“5.12”汶川地震灾区生态恢复重建中仍需回答的关键科学问题(英文)
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摘要
"5·12"汶川地震对灾区脆弱的山地生态系统产生了重要影响,并直接威胁到区域生态安全.在地震灾区的生态恢复重建过程中,典型生态系统的结构与功能改变、关键物种的响应策略、地表生态过程的变化趋势、植被恢复措施以及灾变过程定位监测等都是特别需要关注的科学问题.然而,即便是在汶川地震发生2a之后,学术界对于上述问题还缺乏足够的关注.本文在查阅相关文献资料的基础上,结合对于灾区生态恢复的理解,提出目前仍需要迫切回答的4个关键科学问题,并指出相应的研究策略和发展方向,以期能够推动特大地震的生态环境效应研究及促进灾区的生态恢复重建.
The Wenchuan Earthquake of 8.0 magnitude at Richter scale hit large region of Sichuan,China on May 12,2008.It was a terrible disaster that caused great casualties and serious damages,and largely destroyed natural mountainous ecosystems in the earthquake-hit areas.Since the restoration of those damaged mountainous ecosystems plays an important role in ecological security in this region,it is argued that the reconstruction of those earthquake-damaged ecosystems should be given greater attention before and during the ecological recovery process.Yet,to date,little effort has been made to review and summarize the major unresolved questions relating to the ecosystem recovery after the earthquake.Focusing on the priorities for future research in this subject,based on the study and comparison of literatures we identified and examined four important research questions that need to be addressed,even two years after the earthquake.All these questions need to be resolved before signifi cant progress can be made in habilitating the damaged natural ecosystems,and perhaps more importantly,the results provide very useful information for cost-effective restoration decision making and policy planning for the earthquakehit areas.
The Wenchuan Earthquake of 8.0 magnitude at Richter scale hit large region of Sichuan,China on May 12,2008.It was a terrible disaster that caused great casualties and serious damages,and largely destroyed natural mountainous ecosystems in the earthquake-hit areas.Since the restoration of those damaged mountainous ecosystems plays an important role in ecological security in this region,it is argued that the reconstruction of those earthquake-damaged ecosystems should be given greater attention before and during the ecological recovery process.Yet,to date,little effort has been made to review and summarize the major unresolved questions relating to the ecosystem recovery after the earthquake.Focusing on the priorities for future research in this subject,based on the study and comparison of literatures we identified and examined four important research questions that need to be addressed,even two years after the earthquake.All these questions need to be resolved before signifi cant progress can be made in habilitating the damaged natural ecosystems,and perhaps more importantly,the results provide very useful information for cost-effective restoration decision making and policy planning for the earthquakehit areas.
引文
1 Bao WK (包维楷), Pang XY (庞学勇). Ecological degradation in the Wenchuan Earthquake seriously affected region in Sichuan, China. Chin J Appl Environ Biol (应用与环境生物学报), 2008, 14 (4): 441～444
2 Parsons T, Ji C, Kirby E. Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan basin. Nature, 2008, 454: 509～510
3 Wu N (吴宁), Lu T (卢涛), Luo P (罗鹏), Zhu D (朱单). A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems: Taking 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an example. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5810～5819
4 Wang ZF. A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Earthq Eng & Eng Vib, 2008, 7: 225～234
5 Zhang CM (张春敏), Wang GX (王根绪). Evaluation on the impacts of the Wenchuan Earthquake on ecological spatial pattern in landscape scale. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5938～5947
6 Cai L (蔡亮), Guo L (郭泺). A research of land-cover change of Wenchuan Earthquake before and after based on object-oriented method. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5927～5937
7 Veblen TT, Ashton DH. Catastrophic in uences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Vegetation, 1978, 36: 149～167
8 Johns RJ. The instability of the tropical ecosystem in New Guinea. Blumea, 1986, 31: 341～371
9 Yu WJ (于文金). The harm and loss of ecosystem assessment of earthquake disaster in Sichuan Province. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5785～5794
