严重自然灾害后灾害景区对非灾害景区波及效应研究——以汶川大地震后四川境内的景区为例
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摘要
文章通过现实观察,发现在严重自然灾害发生后受损程度不同的旅游景区恢复均较迟缓的现象,进而对灾害地旅游景区进行了细分,界定了非灾害旅游景区和灾害旅游景区,阐明了灾后灾害旅游景区对非灾害旅游景区存在负面的波及效应,致使其游客流失严重、恢复缓慢。借助扎根理论的研究方法,对114名研究对象进行了开放式/半结构化访谈,归纳了此种波及效应产生的原因,并构建了此种波及效应产生机理的概念模型。研究结果表明,严重自然灾害背景下灾害旅游景区对非灾害旅游景区的波及效应有3种,分别是联结性波及效应、整体性波及效应和泛化性波及效应。
In the event of a natural disaster,it is believed that tourist attractions that have not been destroyed recover more quickly than those that have been destroyed.However,this study found that both types of tourist attractions recover slowly by tracing panel data on tourist numbers in Sichuan provence following the Wenchuan Great Earthquake of May 12th,2008.Because there is little pertinent literature on this situation,the study adopted grounded theory.We defined undestroyed tourist attraction and destroyed tourist attraction by segmentation according to whether the tourist attractions could meet tourist requirements.We then clarified the ripple effect from the destroyed tourist attractions to the undestroyed tourist attractions following a natural disaster leading to tourist loss and slow recovery.We obtained responses from 114 respondents comprising 52 males and 62 females both in verbal interviews and through questionnaires,and collected written responses and sound recordings from a group interview and in-depth interview held at the Wangjiang Campus of Sichuan University in Chengdu,Sichuan provence;Taihang Travel Agency in Changzhi,Shanxi provence;West Lake Scenic Area in Hangzhou,Zhejiang provence;Historical Museum in Mianzhu,Sichuan provence;and Jiuzhai Valley in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan provence.We randomly chose 100 data samples to code and kept 14 data samples for a theoretical saturation test.After open coding,we obtained 12 categories and 24 concepts,which were unsatisfactory because most were mentioned in previous related research.We then read between the lines and obtained eight categories and 18 concepts through cycle comparative analysis in axial coding.During this procedure,we found new categories and concepts that differed from those found in previous related studies.Furthermore,according to the subject of interest,three categories and four concepts remained after selective coding.Finally,by conducting a theoretical saturation test,we confirmed that the three categories are saturated because no other new categories or concepts were found.The study thus found three factors of tourist travel intention: the relevance,integration and generalization of the tourist attractions.The findings indicate that the ripple effect from the destroyed tourist attractions to the undestroyed tourist attractions following a natural disaster can be classified by the relevant ripple effect,integral ripple effect and general ripple effect.Finally,we analyzed the mechanisms of the three ripple effects using product relevance theory,gestalt theory and generalization theory.
In the event of a natural disaster,it is believed that tourist attractions that have not been destroyed recover more quickly than those that have been destroyed.However,this study found that both types of tourist attractions recover slowly by tracing panel data on tourist numbers in Sichuan provence following the Wenchuan Great Earthquake of May 12th,2008.Because there is little pertinent literature on this situation,the study adopted grounded theory.We defined undestroyed tourist attraction and destroyed tourist attraction by segmentation according to whether the tourist attractions could meet tourist requirements.We then clarified the ripple effect from the destroyed tourist attractions to the undestroyed tourist attractions following a natural disaster leading to tourist loss and slow recovery.We obtained responses from 114 respondents comprising 52 males and 62 females both in verbal interviews and through questionnaires,and collected written responses and sound recordings from a group interview and in-depth interview held at the Wangjiang Campus of Sichuan University in Chengdu,Sichuan provence;Taihang Travel Agency in Changzhi,Shanxi provence;West Lake Scenic Area in Hangzhou,Zhejiang provence;Historical Museum in Mianzhu,Sichuan provence;and Jiuzhai Valley in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan provence.We randomly chose 100 data samples to code and kept 14 data samples for a theoretical saturation test.After open coding,we obtained 12 categories and 24 concepts,which were unsatisfactory because most were mentioned in previous related research.We then read between the lines and obtained eight categories and 18 concepts through cycle comparative analysis in axial coding.During this procedure,we found new categories and concepts that differed from those found in previous related studies.Furthermore,according to the subject of interest,three categories and four concepts remained after selective coding.Finally,by conducting a theoretical saturation test,we confirmed that the three categories are saturated because no other new categories or concepts were found.The study thus found three factors of tourist travel intention: the relevance,integration and generalization of the tourist attractions.The findings indicate that the ripple effect from the destroyed tourist attractions to the undestroyed tourist attractions following a natural disaster can be classified by the relevant ripple effect,integral ripple effect and general ripple effect.Finally,we analyzed the mechanisms of the three ripple effects using product relevance theory,gestalt theory and generalization theory.
