汶川地震区泥石流危害道路的定量分析——以汶川县肖家沟为例
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摘要
为适应震后3年泥石流大规模频发的严峻形势,满足灾情预测评估的需要,以汶川县省道303沿线肖家沟为例,建立了震后泥石流危害道路的定量分析方法.通过现场勘察并结合RS、GIS技术,分析了震后肖家沟泥石流发育的环境地质背景、流域面积、沟床比降以及泥石流性质等基本特征;采用雨洪法和配方法计算肖家沟泥石流一次过程总量,作为泥石流堆积量预测值;通过回归分析,获得了泥石流堆积体危害范围的计算公式,以确定泥石流的平均堆积厚度、长度和宽度;最后,采用几何概化方法,就肖家沟泥石流对沿河道路的危害程度进行了量化分析.结果表明,在50年一遇的降水频率下,肖家沟泥石流一次过程总量为41万m3,道路完全掩埋,并堵断渔子溪,计算结果与实际情况一致.
A quantitative assessment method of debris flow hazard to roads in Wenchuan earthquake areas was established based on the case study of Xiaojia ravine to assess serious debris flow disasters happening frequently in 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake.The environmental and geology background and the basic parameters such as the area and gradient of Xiaojia ravine were anglicized through a field investigation and using the RS and GIS technologies.The total amount of once debris flow process calculated by the rain-storm and flood method and the method of completing the square was taken as the pile quantities.Pile scope parameters,including average pile thickness,length and width,were estimated by a regression expression derived from field investigation data.Then the damage degree of debris flow to the roads beside Yuzi river was calculated quantitatively by the geometric generalization method.The research shows that the total amount of once debris flow process is 41×104 m3 under rainfall that occurs once every 50 years,the roads will be completely buried and the river blocked by the debris flow.The above results are basically coincident with the actual hazard situation.
A quantitative assessment method of debris flow hazard to roads in Wenchuan earthquake areas was established based on the case study of Xiaojia ravine to assess serious debris flow disasters happening frequently in 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake.The environmental and geology background and the basic parameters such as the area and gradient of Xiaojia ravine were anglicized through a field investigation and using the RS and GIS technologies.The total amount of once debris flow process calculated by the rain-storm and flood method and the method of completing the square was taken as the pile quantities.Pile scope parameters,including average pile thickness,length and width,were estimated by a regression expression derived from field investigation data.Then the damage degree of debris flow to the roads beside Yuzi river was calculated quantitatively by the geometric generalization method.The research shows that the total amount of once debris flow process is 41×104 m3 under rainfall that occurs once every 50 years,the roads will be completely buried and the river blocked by the debris flow.The above results are basically coincident with the actual hazard situation.
引文
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[19]欧阳猛.公路泥石流灾害特征参数确定与防治对策研究[D].长沙:中南大学土木工程学院,2008.
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[24]铁永波,唐川,倪化勇.暴雨泥石流冲出距离预测[J].山地学报,2011,29(2):250-253.TIE Yongbo,TANG Chuan,NI Huayong.Predicationof rainstorm-induced debris flow runout distance[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(2):250-253.
[25]国家防汛抗旱总指挥办公室,中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.山洪、泥石流、滑坡灾害及防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1994:180-183.
[26]陈宁生,杨成林,李欢.基于浆体的泥石流容重计算[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2010,37(2):168-173.CHEN Ningsheng,YANG Chenglin,LI Huan.Calculation of the debris flow concentration based ondebris flow slurry[J].Journal of Chengdu Universityof Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2010,37(2):168-173.
[27]陈宁生,崔鹏,刘中港,等.基于黏土颗粒含量的泥石流容重计算[J].中国科学:E辑,2003,33(增刊):164-174.CHEN Ningsheng,CUI Peng,LIU Zhonggang,et al.Calculation of the debris flow concentration based onclay content[J].Science in China:Series E:Technological Sciences,2003,33(Sup.):164-174.
[28]四川省水利电力厅.四川省中小流域暴雨洪水计算手册[G].成都:四川省水利电力厅,1984:2-15.
