岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带震后生态恢复的关键科学技术问题
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摘要
作为典型的生态过渡区,岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带不仅是藏羌居民生活的重要区域,而且在抑制干旱河谷上延和延伸亚高山森林生态系统的功能等方面具有十分重要的作用。但这种脆弱生态系统极易受到人类活动干扰和自然灾害的损害,使其成为"5.12"汶川大地震中受损程度较高、灾后生态恢复与重建的重点区域之一。基于岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带受汶川大地震破坏的特点以及该区的生态重要性和本身的脆弱性,损毁生态系统的快速评估与生态重建规划、生产与生态双赢共建关键技术、震后残存植被保育、水源涵养地植被保护与恢复、震毁植被恢复与重建、耕地生产恢复与重建、边坡综合治理、低效薪炭林改良以及居民聚居点风景林营造等被认为是震后生态恢复的关键科学技术问题。震毁生态系统的生态恢复过程监测与评估、干旱河谷-山地森林交错带生态系统的脆弱性机制及生态学过程、震后生态系统对变化环境的响应与适应机制等可能是未来的重点研究领域。
As a typical ecological transition zone between dry valley and subalpine forest in the upper reaches of Minjiang River,the ecotone between Minjiang dry valley and montane forest(EDM)is an important residential area for Zang and Qiang minorities as well as plays an important role in inhibiting the dry valley expansion and in extending the ecological function of the subalpine forest.Nevertheless,the structure and function of the EDM ecosystem is greatly vulnerable to damage from human activity and natural disaster such as earthquake,landslide,collapse and long-term drought,despite of its important status in keeping regional stability and local resident development.Due to the inherent geologic instability and sensitivity as well as fragile property,the EDM was one of the most serious areas damaged by "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake,as the consequence of which the earthquake-damaged ecosystem restoration or reconstruction,and the hometown rebuilding are the current crucial tasks after the earthquake.Judged by the characteristics of earthquake-damaged ecosystem in combination with the fragile characteristics and the ecological importance of the EDM,therefore,it is suggested that the urgent and key scientific & technical issues include the rapid assessment on the characteristics of earthquake-destroyed ecosystem,the plan on detailed ecological restoration or reconstruction,the key techniques of beneficial "win-win" construction in both ecological restoration and economic development,the conservation of the survival vegetation in the earthquake,the reconstruction on the earthquake-damaged vegetation,the production restoration of earthquake-damaged farmland,comprehensive treatment on unstable slope,the improvement of low-benefit fuelwood forest,and the construction of scenic forest around the human settlement.Moreover,future researches include the monitoring and evaluation on the restoration process of the earthquake-damaged ecosystem,the fragile mechanism and ecological process of the EDM ecosystem,and the responsive and adaptive mechanisms of ecosystems to the changed environment after earthquake,should be strengthened to sustainable development of local society and regional ecology.
As a typical ecological transition zone between dry valley and subalpine forest in the upper reaches of Minjiang River,the ecotone between Minjiang dry valley and montane forest(EDM)is an important residential area for Zang and Qiang minorities as well as plays an important role in inhibiting the dry valley expansion and in extending the ecological function of the subalpine forest.Nevertheless,the structure and function of the EDM ecosystem is greatly vulnerable to damage from human activity and natural disaster such as earthquake,landslide,collapse and long-term drought,despite of its important status in keeping regional stability and local resident development.Due to the inherent geologic instability and sensitivity as well as fragile property,the EDM was one of the most serious areas damaged by "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake,as the consequence of which the earthquake-damaged ecosystem restoration or reconstruction,and the hometown rebuilding are the current crucial tasks after the earthquake.Judged by the characteristics of earthquake-damaged ecosystem in combination with the fragile characteristics and the ecological importance of the EDM,therefore,it is suggested that the urgent and key scientific & technical issues include the rapid assessment on the characteristics of earthquake-destroyed ecosystem,the plan on detailed ecological restoration or reconstruction,the key techniques of beneficial "win-win" construction in both ecological restoration and economic development,the conservation of the survival vegetation in the earthquake,the reconstruction on the earthquake-damaged vegetation,the production restoration of earthquake-damaged farmland,comprehensive treatment on unstable slope,the improvement of low-benefit fuelwood forest,and the construction of scenic forest around the human settlement.Moreover,future researches include the monitoring and evaluation on the restoration process of the earthquake-damaged ecosystem,the fragile mechanism and ecological process of the EDM ecosystem,and the responsive and adaptive mechanisms of ecosystems to the changed environment after earthquake,should be strengthened to sustainable development of local society and regional ecology.
