves.Geophys.J.Int.,1994,117:120-140
[68]Stevens J L,Murphy J R.Yield estimation from surface-wave amplitudes.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,158:2227-2251
[69]Patton HJ.Seismic moment estimation and the scaling of the long-period explosion source spectrum.1991.See Taylor et al.1991,pp.171-183
[70]Walter W R,Mayeda K M,Patton HJ.Phase and spectral ratio discrimination between NTS earthquakes and explosions.Part I:empirical observations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1995,85:1050-1067
[71]Fisk MD.Source spectral modeling of regionalP/Sdiscriminants at nuclear test sites in China and the former Soviet Union.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:2348-2367
[72]Kim W-Y,Aharonian V,Lerner-Lam L,et al.Discrimination of earthquakes and explosions in Southern Rus-sia using regional high-frequency three-component data from the IRIS/JSP Caucasus network.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1997,87:569-588
[73]Zhang J,Lay T,ZaslowJ,et al.Source effects on regional seismic discriminant measurements.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,91:2926-2945
[74]Lilwall R C.Regionalmb:MS,Lg/Pgamplitude ratios andLgspectral ratios as criteria for distinguishing be-tween earthquakes and explosions:a theoretical study.Geophys.J.,1988,93:137-147
[75]Bottone S,Fisk MD,McCartor G D.Regional seismic-event characterization using a Bayesian formulation of simple kriging.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:2277-2296
[76]Ringdal F,Kremenetskaya E,Asming V.Observed characteristics of regional seismic phases and implications forP/Sdiscrimination in the European Arctic.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,159:701-719
[77]Xie J,Patton HJ.Regional phase excitation and propagation in the Lop Nor region of central Asia and impli-cations forP/Lgdiscriminants.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104:941-954
[78]Schultz C A,Myers S C,Hipp J,et al.Nonstationary Bayesian kriging:a predictive technique to generate spatial corrections for seismic detection,location,and identification.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88:1275-1288
[79]Rodgers AJ,Walter W R,Schultz C A,et al.Acomparison of methodologies for representing path effects on regionalP/Sdiscriminants.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89:394-408
[80]Fan G-W,Lay T,Bottone S.Path corrections for source discriminants:a case study at two International Mo-nitoring System stations.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:651-678
[81]Rodgers A J,Walter W R.Seismic discrimination of the May11,1998Indian nuclear test with short-period regional data from station NIL(Nilore,Pakistan).Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:679-700
[82]Taylor S R,Velasco A A,Hartse HE,et al.Amplitude corrections for regional seismic discriminants.PureAppl.Geophys.,2002,159:623-650
[83]Walter W R,Taylor S R.Arevised magnitude and distance amplitude correction(MDAC2)procedure for re-gional seismic discriminants:Theory and testing at NTS.Tech.Rep.UCRL-ID-146882.Lawrence Livermore Natl.Lab.,Livermore,CA
[84]Jenkins P D,Sereno TJ.Calibration of regionalS/Pamplitude-ratio discriminants.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,158:1279-1300
[85]Myers S C,Wagoner J,Larsen S,et al.Simulation of regional explosion S-phases(SiRES)project.Proc.2003Seism.Res.Rev.,Tucson,AZ,Tech.Rep.UCRL-JC-153604.2003,pp.117-124.Livermore,CA:Lawrence Livermore Natl.Lab.
[86]Stevens J L,Baker G E,Xu H.The physical basis of the explosion source and generation of regional seismic phases.Proc.28th Seism.Res.Rev.,Orlando,Fla.,Tech.Rep.LA-UR-06-5471.2006,pp.681-692.Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos Natl.Lab.
[87]Fisk M D.Corner frequency scaling of regional seismic phases for underground nuclear explosions at the Ne-vada Test Site.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2007,97:977-988
[88]Evernden J F.Estimation of yields of underground explosions with emphasis on recent Indian and Pakistani explosions.Phys.Soc.,1998,27:10-11
[89]Sikka S K,Roy F,Nair G J.Yield estimation of Indian nuclear tests of1998.Curr.Sci.,2001,81:885-887
[90]Douglas A,Selby N D,Bowers D.Seismic magnitude and yield for the Indian nuclear test of11May1998.Curr.Sci.,2002,83:989-992
[91]Rodgers A J,Walter W R,Bredbeck TM.Complete regional waveform modelling to estimate seismic velocity structure and source parameters for CTBTmonitoring.Proc.21st Seism.Res.Symp.,Las Vegas,NV,Tech.Rep.LA-UR-99-4700.1999,pp.226-233.Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos Natl.Lab.
