对灾害与移民问题的初步探讨
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摘要
自然灾害不是简单的自然事件或过程,它是致灾因子和承灾体的脆弱性共同作用的结果。从本质上看,自然灾害是人地耦合系统失衡的表现,是人地关系不协调的反映。灾害导致的人口迁移是人类面临灾害风险的一种适应性对策。灾害移民可分为灾前移民和灾后移民,或可返回性移民和不可返回性移民。自然灾害并非必然意味着人口迁移。灾害移民是受诸多宏观因素和家庭因素影响,在灾害诱导下产生的一种人口被迫迁移。在汶川8.0级地震灾后重建过程中,可运用相关灾害移民理论指导灾区移民和人口安置工作。
Natural disasters are not simply a natural event or process,but the result of destructive agents imposed on hazard bearer in vulnerable conditions.In essence,natural hazards are an embodiment of the unbalanced combined man-environment system and a reflection of disharmony in man-environment relations.Migration has been a major adaptive strategy for humans when facing hazard risks.Natural hazards can never mean migration at all.Hazard-induced migration is triggered by hazards under certain macro-conditions and influenced by household characteristics.During post-disaster recovery after Wenchuan Earthquake,past theories on hazard-induced migration may be relevant for resettlement work.
Natural disasters are not simply a natural event or process,but the result of destructive agents imposed on hazard bearer in vulnerable conditions.In essence,natural hazards are an embodiment of the unbalanced combined man-environment system and a reflection of disharmony in man-environment relations.Migration has been a major adaptive strategy for humans when facing hazard risks.Natural hazards can never mean migration at all.Hazard-induced migration is triggered by hazards under certain macro-conditions and influenced by household characteristics.During post-disaster recovery after Wenchuan Earthquake,past theories on hazard-induced migration may be relevant for resettlement work.
引文
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[30]Morrow-Jones,H.A.,Morrow-Jones,C.R.Mobility dueto natural disaster:theoretical consideration and preliminary ana-lyses[J].Disasters,1991,15(2):126-132.
[31]Todaro,M.Internal Migration in Developing Countries[M].Geneva:ILO,1976,25-46.
[32]舒尔茨.论人力资本投资[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1992:200-210.
[33]Slovic,P.Perception of risk[J].Science,1987,(236):280-285.
[34]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[35]陈勇.汶川地震灾害特点及灾区恢复重建的几点建议[J].资源与人居环境,2008,(16):28-30.
[2]Hunter,L.M.Migration and environmental hazards[J].Pop-ulation and Environment,2005,26(4):273-302.
[3]International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies(IFRCRCS)[M].World Disaster Report 2008.Annex1,2008.
[4]Leroy,S.A.G.From natural hazard to environmental catastro-phe:past and present[J].Quaternary International,2006,(158):4-12.
[5]郭跃.自然灾害的社会学分析[J].灾害学,2008,23(2):87-91.
[6]Smith,K.Environmental Hazards:Assessing Risk and Reduc-ing Disaster[M].4ed.London:Routledge,2004.
[7]Hewitt,K.Interpretations of Calamity[M].Winchester,MA:Allen&Unwin,Inc.1983.
[8]Oliver-Smith,A.Anthropological research on hazards and dis-asters[J].Annual Review of Anthropology.1996,(25):303-328.
[9]商彦蕊.自然灾害综合研究的新进展——脆弱性研究[J].地域研究与开发,2000,19(2):73-77.
[10]姜彤,许朋柱.自然灾害研究的新趋势——社会易损性分析[J].灾害学,1996,11(2):5-9.
[11]Cutter,S.L.,Boruff,B.J.,Shirley,W.L.Social vul-nerability to environmental hazards[J],Social Science Quarter-ly,2003,84(2):242-261.
[12]Hogan,D.J.,and Marandola,E.Jr.Vulnerability to naturalhazards in population-environment studies[J].Background pa-per to the Population-Environment Research Network(PERN)Cyberseminar on Population and Natural Hazards,November2007:5-19.
[13]Turner,B.L.,Kasperson,R.E.,Matsone,P.A.,et al.A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science[J].Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences,2003,100(14):8074-8079.
[14]Ingram,J.C.,Franco,G.,Rumbaitis-del Rio,C.,Khazai,B.Post-disaster recovery dilemmas:challenges inbalancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability re-duction[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2006,(9):607-613.
[15]Blaikie,P.,T.Cannon,I.Davis,and B.Wisner.At Risk:Natural Hazards,People s Vulnerability and Disasters[M].Lon-don:Routledge,1994:9-48.
[16]Oliver-Smith,A.,“Theorizing Disasters:Nature,Culture,Power”[C]//Susanna M.Hoffman and Anthony Oliver-Smith,(eds.)Catastrophe and Culture:The Anthropology ofDisaster,Santa Fe,New Mexico:The School of American Re-search Press,2002:23-47.
[17]Petersen,W.A general typology of migration[J].AmericanSociological Review,1958,(23):256-265.
[18]Hugo,G.Environmental concerns and international migration[J].International Migration Review,1996,30(1):105-131
[19]Keane,D.,"The Environmental Causes and Consequences ofMigration:A Search for the Meaning of"Environmental Refu-gees"[EB/OL].Georgetown International Environmental LawReview,2004,Winter.http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/is_200401/ai_n9353848,Accessed on July13,2008.
[20]Reuveny,R.Ecomigration and violent conflict:case studies andpublic policy implication[J].Human Ecology,2008,(36):1-13.
[21]Paul,B.K.Evidence against disaster-induced migration:the2004 tornado in north-central Bangladesh[J].Disaster,2005,29(4):370-385.
[22]Bates,D.C.Environmental refugees?Classifying human migra-tion caused by environmental change[J].Population and Envi-ronment,2002,23(5):465-477.
[23]Myers,N.Environmental refugees[J].Population and Envi-ronment,1997,(19):167-182.
[24]Wood,W.B.Ecomigration:linkages between environmentalchange and migration[C]//Zolberg,A.R.,and Benda,P.N.(eds.),Global Migrants,Global Refugees.Berghahn,New York,2001:42-59.
[25]Black,R.Environmental refugees:myth or reality[M].UNH-CR(working paper No.34),2001.
[26]Wolpert,J.Migration as an adjustment to environmental stress[J].Journal of Social Issues,1966,22(4):92-102.
[27]Johnston,R.J.Place utility[C]//The Dictionary of HumanGeography,Johnston,R.J.,et al.(eds.),Blackwell Pub-lishers,Oxford,England,2000:585.
[28]Chan,N.W.Choice and constraints in floodplain occupation:the influence of structural factors on residential location in Penin-sular Malaysia[J].Disasters,1995,19(4):287-307.
[29]Osterling,J.P.The 1970 Peruvian disaster and the spontaneousrelocation of some of its victims:Ancashino Peasant migrants inHuayopampa[J].Mass Emergencies,1979,(4):117-120.
[30]Morrow-Jones,H.A.,Morrow-Jones,C.R.Mobility dueto natural disaster:theoretical consideration and preliminary ana-lyses[J].Disasters,1991,15(2):126-132.
[31]Todaro,M.Internal Migration in Developing Countries[M].Geneva:ILO,1976,25-46.
[32]舒尔茨.论人力资本投资[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1992:200-210.
[33]Slovic,P.Perception of risk[J].Science,1987,(236):280-285.
[34]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[35]陈勇.汶川地震灾害特点及灾区恢复重建的几点建议[J].资源与人居环境,2008,(16):28-30.
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