引文
[1]Ma Zongjin,Li Minfeng.Natural disaster assessment,disasterdegree and disaster countermeasures[A].AW Dept.of CAST.Researches on Natural Disaster Reduction[C].Beijing:ChinaScience and Technology Press,1990.11-19.[马宗晋,李闵锋.自然灾害评估、灾度和对策[A].中国科学技术协会学会工作部.中国减轻自然灾害研究[C].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1990.11-19.]
[2]Xu Haomin.Standardization system of disaster measurement[J].Science and Technology Review,1991,(4):61-63.[徐好民.灾害的级、类、度[J].科技导报,1991,(4):61-63.]
[3]Feng Zhize,Hu Zheng,He Jun.Loss evaluation of earthquakedisaster and classification of the disaster grade[J].Journal ofCatastrophology,1994,9(1):13-16.[冯志泽,胡政,何钧.地震灾害损失评估及灾害等级划分[J].灾害学,1994,9(1):13-16.]
[4]Feng Zhize.Study on classification and management of naturaldisaster grade[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1996,11(1):34-37.[冯志泽.自然灾害等级划分及灾害分级管理研究[J].灾害学,1996,11(1):34-37.]
[5]Mario M,Anna M.Earthquake effects on tourism in central Italy[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2001,28(4),1031-1046.
[6]Nevenka C.Tour Operators and destination safety[J].Annals ofTourism Research,2002,29(2):478-496.
[7]Ritchie B W.Chaos,crises and disasters:A strategic approachto crisis management in the tourism industry[J].TourismManagement,2004,25(6):669-683.
[8]Bongkosh N R.Understanding the motivation of travelers onrepeat visits to Thailand[J].Journal of Vacation Marketing,2008,14(1):5-21.
[9]Bongkosh N R,Goutam C.Perceived travel risks regardingterrorism and disease:The case of Thailand[J].TourismManagement,2009,30(3):410-418.
[10]Liu Shiming,Nan Jianfei,Li Wei.Factor analysis on the reasonsfor tourist drain after serious natural disaster in scenic spots:Taking Sichuan tourism after the Earthquake in Wenchuan as anexample[J].Journal of Hainan University(Humanities&SocialSciences Edition),2010,28(2):89-94.[刘世明,南剑飞,李蔚.严重自然灾难地景区游客流失原因因子分析——以汶川地震后四川旅游为例[J].海南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010,28(2):89-94.]
[11]Chen Xiangming.Qualitative Research in Social Sciences[M].Beijing:Educational Science Publishing House,2000.12.[陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.12.]
[12]Charmaz K;Bian Guoying trans.Constructing Grounded Theory:A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2009.34-78.[凯西.C;边国英译.建构扎根理论:质性研究实践指南[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.34-78.]
[13]Strauss A,Corbin J.Basics of Qualitative Research:GroundedTheory Procedures and Techniues[M].California:Sage,1990.19-40.
[14]Strauss A,Corbin J.Basics of Qualitative Research:GroundedTheory Procedures and Techniques(the 2nd Edition)[M].California:Sage,1998.24-66.
[15]Creswell J W.Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design:Choosingamong Five Traditions[M].California:Sage,1998.53.
[16]Stake R E.The Art of Case Study Research[M].California:Sage,1995.50-70.
[17]Creswell J W;Cui Yanqiang trans.Research Design:Qualitative,Quantitative,and Mixed Methods Approaches[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2007.34.[克雷斯威尔.J.W;崔延强译.研究设计与写作指导:定性、定量与混合研究的路径[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2007.34.]
[18]Clandinin D J,Connelly F M.Narrative Inquiry:Experience andStory in Qualitative Research[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2000.37-50.
[19]Rittichainuwat B.Ghosts:A travel barrier to tourism recovery[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(2):437-459.
[20]Bai Kai.The research on American tourists about their cognitionof color image of urban destination[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(4):1-17.[白凯.旅华美国游客目的地城市色彩意象认知研究[J].地理学报,2012,67(4):557-573.]
[21]Koffka K;Li Wei trans.The Principle of Gestalt Psychology[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2010.53-146.[考夫卡.K;李维译.格式塔心理学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.53-146.]
[22]Hunt J D.Image as a factor in tourism development[J].Journalof Travel Research,1975,13(3):1-7.
[23]Yang Xinhui.A New History of Psychology[M].Guangzhou:Jinan University Press,2003.198-232.[杨鑫辉.新编心理学史[M].广州:暨南大学出版社,2003.198-232.]
[24]Aaker D A,Keller K L.Consumer evaluations of brandextensions[J].Journal of Marketing,1990,54(1):27-41.