[92]Selby N D,Walter W R,Bowers D.Tectonic release triggered by the11May1998Indian nuclear tests.Seism.Res.Lett.,2004,74:252
[93]Herrin E,Goforth T.Phase analysis of Rayleigh waves from the Shagan River test site in the USSR.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1986,76:1739-1754
[94]Albright D,Gay C,Pabian F.New details emerge on Pakistan’s first nuclear test site.Earth Obs.Mag.Jan.,7:No.12,1999
[95]Selby N D,Bowers D,Douglas A,et al.Seismic discrimination in Southern Xinjiang:The13March2003Lop Nor earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2005,95:197-211
[96]Selby N D,Bowers D.Implications of the9October2006North Korean nuclear test for event screening.Seism.Res.Lett.,2007,78:253
[97]Ringdal F,Kverna T,Paulsen B.Seismic events in the Barents Sea at and near the site of the Kursk subma-rine accident on12August2000.NORSAR Sci.Rep.1-2000/1002,Norway,2000,pp.77-88
[98]Koper K D,Wallace TC,Taylor S R,et al.Forensic seismology and the sinking of the Kursk.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2001,82:37,45-46
[99]Schweitzer J.Some results derived from the seismic signals of the accident of the Russian submarine Kursk.NORSAR Sci.Rep.1-2002,Norway,2002,pp.115-121
[100]Sebe O,Bard P-Y,Guilbert J.Single station estimation of seismic source time function from coda waves:The Kursk disaster.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32:L14308
[101]Khristoforov B.About the control of the underwater and above water nuclear explosions by hydroacoustic meth-ods.Tech.Rep.SPC-95-4049.Russ.Acad.Sci.,Moscow,1996
[102]Douglas A.Bandpass filtering to reduce noise on seismograms:Is there a better way-Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1997,87:770-777
[103]Douglas A,Bowers D,Young J B.On the onset of P seismograms.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,129:681-690
[104]Jacob A W B,Willmore P L.TeleseismicPwaves from a10ton explosion.Nature,1972,236:305-306
[105]Tsai Y-B,Aki K.Precise focal depth determination from amplitude spectra of surface waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,75:5729-5743
[106]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Kembhavi V K.The analysis of surface wave spectra using a reciprocity theorem for surface waves.Geophys J.R.Astron.Soc.,1971,23:207-223
[107]Fox B D,Woodhouse J H,Selby N D.Source depth determination in China using intermediate-period funda-mental mode surface waves.EOS Trans.AGU Fall Meet.Suppl.,86(52)(Abstr.S51B-1011),2005
[108]KCNA.Report on explosion at Ryongchon railway station.http:∥www.kcna.co.jp/item/2004/200404/news04/24.htm#1(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[109]BBC.Rumours linger over N Korea blast.http:∥news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3652157.stm(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[110]Chosun.Ryongchon explosion eight times as great as North claims.http:∥english.chosun.com/w21data/ht-ml/news/200405/200405160017.html(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[111]BBC.UK demands N Korea explain blast.http:∥news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk politics/3648988.stm(Access-ed October25,2008).2004
[112]Chosun.Signs indicate no explosion occurred in N.Korea’s Kim Hyong-jik County.http:∥english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200409/200409170025.html(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[113]Walter W R,Matzel E,Pasyanos M E,et al.Empirical observations of earthquake-explosion discrimination usingP/Sratios and implications for the sources of explosionS-waves.Proc.29th Monit.Res.Rev.,Denver,Colo.,Tech.Rep.LA-UR-07-5613.pp.684-693.Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos Natl.Lab.2007
[2]Blandford R R.Discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,1977,5:111-122
[3]Douglas A.Seismic source identification:a review of past and present research efforts.1981.See Husebye&Mykkeltveit,1981,pp.1-48
[4]Douglas A.Forensic seismology revisited.Surv.Geophys.,2007,28:1-31
[5]Takano M,Krioutchenkov V.Technical methods employed for the On-Site Inspection.Kerntechnik,2001,66:143-146
[6]Barrientos S,Haslinger F,Astiz L,et al.Seismological monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:82-89
[7]Lawrence M,Galindo M,Grenard P,et al.Hydroacoustic monitoring system for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:90-95
[8]Christie D R,Vivas Veloso J A,Campus P,et al.Detection of atmospheric nuclear explosions:the infrasound component of the International Monitoring System.Kerntechnik,2001,66:96-101
