明清以来自然灾害及其影响研究——以山东为例(1368-1949年)
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摘要
自然灾害是人类不可回避的自然现象。以山东为例,据史料记载,明清以来山东地区有旱灾、水灾、潮灾及风、雹、蝗虫、地震等自然灾害。回顾山东自然灾害历史,自然灾害往往使人家破人亡、背井离乡,造成人口死亡率增加,农村各阶层矛盾激化,社会动荡等社会问题,对民俗信仰也产生影响。这警示人们:人类不能改变自然规律,应该尊重自然规律,提高生态平衡和环保意识,与大自然和谐共存,才能保障经济社会的可持续发展。
Natural disasters are natural phenomena that man must face.Take Shandong for example.Historical records reveal that Shandong has been hit by various natural disasters since Ming and Qing Dynasties such as droughts,floods,tidal disaster,wind,hail,locusts,earthquakes etc.These natural disasters tended to produce great impact.Many people died and others had to leave from their hometown,which generated an increasing rate of death.Conflicts of rural classes were intensified and the whole society became unsteady.These disasters also posed a great effect on folk beliefs.All these impacts put a warning on human being:man should respect laws of nature rather than change them.Meanwhile,man should enhance awareness of ecological balance and environmental protection and live in harmony with nature so as to ensure the sustainable development of economy and society.
Natural disasters are natural phenomena that man must face.Take Shandong for example.Historical records reveal that Shandong has been hit by various natural disasters since Ming and Qing Dynasties such as droughts,floods,tidal disaster,wind,hail,locusts,earthquakes etc.These natural disasters tended to produce great impact.Many people died and others had to leave from their hometown,which generated an increasing rate of death.Conflicts of rural classes were intensified and the whole society became unsteady.These disasters also posed a great effect on folk beliefs.All these impacts put a warning on human being:man should respect laws of nature rather than change them.Meanwhile,man should enhance awareness of ecological balance and environmental protection and live in harmony with nature so as to ensure the sustainable development of economy and society.
引文
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[19]董传岭.晚清山东自然灾害对乡村习俗的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版),2008(2):310-311.
[2]王宝卿.明清以来山东种植结构变迁及其影响研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007:37.
[3]邹逸麟.黄淮海平原历史地理[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1993:15.
[4]李文海,林敦奎,周源,宫明.近代中国灾荒纪年[M].长沙:湖南教育版社,1990:638.
[5]许青春,戴彦臻.近现代山东灾荒的历史考察[J].理论学刊,1999(4):71-72.
[6]汪鸿孙,刘汝臣.恩县志.杂记志.灾祥[G].宣统元年刊本(卷十):17-18.
[7]山东省地方史志编纂委员会.山东省志.卫生志[M].济南:山东人民出社,1995,192.
[8]张莲芬.重修峄县志.灾祥[G].光绪三十年刊本(卷十五).
[9]龚高法,张丕远.历史时期气候变化研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:18-57.
[10]李文治.中国近代农业史资料(1840-1911)(第一辑)[G].北京:中华书局,1977:733-735.
[11]山东省地方史志编纂委员会.山东省志.民政志[G].济南:山东人民出社,1992:129-132.
[12]曹树基.中国人口史(第五卷.清时期)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2001:89.
[13]葛剑雄.简明中国移民史[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1993:454.
[14]盛京时报[N].宣统二年三月初五日.
[15]陈懋修,张廷诗.日照县志.艺文[G].光绪十二年刊本(卷十).
[16]山东省地方史志编纂委员会.山东省志.民俗志[G].济南:山东人民出版社,1996:109.
[17][美]马若孟.中国农民经济:河北和山东的农民发展(1890-1949)[M].史建云,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,1999:98.
[18]路遥.义和拳运动起源探索[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1990:47.
[19]董传岭.晚清山东自然灾害对乡村习俗的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版),2008(2):310-311.
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