汶川地震山地灾害对环境因素的响应机制
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摘要
为了研究汶川地震山地灾害灾害分布对环境因素的响应机制,通过对汶川地震灾区的调查和遥感解译,详细分析灾害分布特点,用GIS平台对4722个典型灾害点的环境因素进行分析,得出以下结论:1)地震能量释放的长短轴效应造成地震能量主要沿断裂带释放,灾害点沿中央断裂呈条带状分布,在距中央断裂20km范围内集中灾害总数的64.42%,逆冲断裂的上下盘效应使上盘灾害发育程度明显高于下盘和下盘灾害密度经历先降低后升高再降低的变化;2)灾害点在山地地区集中分布在河谷两岸,河谷岸坡对地震的放大作用使坡体上部岩土首先崩解,带动坡体下部的岩土一起运动,形成"山剥皮"特点的崩滑型灾害;3)灾害总数的99.43%集中分布在地震烈度Ⅶ度及其以上地区,地震的场地效应使灾害在易滑岩层中较为发育;4)在区域地势变化与地震断裂破裂一致的方向上有利于地震能量的传播,灾害更容易发生,规模较大的滑坡主滑方向也大多数发生在两者的并集方向。
For revealing the relationship between the distribution of landslides and environmental factors,4722 earthquake-induced landslides were studied with field investigation and the interpretation of remote-sensing images.GIS technique was used to finish the statistical data including distance from middle faults,lithology,altitute,river,slope and aspect of slope.The results about the responsive mechanism between the distribution of landslides and environmental factors were summarized as follows.The zonal distribution of landslides was consistent with the strike of middle faults and the seismic energy was released along the middle faults which caused the attenuation of energy obvious in minor axis and about 64.42% of landslides were distributed within 20 km from middle faults.The density in hangingwall of middle faults was obviously higher than that in footwall which underwent the variation of reduce-increase-reduce because of the break of middle and front thrusting faults.The release of seismic energy was restricted by landform and river.The high density of landslides was in high altitude,steep slope,intense incision.The concentrated distribution of landslides was in river banks and the origin of landslides was in upside of slope because of the magnified effect for earthquake.About 99.43% of landslides were distributed in area where the seismic intensity was more than Ⅶ and the highest density of landslides were in soft rocks because of the earthquake site coefficients.The high density occurred in the intersection direction of the gradient topography and the faults breaking and landslides with large scale appeared in the union direction,which was convenient for seismic energy transmitting.
For revealing the relationship between the distribution of landslides and environmental factors,4722 earthquake-induced landslides were studied with field investigation and the interpretation of remote-sensing images.GIS technique was used to finish the statistical data including distance from middle faults,lithology,altitute,river,slope and aspect of slope.The results about the responsive mechanism between the distribution of landslides and environmental factors were summarized as follows.The zonal distribution of landslides was consistent with the strike of middle faults and the seismic energy was released along the middle faults which caused the attenuation of energy obvious in minor axis and about 64.42% of landslides were distributed within 20 km from middle faults.The density in hangingwall of middle faults was obviously higher than that in footwall which underwent the variation of reduce-increase-reduce because of the break of middle and front thrusting faults.The release of seismic energy was restricted by landform and river.The high density of landslides was in high altitude,steep slope,intense incision.The concentrated distribution of landslides was in river banks and the origin of landslides was in upside of slope because of the magnified effect for earthquake.About 99.43% of landslides were distributed in area where the seismic intensity was more than Ⅶ and the highest density of landslides were in soft rocks because of the earthquake site coefficients.The high density occurred in the intersection direction of the gradient topography and the faults breaking and landslides with large scale appeared in the union direction,which was convenient for seismic energy transmitting.
引文
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[13]Yulin Chung.Seismic resistance capacity of high-rise buildings subjected to long-period ground motions—E-Defense Shaking Table Test[C]//The14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Beijing,2008.
[14]Ying Yueping.Features of landsilides triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29-38.[殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29-38.]
[15]Li Xiuzhen,Kong Jiming,Deng Hongyan.Analysis on characteristics and deformation failure mode of large-scale landslides induced by“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):72-77.[李秀珍,孔纪名,邓红艳.“5.12”汶川地震滑坡特征及失稳破坏模式分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):72-77.]
[16]Kong Jiming,Cui Yun,Tian Sujun,et al.Typical case study on the development characteristics of fragmentation-sliding seismic landslide[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):119-124.[孔纪名,崔云,田述军,等.地震碎裂滑动型滑坡发育特点及典型实例分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):119-124.]
[2]Romeo R.Seismically induced landslide displacements:a predictive model[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):337-351.
[3]Papadopoulos G A,Plessa A.Magnitude-distance relations for earthquake-induced landslide in Greece[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):377-386.
[4]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.]
[5]Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Yao Xin,et al.Gis platform and creatainty factor analysis methoud based Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility evaluation[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(1):15-26.[许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等.基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(1):15-26].
[6]Tian Shujun,Kong Jiming,Cui Yun,et al.Research on responsive mechanism between earthquake-induced mountain hazards and environmental background in typical region of Wenchuan Earthquake:A case study of Mianzhu county[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):209-215.[田述军,孔纪名,崔云,等.典型地区地震山地灾害分布对环境本底因素响应机制研究——以绵竹市为例[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):209-215.]
[7]Cheng Yuntai.On the magnitude and the fault length of the great Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Science and Technology Review,2008,26(10):26-27.[陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度[J].科技导报,2008,26(10):26-27.]
[8]Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slippling in the Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu university of tech-nology:Science and Technology Edition,2008,35(4):404-412.[李勇,周荣军,董顺利.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2008,35(4):404-412.]
[9]Seed H B,Romo M P,Sun J I,et al.The Mexico earthquake of September 19,1985:Relationships between soil conditions and earthquake ground motions[J].Earthquake Spec-tra,1988(4):687-729.
[10]Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on ground motions recorded during the Northridge earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,1996,86(1B):93-99.
[11]Yu Yanxiang,Gao Mengtan.Effects of the hangingwall and footwall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi Earthquake,Taiwan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615-621.[俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615-621.]
[12]Sorin D,Alexandru A.Recorded seismic response of an instrumented high-rise reinforced-concrete building in Bucharest[C]//First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology.Geneva,Switzerland,2006.
[13]Yulin Chung.Seismic resistance capacity of high-rise buildings subjected to long-period ground motions—E-Defense Shaking Table Test[C]//The14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Beijing,2008.
[14]Ying Yueping.Features of landsilides triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29-38.[殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29-38.]
[15]Li Xiuzhen,Kong Jiming,Deng Hongyan.Analysis on characteristics and deformation failure mode of large-scale landslides induced by“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):72-77.[李秀珍,孔纪名,邓红艳.“5.12”汶川地震滑坡特征及失稳破坏模式分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):72-77.]
[16]Kong Jiming,Cui Yun,Tian Sujun,et al.Typical case study on the development characteristics of fragmentation-sliding seismic landslide[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):119-124.[孔纪名,崔云,田述军,等.地震碎裂滑动型滑坡发育特点及典型实例分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):119-124.]
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