引文
[1]张晓东.中国大陆强震的成组活动特征及发生机制研究.博士论文,2004.
[1]Editorial board of Sichuan Vegetation.Sichuan Vegetation.Chengdu:Sichuan People Press,1980.
[2]Zhang R Z.Scientific investigation series of Hengduan Mountainous Areas in Tibetan Plateau——arid valley in Hengduan Mountainous Areas.Beijing:Science Press,1992.
[3]Li X B.Soil of Sichuan.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,1997.
[4]Committee of chorography of Mao-wen Qiang nationality autonomous county,Aba Zang and Qiang nationality autonomous district,Sichuan province.Chorography of Mao-wen Qiang nationality autonomous county.Chengdu:Sichuan Dictionary Press,1997.74-101.
[5]Moseley R K,Tang Y.Vegetation dynamics in the dry valleys of Yunnan,China,during the last150years:implications for ecological restoration.Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(5):713-722.
[6]Wang C M,Bao W K,Chen J Z,et al.Profile characteristics nutrients of dry cinnamon soils in dry valley of the upper Minjiang river.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2003,9(3):230-234.
[7]Liu G H,Ma KM,Fu B J,et al.Aboveground biomass of main shrubs in dry valley of Minjiang river.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1757-1764.
[8]Ye M S,Guan W B,Bai Z X,et al.Ecological gradient of plant community in the dry valley of Minjiang River.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,3(2):70-75.
[9]Zhu F M,An S Q,Guan B H,et al.Areviewof ecotone:concepts,attributes,theories and research advances.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(7):3032-3042.
[10]Niu W Y.The discriminatory index with regard to the weakness,overlapness,and breadth of ecotone.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1989,9(2):97-105.
[11]Woodall C W,Liknes G C.Relationships between forest fine and coarse woody debris carbon stocks across latitudinal gradients in the United States as an indicator of climate change effects.Ecological Indicators,2007,8(5):686-690.
[12]Dang HS,Jiang MX,Zhang QF,et al.Growth responses of subalpine fir(Abies fargesii)to climate variability in the Qinling Mountain,China.Forest Ecology and Management,2007,240:143-150.
[13]Mi F,Li J Y,LüN.Research on evaluation of forest ecological benefit.Chinese Forestry Science and Technology,2005,4(3):70-79.
[14]Han D Y,Wei YZ.Seismic disaster of ecological systemin western region of china and basic defensive measures for it.Northwestern Seismological Journal,2005,27(4):337-341.
[15]Wu J B,Guo A H.Earthquake and environment and ecology.Journal of Catastrophology,2001,16(3):87-91,96.
[16]Spence R,Bommer J,Re D D,et al.Comparing loss estimation with observed damage:Astudy of the1999kocaeli earthquake in Turkey.Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2003,1(1):83-113.
[17]Gallousi C,Koukouvelas I K.Quantifying geomorphic evolution of earthquake-triggered landslides and their relation to active normal faults:An example from the gulf of Corinth,Greece.Tectonophysics,2007,440:85-104.
[18]Dzwonko Z,Gawroski S.The role of woodland fragments,soil types,and dominant species in secondary succession on western Carpathian foothills.Plant Ecology,1994,111:149-160.
[19]He H L,Song X C.Development of earthquake damage evaluation and damage data management system(EDMS)——A case study on Lijiang earthquake damage.Seismology and Geology,2005,27(3):397-411.
[20]Shinozuka M,Chang S E,Eguchi R T,et al.Advances in earthquake loss estimation and application to Memphis,Tennessee.Earthquake Spectra,1997,13(4):739-758.
[21]Sun Z K,Gu J H.A new method for loss assessments of earthquake disasters-the aerial survey.Recent Development in World Seismology,2000.
[22]Wang J L,Song Z F.Model for fast seismic disaster assessment.Journal of Seismological Research,2001,24(2):162-167.