①数据来源:四川旅游政务网(http://www.scta.gov.cn/web/),2012-01-20。
②数据来源:四川统计局网站(http://www.sc.stats.gov.cn/sctj/),2012-01-20。
③数据来源:《四川旅游业损失近630亿元,需要3到5年才能恢复》(http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20080612/02102270211.shtml),2012-01-20。
①数据来源:四川旅游政务网(http://www.scta.gov.cn/web/),2012-01-20。
[2]Xu Haomin.Standardization system of disaster measurement[J].Science and Technology Review,1991,(4):61-63.[徐好民.灾害的级、类、度[J].科技导报,1991,(4):61-63.]
[3]Feng Zhize,Hu Zheng,He Jun.Loss evaluation of earthquakedisaster and classification of the disaster grade[J].Journal ofCatastrophology,1994,9(1):13-16.[冯志泽,胡政,何钧.地震灾害损失评估及灾害等级划分[J].灾害学,1994,9(1):13-16.]
[4]Feng Zhize.Study on classification and management of naturaldisaster grade[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1996,11(1):34-37.[冯志泽.自然灾害等级划分及灾害分级管理研究[J].灾害学,1996,11(1):34-37.]
[5]Mario M,Anna M.Earthquake effects on tourism in central Italy[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2001,28(4),1031-1046.
[6]Nevenka C.Tour Operators and destination safety[J].Annals ofTourism Research,2002,29(2):478-496.
[7]Ritchie B W.Chaos,crises and disasters:A strategic approachto crisis management in the tourism industry[J].TourismManagement,2004,25(6):669-683.
[8]Bongkosh N R.Understanding the motivation of travelers onrepeat visits to Thailand[J].Journal of Vacation Marketing,2008,14(1):5-21.
[9]Bongkosh N R,Goutam C.Perceived travel risks regardingterrorism and disease:The case of Thailand[J].TourismManagement,2009,30(3):410-418.
[10]Liu Shiming,Nan Jianfei,Li Wei.Factor analysis on the reasonsfor tourist drain after serious natural disaster in scenic spots:Taking Sichuan tourism after the Earthquake in Wenchuan as anexample[J].Journal of Hainan University(Humanities&SocialSciences Edition),2010,28(2):89-94.[刘世明,南剑飞,李蔚.严重自然灾难地景区游客流失原因因子分析——以汶川地震后四川旅游为例[J].海南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010,28(2):89-94.]
[11]Chen Xiangming.Qualitative Research in Social Sciences[M].Beijing:Educational Science Publishing House,2000.12.[陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.12.]
[12]Charmaz K;Bian Guoying trans.Constructing Grounded Theory:A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2009.34-78.[凯西.C;边国英译.建构扎根理论:质性研究实践指南[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.34-78.]
[13]Strauss A,Corbin J.Basics of Qualitative Research:GroundedTheory Procedures and Techniues[M].California:Sage,1990.19-40.
[14]Strauss A,Corbin J.Basics of Qualitative Research:GroundedTheory Procedures and Techniques(the 2nd Edition)[M].California:Sage,1998.24-66.
[15]Creswell J W.Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design:Choosingamong Five Traditions[M].California:Sage,1998.53.
[16]Stake R E.The Art of Case Study Research[M].California:Sage,1995.50-70.
[17]Creswell J W;Cui Yanqiang trans.Research Design:Qualitative,Quantitative,and Mixed Methods Approaches[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2007.34.[克雷斯威尔.J.W;崔延强译.研究设计与写作指导:定性、定量与混合研究的路径[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2007.34.]
[18]Clandinin D J,Connelly F M.Narrative Inquiry:Experience andStory in Qualitative Research[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2000.37-50.
[19]Rittichainuwat B.Ghosts:A travel barrier to tourism recovery[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(2):437-459.
[20]Bai Kai.The research on American tourists about their cognitionof color image of urban destination[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(4):1-17.[白凯.旅华美国游客目的地城市色彩意象认知研究[J].地理学报,2012,67(4):557-573.]
[21]Koffka K;Li Wei trans.The Principle of Gestalt Psychology[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2010.53-146.[考夫卡.K;李维译.格式塔心理学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.53-146.]
[22]Hunt J D.Image as a factor in tourism development[J].Journalof Travel Research,1975,13(3):1-7.
[23]Yang Xinhui.A New History of Psychology[M].Guangzhou:Jinan University Press,2003.198-232.[杨鑫辉.新编心理学史[M].广州:暨南大学出版社,2003.198-232.]
[24]Aaker D A,Keller K L.Consumer evaluations of brandextensions[J].Journal of Marketing,1990,54(1):27-41.
①数据来源:四川旅游政务网(http://www.scta.gov.cn/web/),2012-01-20。
②数据来源:四川统计局网站(http://www.sc.stats.gov.cn/sctj/),2012-01-20。
③数据来源:《四川旅游业损失近630亿元,需要3到5年才能恢复》(http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20080612/02102270211.shtml),2012-01-20。
①数据来源:四川旅游政务网(http://www.scta.gov.cn/web/),2012-01-20。
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