[9]Matthews M,Schulze J.The radionuclide monitoring system of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Or-ganisation:from sample to product.Kerntechnik,2001,66:102-111
[10]Karhu P,Clawson R.Radionuclide laboratories supporting the network of radionuclide stations in verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Kerntechnik,2001,66:126-128
[11]Bratt S R.The International Data Centre of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty:vision and progress.Kerntechnik,2001,66:134-142
[12]Sykes L.Four decades of progress in seismic identification help verify the CTBT.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2002,83:497,500
[13]Douglas A,Bowers D,Marshall P D,et al.Putting nuclear-test monitoring to the test.Nature,1999,398:474-475
[14]Bowers D,Marshall P D,Douglas A.The level of deterrence provided by data from the SPITS seismometer ar-ray to possible violations of the Comprehensive Test Ban in the Novaya Zemlya region.Geophys.J.Int.,2001,146:425-438
[15]Richards P G,KimW-Y.Testing the nuclear test-ban treaty.Nature,1997,389:781-782
[16]Hartse HE.The16August1997Novaya Zemlya seismic event as viewed from GSN stations KEV and KBS.Seism.Res.Lett.,1998,69:206-215
[17]Bowers D.Was the16August1997seismic disturbance near Novaya Zemlya an earthquake-Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:2400-2409
[18]Kim W-Y,Richards P G.North Korean nuclear test:seismic discrimination at low yield.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2007,88:158,161
[19]van der Vink G E,Park J.Nuclear test ban monitoring:new requirements,new resources.Science,1994,263:634-635
[20]Kradolfer U.Waves4U:waveform availability through AutoDRM’s.Seism.Res.Lett.,2000,71:79-82
[21]McCormack D A.Using seismic data in air crash investigations.CTBTO Spectr.,2003,2:1,16
[22]KimW-Y,Sykes L R,Armitage J H,et al.Seismic waves generated by aircraft impacts and building collap-ses at World Trade Center,New York City.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2001,82:565,570-571
[23]Holzer TL,Fletcher J B,Fuis G S,et al.Seismograms offer insight into Oklahoma City bombing.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,1996,77:393,398-399
[24]Koper K D,Wallace TC,Hollnack D.Seismic analysis of the7August1998truck bomb blast at the Ameri-can embassy in Nairobi,Kenya.Seism.Res.Lett.,1999,70:512-521
[25]Koper KD,Wallace TC,Reinke R E,et al.Empirical scaling laws for truck bomb explosions based on seis-mic and acoustic data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:527-542
[26]Natl.Acad.Sci.Technical issues related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.Washington,DC:Natl.Acad.Press,2002:84
[27]Richards P G,Zavales J.Seismological methods for monitoring a CTBT:the technical issues arising in early negotiations.1996.See Husebye&Dainty1996,pp.53-81
[28]Blandford R R.Seismic discrimination problems at regional distances.1981.See Husebye&Mykkeltveit1981,pp.695-740
[29]Blandford R R.Regional seismic event discrimination.1996.See Husebye&Dainty1996,pp.689-719
[30]Bowers D,Douglas A.Characterisation of large mine tremors using P observed at teleseismic distances.1997.See Gibowicz&Lasocki1997,pp.55-60
[31]Bowers D,Walter W R.Discriminating between large mine collapses and explosions using teleseismic P waves.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:803-830
[32]Bennett TJ,McLaughlin K L.Seismic characteristics and mechanisms of rockbursts for use in seismic dis-crimination.1997.See Gibowicz&Lasocki1997,pp.61-66
[33]Fisk MD,Jepsen D,Murphy J R.Experimental seismic event-screening criteria at the Prototype International Data Centre.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:865-888
[34]Denny M D,Johnson L R.The explosion seismic source function:Models and scaling laws reviewed.1991.See Taylor et al.1991,pp.1-24
[35]Fisk M D,Gray H L,McCartor G D.Regional discrimination without transporting thresholds.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1996,86:1545-1558
[36]Anderson D N,Taylor S R.Application of regularized discrimination analysis to regional seismic event identi-fication.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:1078-1090
[37]Anderson D N,Fagan D K,Tinker MA,et al.Amathematical statistics formulation of the teleseismic explo-sion identification problem with multiple discriminants.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2007,97:1730-1741
[38]Pearce R G.Fault plane solutions using relative amplitudes of P and surface reflections:further studies.Geo-phys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1980,60:459-487