10 Hua LZ (花利忠), Cui SH (崔胜辉), Li XH (李新虎), Yin K (尹锴), Qiu QY (邱全毅). Remote sensing identifi cation of earthquake trigged landsides and their impacts on ecosystem services: A case study of Wenchuan County. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5909～5916
11 Tsunogai U, Wakita H. Precursory chemical changes in groundwater: Kobe earthquake. Jpn Sci, 1995, 269: 61～63
12 Toutain JP, Munoz M, Poitrasson F. Springwater chloride ion anomaly prior to ML=5.2 Pyrenean earthquake. Earth & Planet Sc Lett, 1997, 149: 113～119
13 Liu CP, Sheu BH. Effects of the 921 earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest. Water Air & Soil Poll, 2007, 179: 19～27
14 Xu WH, Wang XZ, Ouyang ZY, Zhang JD, Li ZQ, Xiao Y, Zheng H. Conservation of giant panda habitat in South Minshan, China, after the May 2008 earthquake. Front Ecol & Environ, 2009, 7 (7): 353～358
15 Noss RF, Copperrider AY. Saving Nature’s Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Washington DC, USA: USA Island Press, 1994
16 White DS, Elzinga CH, Hendricks SP. Temperature patterns within the hypothetic zone of a northern Michigan river. J N Am Benthol Soc, 1987, 6: 85～91
17 Ma KM, Fu BJ, Liu SL, Guan WB, Liu GH, Lu YH, Anand M. Multiple- scale soil moisture distribution and its implications for ecosystem restoration in an arid river valley, China. Land Degrad & Dev, 2004, 15: 75～85
18 Wu N (吴宁). Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Mountain Ecosystem on the Upper Minjiang River. Chengdu, China: Sichuan Publishing House of Science & Technology (成都: 四川科学技术出版社), 2007
19 White ID, Mottershead DN, Harison SJ. Environmental system. 2nd ed. London, UK: Champan & Hall, 1992
20 Zhou JS (周劲松). Fragility of mountain ecosystem and desertifi cation. J Nat Resour (自然资源学报), 1997, 12 (1): 10～16
21 Zhong XH (钟祥浩). Study of protection and construction of mountain ecological security barrier in China. J Mt Sci (山地学报), 2008, 26 (1): 2～11
22 Pickett STA, White PS. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. New York, USA: Academic Press, 1985
23 Pearce AJ, O’Loughlin CL. Landsliding during a M7.7 earthquake: In uence of geology and topography. Geology, 1985, 13: 855～858
24 Jacoby GC, Sheppard PR, Sieh KE. Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes along the San Andreas fault: Evidence from trees. Science, 1988, 241: 196～200
25 Nakashizuka T, Iida S, Suzuki W, Tanimoto T. Seed dispersal and vegetation development on a debris avalanche on the Ontake volcano, Central Japan. J Veg Sci, 1993, 4: 537～542
26 Kitzberger T, Veblen TT, Villalba R. Tectonic in uences on tree growth in northern Patagonia, Argentina: The roles of substrate stability and climatic variation. Can J For Res, 1995, 25: 1684～1696
27 Garwood NC, Janos DP, Brokaw N. Earthquake-caused landslides: A major disturbance to tropical forests. Science, 1979, 205: 997～999
28 Binkley D, Stottlemyer R, Suarez F, Cortina J. Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska: Responses to temperature and moisture. Ecoscience, 1994, 1: 64～70
29 Stottlemyer R, Toczydlowski D. Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1999, 63: 389～398
30 Illeris L, Jonasson S. Soil and plant CO2 emission in response to variations in soil moisture and temperature and to amendment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon in Northern Scandinavia. Arctic Alpine Res, 1999, 31: 264～271
31 Merrens EJ, Peart DR. Effects of hurricane damage on individual growth and stand structure in a hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA. J Ecol, 1992, 80: 787～795
32 Bellingham PJ, Tanner EVJ, Healey JR. Damage and responsiveness of Jamaican montane tree species after disturbance by a hurricane. Ecology, 1995, 76: 2562～2580
33 Harcombe P, Allen RB, Wardle JA, Platt KH. Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, biomass, growth, and mortality in a monospecifi c Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides forest in New Zealand. J Sustain For, 1998, 6: 313～345
34 Schuster RL, Highland LM. Overview of the effects of mass wasting on the natural environment. Environ & Eng Geosci, 2007, 1: 25～44
35 Hu JC (胡锦矗). Diversity of terrestrial vertebrates in Minshan Mountains. Zool Res (动物学研究), 2002, 23 (6): 521～526
36 Lu T, Ma KM, Zhang WH, Fu BJ. Differential responses of shrubs and herbs present at the Upper Minjiang River Basin (Tibetan Plateau) to several soil variables. J Arid Environ, 2006, 67: 373～390