[29]游勇,柳金峰.汶川8级地震对岷江上游泥石流灾害防治的影响[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(增刊):16-22.YOU Yong,LIU Jinfeng.The influence on debris flowprevention in the upriver of Minjiang after Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(Sup.):16-22.
[30]陈宁生,杨成林,周伟,等.泥石流勘察技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:160-176.
[31]欧国强,游勇,吕娟,等.南水北调西线一期工程区泥石流规模预测及其对调水工程的影响[J].山地学报,2006,24(5):580-584.OU Guoqiang,YOU Yong,LJuan,et al.A studyon the scale forecast and the influence of debris flow onthe water diversion project in the west line project ofwater diversion from upper Yangtze River into upperYellow River[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(5):580-584.
[32]中华人民共和国国土资源部.DZ/T0220—2006泥石流灾害防治工程勘察规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[2]蒋忠信.南昆铁路地质灾害与防治[J].铁道工程学报,2001,3(1):83-88.JIANG Zhongxin.Geological hazards and control inNanning-Kunming railway[J].Journal of RailwayEngineering Society,2001,3(1):83-88.
[3]陈洪凯,唐红梅.公路泥石流水毁概化模式分析[J].公路,2003(8):143-147.CHEN Hongkai,TANG Hongmei.Research on generalmodel of highway damage-induced by debris flow[J].Highway,2003(8):143-147.
[4]唐红梅,陈洪凯.公路泥石流研究综述(Ⅰ)[J].重庆交通学院学报,2004,23(5):76-81.TANG Hongmei,CHEN Hongkai.Review of debris flowresearch in highway(Ⅰ)[J].Journal of ChongqingJiaotong University,2004,23(5):76-81.
[5]崔鹏,杨坤,朱颖彦,等.西部山区交通线路的泥石流灾害及减灾对策[J].山地学报,2004,22(3):326-331.CUI Peng,YANG Kun,ZHU Yingyan,et al.Debrisflow hazards along the traffic lines in mountain areas ofwestern China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(3):326-331.
[6]马东涛,崔鹏,祁龙,等.西部地区交通建设中的泥石流灾害与防治对策[J].工程地质学报,2003,11(2):180-185.MA Dongtao,CUI Peng,QI Long,et al.Debris flowhazards along the main traffic lines in western China andmeasures for their controlling[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2003,11(2):180-185.
[7]何易平,马东涛,崔鹏,等.西藏中尼公路沿线的泥石流[J].地理学报,2002,57(3):275-283.HE Yiping,MA Dongtao,CUI Peng,et al.Debris flowalong the China-Nepal highway[J].Acta GeographicaSinica,2002,57(3):275-283.
[8]LEIBA M M,BAYNES F,SCOTT G,et al.Regionallandslide risk to the Cairns community[J].NaturalHazards,2003,30:233-249.
[9]CRUZ A M,OKADA N.Methodology for preliminaryassessment of Natech risk in urban areas[J].NaturalHazards,2008,46:199-220.
[10]ARKSEY R,VANDINE D.Example of a debris-flowrisk analysis from Vancouver Island,BritishColumbia[J].Canada Landslides,2008,5:121-126.
[11]ANBALAGAN R,SINGH B.Landslide hazard andrisk assessment mapping of mountainous terrains:acase study from Kumaun Himalaya,India[J].Engineering Geology,1996,43:237-246.
[12]DEWOLFE V G,SANTI P M,EYB J,et al.Effectivemitigation of debris flows at Lemon Dam,La PlataCounty,Colorado[J].Geomorphology,2008,96:366-377.
[13]DORN R I.Debris flows from small catchments of theMa Ha Tuak Range,Metropolitan Phoenix,Arizona[J].Geomorphology,2010,120:339-352.
[14]胡卸文,吕小平,黄润秋,等.唐家山堰塞坝“9.24”泥石流堵江及溃决模式[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):312-326.HU Xiewen,LXiaoping,HUANG Runqiu,et al.Analyses of river-blocking and breaking mode of“9.24”debris flow near Tangjiashan barrier dam[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):312-326.