[39]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Blamey C.Aquantitative evaluation of seismic signals at teleseismic distances—Ⅲ.Computed P and Rayleigh wave seismograms.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1972,28:385-410
[40]Bowers D,Pearce R G,Douglas A.Using regional geophysical databases to facilitate the identification of sur-face reflections on P-seismograms.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,142:915-924
[41]Murphy J R,Barker B W.Improved focal-depth determination through automated identification of the seismicdepth phasespPandsP.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:1213-1229
[42]Heyburn R,Bowers D.Earthquake depth estimation using theFtrace and associated probability.Geophys.J.Int.,2008,98:18-35
[43]Bowers D.The October30,1994seismic disturbance in South Africa:earthquake or large rock burst-J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:9843-9857
[44]Myers S C,Walter W R,Mayeda K,et al.Observations in support ofRgscattering as a source for explosion Swaves:regional and local recordings of the1997Kazakhstan depth of burial experiment.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89:544-549
[45]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Kembhavi V K.The relative excitation of seismic surface and body waves by point sources.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1971,23:451-460
[46]Patton HJ.Bias in the centroid moment tensor for central Asian earthquakes:evidence from regional surface wave data.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:26963-26974
[47]Lilwall R C.Station threshold bias in short-period amplitude distance and station terms used to compute body-wave magnitudesmb.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1987,91:1127-1133
[48]Zaslavsky-Paltiel I,Steinberg D M.Comparison of methods for estimating station magnitude corrections for im-proved seismologic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98:1-17
[49]Marshall P D,Springer D L,Rodean H C.Magnitude corrections for attenuation in the upper mantle.Geo-phys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1979,57:609-638
[50]Bowers D,Douglas A.The effect of the earthquake radiation pattern onmb—a study using aftershocks in the1976Gazli sequence.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88:523-530
[51]Granville J P,Kim W-Y,Richards P G.An assessment of seismic body-wave magnitudes published by the prototype International Data Centre.Seism.Res.Lett.,2002,73:893-906
[52]Bowers D,Douglas A,Selby N D,et al.Seismological identification of the1998May28Pakistan nuclear test.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150:153-161
[53]Granville J P,Richards P G,KimW-Y,et al.Understanding the differences between three teleseismicmb scales.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2005,95:1809-1824
[54]Stevens J L,McLaughlin K L.Optimization of surface wave identification and measurement.Pure Appl.Geo-phys.,2001,158:1547-1582
[55]Rezapour M,Pearce R G.Bias in surface wave magnitudeMSdue to inadequate distance corrections.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88:43-61
[56]Marshall P D,Basham P W.Discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions employing an improvedMSscale.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1972,28:431-458
[57]Russell D.Development of a time-domain,variable-period surface wave magnitude measurement procedure for application at regional and teleseismic distances,part I:theory.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:665-677
[58]Bonner J L,Russell D R,Harkrider D G,et al.Development of a time-domain,variable-period surface-wave magnitude measurement procedure for application at regional and teleseismic distances,Part II:application and MS-mbperformance.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:678-696
[59]Selby N D,Bowers D,Marshall P D,et al.Empirical path and station corrections for surface-wave magni-tude,MS,using a global network.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,155:379-390
[60]Barker B,Clark M,Davis P,et al.Monitoring nuclear tests.Science,1998,281:1967-1968
[61]Selby N D.Association of Rayleigh waves using back-azimuth measurements:application to test ban verifica-tion.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91:580-593
[62]Stevens J L,Day S M.The physical basis ofmb:MSand variable frequency magnitude methods for earth-quake/explosion discrimination.J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:3009-3020