37 Zhang WG, Hu YM, Hu JC. Impacts of land-use change on mammal diversity in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China: Implications for biodiversity conservation planning. Landscape & Urban Plan, 2008, 85: 195～204
38 Chen H, Wu N, Yuan XZ, Gao YH, Zhu D. Aftermath of the Wenchuan earthquake. Front Ecol & Environ, 2009, 7: 72～72
39 Ren D, Wang J, Fu R, Karoly DJ, Hong Y, Leslie LM, Fu C, Huang G. Mudslide-caused ecosystem degradation following Wenchuan earthquake 2008. Geophys Res Lett, 2009, 36 (5): L05401. doi: 10.1029/2008GL036702
40 Lin WT, Chou WC, Lin CY, Huang PH, Tsai JS. Vegetation recovery monitoring and assessment at landslides caused by earthquake in Central Taiwan. For Ecol Manage, 2005, 210: 55～66
41 Zhuang P (庄平), Gao XM (高贤明). The concept of the rainy zone of west China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China. Biodivers Sci (生物多样性), 2002, 10 (3): 339～344
42 Allen RB, Bellingham PJ, Wiser SK. Immediate damage by an earthquake to a temperate montane forest. Ecology, 1999, 80 (2): 708～714
43 Wischmeier WH, Smith DD. Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. Agriculture Handbook No. 537, US Department of Agriculture, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA, 1978
44 Lin CY, Lo HM, Chou WC, Lin WT. Vegetation recovery assessment at the Jou-Jou Mountain landslide area caused by the 921 Earthquake in Central Taiwan. Ecol Model, 2004, 176: 75～81
2 Parsons T, Ji C, Kirby E. Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan basin. Nature, 2008, 454: 509～510
3 Wu N (吴宁), Lu T (卢涛), Luo P (罗鹏), Zhu D (朱单). A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems: Taking 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an example. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5810～5819
4 Wang ZF. A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Earthq Eng & Eng Vib, 2008, 7: 225～234
5 Zhang CM (张春敏), Wang GX (王根绪). Evaluation on the impacts of the Wenchuan Earthquake on ecological spatial pattern in landscape scale. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5938～5947
6 Cai L (蔡亮), Guo L (郭泺). A research of land-cover change of Wenchuan Earthquake before and after based on object-oriented method. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5927～5937
7 Veblen TT, Ashton DH. Catastrophic in uences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Vegetation, 1978, 36: 149～167
8 Johns RJ. The instability of the tropical ecosystem in New Guinea. Blumea, 1986, 31: 341～371
9 Yu WJ (于文金). The harm and loss of ecosystem assessment of earthquake disaster in Sichuan Province. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5785～5794
10 Hua LZ (花利忠), Cui SH (崔胜辉), Li XH (李新虎), Yin K (尹锴), Qiu QY (邱全毅). Remote sensing identifi cation of earthquake trigged landsides and their impacts on ecosystem services: A case study of Wenchuan County. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 2008, 28 (12): 5909～5916
11 Tsunogai U, Wakita H. Precursory chemical changes in groundwater: Kobe earthquake. Jpn Sci, 1995, 269: 61～63
12 Toutain JP, Munoz M, Poitrasson F. Springwater chloride ion anomaly prior to ML=5.2 Pyrenean earthquake. Earth & Planet Sc Lett, 1997, 149: 113～119
13 Liu CP, Sheu BH. Effects of the 921 earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest. Water Air & Soil Poll, 2007, 179: 19～27
14 Xu WH, Wang XZ, Ouyang ZY, Zhang JD, Li ZQ, Xiao Y, Zheng H. Conservation of giant panda habitat in South Minshan, China, after the May 2008 earthquake. Front Ecol & Environ, 2009, 7 (7): 353～358
15 Noss RF, Copperrider AY. Saving Nature’s Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Washington DC, USA: USA Island Press, 1994
16 White DS, Elzinga CH, Hendricks SP. Temperature patterns within the hypothetic zone of a northern Michigan river. J N Am Benthol Soc, 1987, 6: 85～91
17 Ma KM, Fu BJ, Liu SL, Guan WB, Liu GH, Lu YH, Anand M. Multiple- scale soil moisture distribution and its implications for ecosystem restoration in an arid river valley, China. Land Degrad & Dev, 2004, 15: 75～85
18 Wu N (吴宁). Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Mountain Ecosystem on the Upper Minjiang River. Chengdu, China: Sichuan Publishing House of Science & Technology (成都: 四川科学技术出版社), 2007