[23]Zheng W F,Yin X T,Kan A K,et al.Seismic information collection and disaster evaluation system based on OpenGIS.Journal of Seismological Research,2007,20(2):195-200.
[24]Huang Z.Abnormal animal behaviors and earthquake warning.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2007,27(1):29-35.
[25]Huang Z.The history and future of the abnormal animal behaviors used as earthquake precursor.Seismological Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2006,27(4):44-51.
[26]Fell R.Landslide risk assessment and acceptable risk.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1994,31(2):26l-272.
[27]Fredlund D G.Slope stability hazard management systems.Journal of Zhejiang University Science,2007,8(11):1695-1711.
[28]Ye J J,Xu WN,Yan C Y,et al.Reviewand prospect of slope vegetative treatment.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,12(1):173-177.
[29]Gray D H,Megahan W F.Forest vegetation removal and slope stability in the Idaho Batholith.USDA Research Paper INT-271,Ogden,UT,1980,23.
[30]Bi HQ,Simpson J,Li R W,et al.Introduction of Pinus radiata for afforestation:a review with reference to Aba,China.Journal of Forestry Research,2003,14(4):311-322.
[31]Wu Z X,Liu QL,Huang Q,et al.Experiments with the introduction and cultivation of Pinus radiata D.Don in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,2005,26(3):1-10.
[32]Watson A J,O′loughlin C L.Structural root morphology and biomass of three age classes of Pinus radiata.New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,1990,20(1):97-100.
[33]Gray D H.Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slope stabilization.New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1996.
[34]He X X,Li W L,Zhang X N,et al.Rural household energy use and rural environment change:case study on fuel forest use in a village in depressed area.Ecology and Environment,2006,15(1):99-102.
[35]Su C B,Jing C G.HD-1Silk tree observation system for earthquake prediction.Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2003,4:29-31.
[1]四川植被协作组.四川植被.成都:四川人民出版社,1980.
[2]张荣祖.青藏高原横断山区科学考察丛书——横断山区干旱河谷.北京:科学出版社,1992.
[3]李钦榜.四川土壤.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1997.
[4]茂汶羌族自治县地方志编纂委员会.茂汶羌族自治县志.成都:四川辞书出版社,1997.
[6]王春明,包维楷,陈建中,等.岷江上游干旱河谷区褐土不同亚类剖面及养分特征.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(3):230～234.
[7]刘国华,马克明,傅伯杰,等.岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛类型地上生物量研究.生态学报,2003,23(9):1757～1764.
[8]冶民生,关文彬,白占雄,等.岷江干旱河谷植物群落生态梯度分析.中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):70～75.
[9]朱芬萌,安树青,关保华,等.生态交错带及研究进展.生态学报,2007,27(7):3032～3042.
[10]牛文元.生态环境脆弱带ECOTONE的基础判定.生态学报,1989,9(2):97～105.
[14]韩东银,魏英祖.西部生态系统震害及其基本防御措施.西北地震学报,2005,27(4):337～341.
[15]吴谨冰,郭安红.地震与环境生态.灾害学,2001,16(3):87～91,96.
[19]何宏林,宋新初.地震灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统(EDMS)的开发——以丽江地震为例.地震地质,2005,27(3):397～411.
[21]孙振凯,顾建华.地震灾害损失评估的新方法——航空测量法.国际地震动态,2000,5:18～19.
[22]王景来,宋志峰.地震灾害快速评估模型.地震研究,2001,24(2):162～167.
[23]郑文锋,银正彤,阚爱珂,王绪本.基于OpenGIS的地震信息采集与震灾评估系统.地震研究,2007,20(2):195～200.
[24]黄赞.动物行为异常与地震灾害预警.防灾减灾工程学报,2007,27(1):29～35.
[25]黄赞.动物习性异常作为地震前兆研究的历史与未来.地震地磁观测与研究,2006,27(4):44～51.
[28]叶建军,许文年,鄢朝勇,等.边坡生物治理回顾与展望.水土保持研究,2005,12(1):173～177.
[31]吴宗兴,刘千里,黄泉,等.岷江上游干旱河谷辐射松引种造林研究.四川林业科技,2005,26(3):1～10.