[63]Mueller R A,Murphy J R.Seismic characterization of underground nuclear detonations.Part I.Seismic scal-ing law of underground nuclear detonations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1971,61:1675-1692
[64]Murphy J R.Types of seismic event and their source descriptions.1996.See Husebye&Dainty1996pp.225-245
[65]Toks z M N,Kehrer HH.Tectonic release by underground nuclear explosions and its effect on seismic dis-crimination.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1972,31:141-161
[66]Rygg E.Anomalous surface waves from underground explosions.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1979,69:1995-2002
[67]Ekstr m G,Richards P G.Empirical measurements of tectonic moment release in nuclear explosions from teleseismic surface waves and body waves.Geophys.J.Int.,1994,117:120-140
[68]Stevens J L,Murphy J R.Yield estimation from surface-wave amplitudes.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,158:2227-2251
[69]Patton HJ.Seismic moment estimation and the scaling of the long-period explosion source spectrum.1991.See Taylor et al.1991,pp.171-183
[70]Walter W R,Mayeda K M,Patton HJ.Phase and spectral ratio discrimination between NTS earthquakes and explosions.Part I:empirical observations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1995,85:1050-1067
[71]Fisk MD.Source spectral modeling of regionalP/Sdiscriminants at nuclear test sites in China and the former Soviet Union.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96:2348-2367
[72]Kim W-Y,Aharonian V,Lerner-Lam L,et al.Discrimination of earthquakes and explosions in Southern Rus-sia using regional high-frequency three-component data from the IRIS/JSP Caucasus network.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1997,87:569-588
[73]Zhang J,Lay T,ZaslowJ,et al.Source effects on regional seismic discriminant measurements.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,91:2926-2945
[74]Lilwall R C.Regionalmb:MS,Lg/Pgamplitude ratios andLgspectral ratios as criteria for distinguishing be-tween earthquakes and explosions:a theoretical study.Geophys.J.,1988,93:137-147
[75]Bottone S,Fisk MD,McCartor G D.Regional seismic-event characterization using a Bayesian formulation of simple kriging.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92:2277-2296
[76]Ringdal F,Kremenetskaya E,Asming V.Observed characteristics of regional seismic phases and implications forP/Sdiscrimination in the European Arctic.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,159:701-719
[77]Xie J,Patton HJ.Regional phase excitation and propagation in the Lop Nor region of central Asia and impli-cations forP/Lgdiscriminants.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104:941-954
[78]Schultz C A,Myers S C,Hipp J,et al.Nonstationary Bayesian kriging:a predictive technique to generate spatial corrections for seismic detection,location,and identification.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88:1275-1288
[79]Rodgers AJ,Walter W R,Schultz C A,et al.Acomparison of methodologies for representing path effects on regionalP/Sdiscriminants.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89:394-408
[80]Fan G-W,Lay T,Bottone S.Path corrections for source discriminants:a case study at two International Mo-nitoring System stations.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:651-678
[81]Rodgers A J,Walter W R.Seismic discrimination of the May11,1998Indian nuclear test with short-period regional data from station NIL(Nilore,Pakistan).Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:679-700
[82]Taylor S R,Velasco A A,Hartse HE,et al.Amplitude corrections for regional seismic discriminants.PureAppl.Geophys.,2002,159:623-650
[83]Walter W R,Taylor S R.Arevised magnitude and distance amplitude correction(MDAC2)procedure for re-gional seismic discriminants:Theory and testing at NTS.Tech.Rep.UCRL-ID-146882.Lawrence Livermore Natl.Lab.,Livermore,CA
[84]Jenkins P D,Sereno TJ.Calibration of regionalS/Pamplitude-ratio discriminants.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,158:1279-1300
[85]Myers S C,Wagoner J,Larsen S,et al.Simulation of regional explosion S-phases(SiRES)project.Proc.2003Seism.Res.Rev.,Tucson,AZ,Tech.Rep.UCRL-JC-153604.2003,pp.117-124.Livermore,CA:Lawrence Livermore Natl.Lab.
[86]Stevens J L,Baker G E,Xu H.The physical basis of the explosion source and generation of regional seismic phases.Proc.28th Seism.Res.Rev.,Orlando,Fla.,Tech.Rep.LA-UR-06-5471.2006,pp.681-692.Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos Natl.Lab.