19 White ID, Mottershead DN, Harison SJ. Environmental system. 2nd ed. London, UK: Champan & Hall, 1992
20 Zhou JS (周劲松). Fragility of mountain ecosystem and desertifi cation. J Nat Resour (自然资源学报), 1997, 12 (1): 10～16
21 Zhong XH (钟祥浩). Study of protection and construction of mountain ecological security barrier in China. J Mt Sci (山地学报), 2008, 26 (1): 2～11
22 Pickett STA, White PS. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. New York, USA: Academic Press, 1985
23 Pearce AJ, O’Loughlin CL. Landsliding during a M7.7 earthquake: In uence of geology and topography. Geology, 1985, 13: 855～858
24 Jacoby GC, Sheppard PR, Sieh KE. Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes along the San Andreas fault: Evidence from trees. Science, 1988, 241: 196～200
25 Nakashizuka T, Iida S, Suzuki W, Tanimoto T. Seed dispersal and vegetation development on a debris avalanche on the Ontake volcano, Central Japan. J Veg Sci, 1993, 4: 537～542
26 Kitzberger T, Veblen TT, Villalba R. Tectonic in uences on tree growth in northern Patagonia, Argentina: The roles of substrate stability and climatic variation. Can J For Res, 1995, 25: 1684～1696
27 Garwood NC, Janos DP, Brokaw N. Earthquake-caused landslides: A major disturbance to tropical forests. Science, 1979, 205: 997～999
28 Binkley D, Stottlemyer R, Suarez F, Cortina J. Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska: Responses to temperature and moisture. Ecoscience, 1994, 1: 64～70
29 Stottlemyer R, Toczydlowski D. Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1999, 63: 389～398
30 Illeris L, Jonasson S. Soil and plant CO2 emission in response to variations in soil moisture and temperature and to amendment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon in Northern Scandinavia. Arctic Alpine Res, 1999, 31: 264～271
31 Merrens EJ, Peart DR. Effects of hurricane damage on individual growth and stand structure in a hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA. J Ecol, 1992, 80: 787～795
32 Bellingham PJ, Tanner EVJ, Healey JR. Damage and responsiveness of Jamaican montane tree species after disturbance by a hurricane. Ecology, 1995, 76: 2562～2580
33 Harcombe P, Allen RB, Wardle JA, Platt KH. Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, biomass, growth, and mortality in a monospecifi c Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides forest in New Zealand. J Sustain For, 1998, 6: 313～345
34 Schuster RL, Highland LM. Overview of the effects of mass wasting on the natural environment. Environ & Eng Geosci, 2007, 1: 25～44
35 Hu JC (胡锦矗). Diversity of terrestrial vertebrates in Minshan Mountains. Zool Res (动物学研究), 2002, 23 (6): 521～526
36 Lu T, Ma KM, Zhang WH, Fu BJ. Differential responses of shrubs and herbs present at the Upper Minjiang River Basin (Tibetan Plateau) to several soil variables. J Arid Environ, 2006, 67: 373～390
37 Zhang WG, Hu YM, Hu JC. Impacts of land-use change on mammal diversity in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China: Implications for biodiversity conservation planning. Landscape & Urban Plan, 2008, 85: 195～204
38 Chen H, Wu N, Yuan XZ, Gao YH, Zhu D. Aftermath of the Wenchuan earthquake. Front Ecol & Environ, 2009, 7: 72～72
39 Ren D, Wang J, Fu R, Karoly DJ, Hong Y, Leslie LM, Fu C, Huang G. Mudslide-caused ecosystem degradation following Wenchuan earthquake 2008. Geophys Res Lett, 2009, 36 (5): L05401. doi: 10.1029/2008GL036702
40 Lin WT, Chou WC, Lin CY, Huang PH, Tsai JS. Vegetation recovery monitoring and assessment at landslides caused by earthquake in Central Taiwan. For Ecol Manage, 2005, 210: 55～66
41 Zhuang P (庄平), Gao XM (高贤明). The concept of the rainy zone of west China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China. Biodivers Sci (生物多样性), 2002, 10 (3): 339～344
42 Allen RB, Bellingham PJ, Wiser SK. Immediate damage by an earthquake to a temperate montane forest. Ecology, 1999, 80 (2): 708～714
43 Wischmeier WH, Smith DD. Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. Agriculture Handbook No. 537, US Department of Agriculture, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA, 1978
44 Lin CY, Lo HM, Chou WC, Lin WT. Vegetation recovery assessment at the Jou-Jou Mountain landslide area caused by the 921 Earthquake in Central Taiwan. Ecol Model, 2004, 176: 75～81
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