地震前兆:电离层F_2层异常
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摘要
本文简述了目前提出的地震引起电离层异常扰动的物理机理,重点介绍了近几年国内外对震前F2层异常扰动的研究进展.大量的研究结果显示地震活动引起的电离层扰动不仅确实存在,而且在震级大于5级的地震发生前的几天到几个小时会发生电离层扰动.由于地震引起的电离层F2层变化具有独一无二的特性,这就意味着我们可以利用强震前的F2层异常变化作为地震短临预报的工具.
The physical mechanisms of the anomalies in the ionosphere associated with earthquakes are presented in the paper.This article is aimed at describing the development of the anomalies in the ionospheric F2 region before earthquakes recent years.Many results brought out clearly that ionospheric variations do exist associated with seismic activity and appearing few days or hours before the seismic shocks of large intensity(M≥5.0).We can conclude that seismically induced ionospheric F2 region variability shows unique feature that permit us to exploit innospheric variations before strong earthquakes as a tool for short-term predictions.
The physical mechanisms of the anomalies in the ionosphere associated with earthquakes are presented in the paper.This article is aimed at describing the development of the anomalies in the ionospheric F2 region before earthquakes recent years.Many results brought out clearly that ionospheric variations do exist associated with seismic activity and appearing few days or hours before the seismic shocks of large intensity(M≥5.0).We can conclude that seismically induced ionospheric F2 region variability shows unique feature that permit us to exploit innospheric variations before strong earthquakes as a tool for short-term predictions.
引文
[1]Gokhberg M B,Morgounov V A,Pokhotelov O A.Earth-quake Prediction:seismo-Electromagnetic Phenomena[M].Russia:Gordon and Breach Publishers,1995.
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[8]Barnes R A,Leonard R S.Observations of ionospheric dis-turbances following the Alaska earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1965,70:1250~1253.
[9]Furumoto A S,Pr?lss G W,Weaver P F,et al.Acousticcoupling into the ionosphere from seismic waves of the earth-quake at Kurile Islands on Augest 11,1969[J].Nature,1971,226:1239~1241.
[10]Blanc E.Observations in the upper atmosphere of infrasonicwaves from natural or artifical sources:a summary[J].Ann.Geophys.,1985,3:673~688.
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[12]Pulinets S A.Strong earthquakes prediction possibility withthe help of topside sounding from satellites[J].Advances inSpace Research,1998,21(3):455~458.
[13]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphericsignatures prior to M≥6:0 Taiwan earthquakes[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2000,27(19):3113~3116.
[14]Silina A S,Liperovskaya E V,Liperovsky V A,et al.Iono-spheric phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1:113~118.
[15]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies inthe f0Es prior to M?6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[A].SeismoElectromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere cou-pling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp,309~312.
[16]Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere cou-pling mechanism and its application to the earthquake in Iranon June 20,1990:A review of ionosphere measurements andbasic assumptions[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:211~218.
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[18]Garavaglia M,Dal Moro G,Zadro M.Radon and tilt meas-urements in a seismic area:tempreature effects[J].Physicsand Chemistry of the Earth,2000,25(3):233~237.
[19]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A.Ionospheric Precursors ofEarthquakes[M].Springer Verlag Pub,2004.
[20]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A,Hegai V V,et al.Conceptionand model of seismo-ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling[A].In:Hayakawa M.and O.A.Molchanov(Eds.),Seismo-E-lectromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Cou-pling[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,353~361.
[21]Voitov G I,Dobrovolsky I P.Chemical and isotopic-carboninstabilities of the native gas flows in seismically active re-gions[J].Izvestiya Earth Science,1994,3:20~31.
[22]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A,Khegai V V,et al.Quasielec-trostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere cou-pling[J].Adv.Space Res.,2000,26:1209~1218.
[23]Jianguo H.Near earth surface anomalies of the atmosphericelectric field and earthquakes[J].Acta Seismol.Sin.,1989,2:289~298.
[24]Nikiforova N N,Michnowski S.Atmospheric electric field a-nomalies analysis during great Carpatian Earthquake at PolishObservatory Swider[A].IUGG XXI General Assem.Abst.,Boulder,Colo.[C],VA11D-16,1995.
[25]Vershinin E F,Buzevich A V,Yumoto K,et al.Correla-tions of seismic activity with electromagnetic emissions andvariations in Kamchatka region[A].In:Hayakawa M.(Ed.),Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phe-nomena Associated with Earthquakes[C],TERRAPUB,To-kyo,1999,pp513~517.
[26]Hao J,Tang T,Li D.Progress in the research of atmospher-ic electric field anomaly as an index for short-impending pre-diction of earthquakes[J].J.Earthquake Pred.Res.,2000,8:241~255.
[27]Rulenko O P,Operative precursors of earthquakes in thenear-ground atmosphere electricity[J].Vulcanology and Seis-mology,2000,4:57~68.
[28]Park C G,Dejnakarintra M.Penetration of thundercloud e-lectric fields into the ionosphere and magnetosphere,1.Mid-dle and auroral latitudes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1973,84:960~964.
[29]Kim V P,Khegai V V.The Effect of an Electric Field on theNightside E Region of the Midlatitude Ionosphere[J].Geo-magnetism and Aeronomy,(English Edition Published byAGU),1985,25(5):717~718.