[15]匡乐红.区域暴雨泥石流预测预报方法研究[D].长沙:中南大学土木建筑学院,2006.
[16]李倩.基于G212线陇南段公路泥石流灾害易损性及风险性评价[D].西安:长安大学公路学院,2009.
[17]李帅.公路泥石流危险性评价[D].西安:长安大学公路学院,2010.
[18]张迎春.铁路泥石流灾害风险评价与防治研究[D].北京:北方交通大学交通运输学院,2007.
[19]欧阳猛.公路泥石流灾害特征参数确定与防治对策研究[D].长沙:中南大学土木工程学院,2008.
[20]刘希林,张松林,唐川,等.泥石流危险范围模型试验[J].地理研究,1993,12(2):77-85.LIU Xilin,ZHANG Songlin,TANG Chuan,et al.Apreliminary research on the model experiments of therisk range of debris fan[J].Geographical Research,1993,12(2):77-85.
[21]唐川.泥石流堆积泛滥过程的数值模拟及其危险范围预测模型的研究[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(1):45-50.TANG Chuan.Numerical simulation of debris flowinundation on the alluvial fans and its prediction modelof the risk area[J].Journal of Soil and WaterConservation,1994,8(1):45-50.
[22]韦方强,胡凯衡,LOPEZ J L.泥石流危险性分区及其在泥石流减灾中的应用[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2007,18(3):24-27.WEI Fangqiang,HU Kaiheng,LOPEZ J L.Debrisflow risk zoning and its application in disastermitigation[J].The Chinese Journal of GeologicalHazard and Control,2007,18(3):24-27.
[23]柳金峰,欧国强,游勇.泥石流流速与堆积模式之实验研究[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(1):120-121.LIU Jinfeng,OU Guoqiang,YOU Yong.Experimentalresearch on velocity and deposition mode of debrisflow[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(1):120-121.
[24]铁永波,唐川,倪化勇.暴雨泥石流冲出距离预测[J].山地学报,2011,29(2):250-253.TIE Yongbo,TANG Chuan,NI Huayong.Predicationof rainstorm-induced debris flow runout distance[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(2):250-253.
[25]国家防汛抗旱总指挥办公室,中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.山洪、泥石流、滑坡灾害及防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1994:180-183.
[26]陈宁生,杨成林,李欢.基于浆体的泥石流容重计算[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2010,37(2):168-173.CHEN Ningsheng,YANG Chenglin,LI Huan.Calculation of the debris flow concentration based ondebris flow slurry[J].Journal of Chengdu Universityof Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2010,37(2):168-173.
[27]陈宁生,崔鹏,刘中港,等.基于黏土颗粒含量的泥石流容重计算[J].中国科学:E辑,2003,33(增刊):164-174.CHEN Ningsheng,CUI Peng,LIU Zhonggang,et al.Calculation of the debris flow concentration based onclay content[J].Science in China:Series E:Technological Sciences,2003,33(Sup.):164-174.
[28]四川省水利电力厅.四川省中小流域暴雨洪水计算手册[G].成都:四川省水利电力厅,1984:2-15.
[29]游勇,柳金峰.汶川8级地震对岷江上游泥石流灾害防治的影响[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(增刊):16-22.YOU Yong,LIU Jinfeng.The influence on debris flowprevention in the upriver of Minjiang after Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(Sup.):16-22.
[30]陈宁生,杨成林,周伟,等.泥石流勘察技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:160-176.
[31]欧国强,游勇,吕娟,等.南水北调西线一期工程区泥石流规模预测及其对调水工程的影响[J].山地学报,2006,24(5):580-584.OU Guoqiang,YOU Yong,LJuan,et al.A studyon the scale forecast and the influence of debris flow onthe water diversion project in the west line project ofwater diversion from upper Yangtze River into upperYellow River[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(5):580-584.
[32]中华人民共和国国土资源部.DZ/T0220—2006泥石流灾害防治工程勘察规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
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