[34]赫晓霞,李文龙,张晓楠,等.农户能源利用方式的选择与农村环境的变化:某贫困山村薪炭林利用案例研究.生态环境,2006,15(1):99～102.
[35]苏丛柏,景呈国.HD-1型合欢树地震观测系统.山西地震,2003,4:29～31.
[1]Editorial board of Sichuan Vegetation.Sichuan Vegetation.Chengdu:Sichuan People Press,1980.
[2]Zhang R Z.Scientific investigation series of Hengduan Mountainous Areas in Tibetan Plateau——arid valley in Hengduan Mountainous Areas.Beijing:Science Press,1992.
[3]Li X B.Soil of Sichuan.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,1997.
[4]Committee of chorography of Mao-wen Qiang nationality autonomous county,Aba Zang and Qiang nationality autonomous district,Sichuan province.Chorography of Mao-wen Qiang nationality autonomous county.Chengdu:Sichuan Dictionary Press,1997.74-101.
[5]Moseley R K,Tang Y.Vegetation dynamics in the dry valleys of Yunnan,China,during the last150years:implications for ecological restoration.Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(5):713-722.
[6]Wang C M,Bao W K,Chen J Z,et al.Profile characteristics nutrients of dry cinnamon soils in dry valley of the upper Minjiang river.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2003,9(3):230-234.
[7]Liu G H,Ma KM,Fu B J,et al.Aboveground biomass of main shrubs in dry valley of Minjiang river.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1757-1764.
[8]Ye M S,Guan W B,Bai Z X,et al.Ecological gradient of plant community in the dry valley of Minjiang River.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,3(2):70-75.
[9]Zhu F M,An S Q,Guan B H,et al.Areviewof ecotone:concepts,attributes,theories and research advances.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(7):3032-3042.
[10]Niu W Y.The discriminatory index with regard to the weakness,overlapness,and breadth of ecotone.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1989,9(2):97-105.
[11]Woodall C W,Liknes G C.Relationships between forest fine and coarse woody debris carbon stocks across latitudinal gradients in the United States as an indicator of climate change effects.Ecological Indicators,2007,8(5):686-690.
[12]Dang HS,Jiang MX,Zhang QF,et al.Growth responses of subalpine fir(Abies fargesii)to climate variability in the Qinling Mountain,China.Forest Ecology and Management,2007,240:143-150.
[13]Mi F,Li J Y,LüN.Research on evaluation of forest ecological benefit.Chinese Forestry Science and Technology,2005,4(3):70-79.
[14]Han D Y,Wei YZ.Seismic disaster of ecological systemin western region of china and basic defensive measures for it.Northwestern Seismological Journal,2005,27(4):337-341.
[15]Wu J B,Guo A H.Earthquake and environment and ecology.Journal of Catastrophology,2001,16(3):87-91,96.
[16]Spence R,Bommer J,Re D D,et al.Comparing loss estimation with observed damage:Astudy of the1999kocaeli earthquake in Turkey.Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2003,1(1):83-113.
[17]Gallousi C,Koukouvelas I K.Quantifying geomorphic evolution of earthquake-triggered landslides and their relation to active normal faults:An example from the gulf of Corinth,Greece.Tectonophysics,2007,440:85-104.
[18]Dzwonko Z,Gawroski S.The role of woodland fragments,soil types,and dominant species in secondary succession on western Carpathian foothills.Plant Ecology,1994,111:149-160.
[19]He H L,Song X C.Development of earthquake damage evaluation and damage data management system(EDMS)——A case study on Lijiang earthquake damage.Seismology and Geology,2005,27(3):397-411.
[20]Shinozuka M,Chang S E,Eguchi R T,et al.Advances in earthquake loss estimation and application to Memphis,Tennessee.Earthquake Spectra,1997,13(4):739-758.
[21]Sun Z K,Gu J H.A new method for loss assessments of earthquake disasters-the aerial survey.Recent Development in World Seismology,2000.
[22]Wang J L,Song Z F.Model for fast seismic disaster assessment.Journal of Seismological Research,2001,24(2):162-167.
[23]Zheng W F,Yin X T,Kan A K,et al.Seismic information collection and disaster evaluation system based on OpenGIS.Journal of Seismological Research,2007,20(2):195-200.
[24]Huang Z.Abnormal animal behaviors and earthquake warning.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2007,27(1):29-35.