[87]Fisk M D.Corner frequency scaling of regional seismic phases for underground nuclear explosions at the Ne-vada Test Site.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2007,97:977-988
[88]Evernden J F.Estimation of yields of underground explosions with emphasis on recent Indian and Pakistani explosions.Phys.Soc.,1998,27:10-11
[89]Sikka S K,Roy F,Nair G J.Yield estimation of Indian nuclear tests of1998.Curr.Sci.,2001,81:885-887
[90]Douglas A,Selby N D,Bowers D.Seismic magnitude and yield for the Indian nuclear test of11May1998.Curr.Sci.,2002,83:989-992
[91]Rodgers A J,Walter W R,Bredbeck TM.Complete regional waveform modelling to estimate seismic velocity structure and source parameters for CTBTmonitoring.Proc.21st Seism.Res.Symp.,Las Vegas,NV,Tech.Rep.LA-UR-99-4700.1999,pp.226-233.Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos Natl.Lab.
[92]Selby N D,Walter W R,Bowers D.Tectonic release triggered by the11May1998Indian nuclear tests.Seism.Res.Lett.,2004,74:252
[93]Herrin E,Goforth T.Phase analysis of Rayleigh waves from the Shagan River test site in the USSR.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1986,76:1739-1754
[94]Albright D,Gay C,Pabian F.New details emerge on Pakistan’s first nuclear test site.Earth Obs.Mag.Jan.,7:No.12,1999
[95]Selby N D,Bowers D,Douglas A,et al.Seismic discrimination in Southern Xinjiang:The13March2003Lop Nor earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2005,95:197-211
[96]Selby N D,Bowers D.Implications of the9October2006North Korean nuclear test for event screening.Seism.Res.Lett.,2007,78:253
[97]Ringdal F,Kverna T,Paulsen B.Seismic events in the Barents Sea at and near the site of the Kursk subma-rine accident on12August2000.NORSAR Sci.Rep.1-2000/1002,Norway,2000,pp.77-88
[98]Koper K D,Wallace TC,Taylor S R,et al.Forensic seismology and the sinking of the Kursk.EOS Trans.Am.Geophys.Union,2001,82:37,45-46
[99]Schweitzer J.Some results derived from the seismic signals of the accident of the Russian submarine Kursk.NORSAR Sci.Rep.1-2002,Norway,2002,pp.115-121
[100]Sebe O,Bard P-Y,Guilbert J.Single station estimation of seismic source time function from coda waves:The Kursk disaster.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32:L14308
[101]Khristoforov B.About the control of the underwater and above water nuclear explosions by hydroacoustic meth-ods.Tech.Rep.SPC-95-4049.Russ.Acad.Sci.,Moscow,1996
[102]Douglas A.Bandpass filtering to reduce noise on seismograms:Is there a better way-Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1997,87:770-777
[103]Douglas A,Bowers D,Young J B.On the onset of P seismograms.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,129:681-690
[104]Jacob A W B,Willmore P L.TeleseismicPwaves from a10ton explosion.Nature,1972,236:305-306
[105]Tsai Y-B,Aki K.Precise focal depth determination from amplitude spectra of surface waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,75:5729-5743
[106]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Kembhavi V K.The analysis of surface wave spectra using a reciprocity theorem for surface waves.Geophys J.R.Astron.Soc.,1971,23:207-223
[107]Fox B D,Woodhouse J H,Selby N D.Source depth determination in China using intermediate-period funda-mental mode surface waves.EOS Trans.AGU Fall Meet.Suppl.,86(52)(Abstr.S51B-1011),2005
[108]KCNA.Report on explosion at Ryongchon railway station.http:∥www.kcna.co.jp/item/2004/200404/news04/24.htm#1(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[109]BBC.Rumours linger over N Korea blast.http:∥news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3652157.stm(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[110]Chosun.Ryongchon explosion eight times as great as North claims.http:∥english.chosun.com/w21data/ht-ml/news/200405/200405160017.html(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[111]BBC.UK demands N Korea explain blast.http:∥news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk politics/3648988.stm(Access-ed October25,2008).2004
[112]Chosun.Signs indicate no explosion occurred in N.Korea’s Kim Hyong-jik County.http:∥english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200409/200409170025.html(Accessed October25,2008).2004
[113]Walter W R,Matzel E,Pasyanos M E,et al.Empirical observations of earthquake-explosion discrimination usingP/Sratios and implications for the sources of explosionS-waves.Proc.29th Monit.Res.Rev.,Denver,Colo.,Tech.Rep.LA-UR-07-5613.pp.684-693.Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos Natl.Lab.2007
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心