[25]Huang Z.The history and future of the abnormal animal behaviors used as earthquake precursor.Seismological Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2006,27(4):44-51.
[26]Fell R.Landslide risk assessment and acceptable risk.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1994,31(2):26l-272.
[27]Fredlund D G.Slope stability hazard management systems.Journal of Zhejiang University Science,2007,8(11):1695-1711.
[28]Ye J J,Xu WN,Yan C Y,et al.Reviewand prospect of slope vegetative treatment.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,12(1):173-177.
[29]Gray D H,Megahan W F.Forest vegetation removal and slope stability in the Idaho Batholith.USDA Research Paper INT-271,Ogden,UT,1980,23.
[30]Bi HQ,Simpson J,Li R W,et al.Introduction of Pinus radiata for afforestation:a review with reference to Aba,China.Journal of Forestry Research,2003,14(4):311-322.
[31]Wu Z X,Liu QL,Huang Q,et al.Experiments with the introduction and cultivation of Pinus radiata D.Don in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,2005,26(3):1-10.
[32]Watson A J,O′loughlin C L.Structural root morphology and biomass of three age classes of Pinus radiata.New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,1990,20(1):97-100.
[33]Gray D H.Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slope stabilization.New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1996.
[34]He X X,Li W L,Zhang X N,et al.Rural household energy use and rural environment change:case study on fuel forest use in a village in depressed area.Ecology and Environment,2006,15(1):99-102.
[35]Su C B,Jing C G.HD-1Silk tree observation system for earthquake prediction.Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2003,4:29-31.
[1]四川植被协作组.四川植被.成都:四川人民出版社,1980.
[2]张荣祖.青藏高原横断山区科学考察丛书——横断山区干旱河谷.北京:科学出版社,1992.
[3]李钦榜.四川土壤.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1997.
[4]茂汶羌族自治县地方志编纂委员会.茂汶羌族自治县志.成都:四川辞书出版社,1997.
[6]王春明,包维楷,陈建中,等.岷江上游干旱河谷区褐土不同亚类剖面及养分特征.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(3):230～234.
[7]刘国华,马克明,傅伯杰,等.岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛类型地上生物量研究.生态学报,2003,23(9):1757～1764.
[8]冶民生,关文彬,白占雄,等.岷江干旱河谷植物群落生态梯度分析.中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):70～75.
[9]朱芬萌,安树青,关保华,等.生态交错带及研究进展.生态学报,2007,27(7):3032～3042.
[10]牛文元.生态环境脆弱带ECOTONE的基础判定.生态学报,1989,9(2):97～105.
[14]韩东银,魏英祖.西部生态系统震害及其基本防御措施.西北地震学报,2005,27(4):337～341.
[15]吴谨冰,郭安红.地震与环境生态.灾害学,2001,16(3):87～91,96.
[19]何宏林,宋新初.地震灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统(EDMS)的开发——以丽江地震为例.地震地质,2005,27(3):397～411.
[21]孙振凯,顾建华.地震灾害损失评估的新方法——航空测量法.国际地震动态,2000,5:18～19.
[22]王景来,宋志峰.地震灾害快速评估模型.地震研究,2001,24(2):162～167.
[23]郑文锋,银正彤,阚爱珂,王绪本.基于OpenGIS的地震信息采集与震灾评估系统.地震研究,2007,20(2):195～200.
[24]黄赞.动物行为异常与地震灾害预警.防灾减灾工程学报,2007,27(1):29～35.
[25]黄赞.动物习性异常作为地震前兆研究的历史与未来.地震地磁观测与研究,2006,27(4):44～51.
[28]叶建军,许文年,鄢朝勇,等.边坡生物治理回顾与展望.水土保持研究,2005,12(1):173～177.
[31]吴宗兴,刘千里,黄泉,等.岷江上游干旱河谷辐射松引种造林研究.四川林业科技,2005,26(3):1～10.
[34]赫晓霞,李文龙,张晓楠,等.农户能源利用方式的选择与农村环境的变化:某贫困山村薪炭林利用案例研究.生态环境,2006,15(1):99～102.
[35]苏丛柏,景呈国.HD-1型合欢树地震观测系统.山西地震,2003,4:29～31.
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