[30]Hegai V V,Kim V P.The formation of a cavity in the night-time midlatitude ionospheric E-region above a thundercloud[J].Planet.Space Sci.,1990.38(6):703~707.
[31]Dobrovolsky I R,Zubkov S I,Myachkin V I.Estimation ofthe size of earthquake preparation zones[J].Pure and Ap-plied Geophysics,1979,117:1025~1044.
[32]Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G,et al.An observationtest of the critical earthquake concept[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1998,103,24359~24372.
[33]Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,et al.Statistical study of iono-spheric precursors of strong earthquakes at Taiwan area[A].XXVI URSI General Assembly[C],Toronto,13?21 Au-gust 1999,Abstracts 745.
[34]黄捷.电波大气折射误差修正[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1999.Huang J.Correction for atmospheric refractive error of radiowave[M].Beijing:National Defence Industry Press,1999.
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[36]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.The earth-quakes prediction possibility on the base of topside sounding data[J],IZMIRAN preprint N 34a(981),1991,25.
[37]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Zelenova T I.Dependence ofthe seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum onthe local time[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,1998,38(3):188~193.
[38]Biryukov A S,Grigoryan O R,Kuznetsov S N,et al.SpacePhysics and Ecology:Effects from the Earthquakes on the I-onospheric Heights[J].Engineering Ecology,1996,5:92.
[39]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J.A statistical investigation ofpre-earthquake-ionospheric anomaly[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,111,A05304.
[40]Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionosphericvariability[J].Advances in Space Research,1998,22(6):903~906.
[41]Gaivoronskaya T V,Pulinets S A.Analysis of the F2 layervariability over the areas of seismic activity[J].PreprintIZMIRAN No.2(1145),IZMIRAN,Russian Academy ofScience,2002,20pp.
[42]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.A statistical study ofionospheric precursors of M≥5:0 earthquakes in Taiwan area[A].Eos Transactions AGU 81(48)[C],Fall Meeting Sup-plement,2000,Abstract S11B-07.
[43]杜品仁,蒋和荣,郭兼善.电离层异常能否作为地震前兆研究[J].地震,1998,18(2):119~126.Du P R,Jiang H R,Guo J S.Research on possibility of iono-spheric anomalies as an earthquake precursor[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),1998,18(2):119~126.
[44]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphericsignatures prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[J].Geo-phys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:3113~3116.
[45]Chuo Y J,Chen Y I,Liu J Y,et al.Ionospheric f0F2 varia-tions prior to strong earthquakes in TaiWan area[J].Adv.Space Res.,2001,27:1305~1310.
[46]Ondoh T.Seismo-ionospheric effects[A].Atmospheric andIonospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated withEarthquakes[C].Terra Scientific Publishing company,To-kyo,1999,pp789~803.
[47]卓裕荣.电离层地震前兆之研究[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2002.Chuo Y J.A study of seismo-ionospheric precursor[D].Tai-wan:NCU Institute of Space Science,2002.
[48]Kim V P,Hegai V V.A possible presage of strong earth-quakes in the night-time mid-latitude region ionosphere[A].Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic PhenomenaAssociated with Earthquakes[C].Terra Scientific Publishingcompany,Tokyo,1999,pp619~627.
[49]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D,Gaivoronskaya T V,et al.Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors ofstrong earthquake[J].Journal of Atmosphere and Solar-Ter-restrial Physics,2003,65:1337~1347.
[50]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D.Spatial-temporal characteristicsof large scale distributions of electron density observed in theionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes[J].CosmicResearch,2003,41(3):221~229.
[51]Davies K.Ionospheric Radio[M].Pter Peregrinus Ltd.,1990.
[2]刘光鼎.20世纪地球科学的发展[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(2):1~6.Liu G D.The progress of earth sciences in 20th century[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2000,15(2):1~6.
[3]刘光鼎.回顾与展望——21世纪的固体地球物理[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(2):191~197.Liu G D.Review and prospect———21st century solid geo-physics[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2002,17(2):191~197.
[4]陈顒,李娟.2001年地球物理学的一些进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(1):1~4.Chen Y,Li J.Advances of geophysics in 2001[J].Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(1):1~4.
[5]滕吉文.21世纪地球物理学的机遇和挑战[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):208~215.Teng J W.Opportunity challenge and developing frontiers:geophysics in 21st century[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chi-nese),2004,19(2):208~215.
[6]滕吉文.当代中国地球物理学向何处去[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):327~339.Teng J W.Where is the contemporary geophysics of Chinagoing[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):327~339.
[7]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and ionospheric electromagnetic-phenomena associated with earthquakes[M].Tokyo:TER-RAPUB,1999.
[8]Barnes R A,Leonard R S.Observations of ionospheric dis-turbances following the Alaska earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1965,70:1250~1253.
[9]Furumoto A S,Pr?lss G W,Weaver P F,et al.Acousticcoupling into the ionosphere from seismic waves of the earth-quake at Kurile Islands on Augest 11,1969[J].Nature,1971,226:1239~1241.
[10]Blanc E.Observations in the upper atmosphere of infrasonicwaves from natural or artifical sources:a summary[J].Ann.Geophys.,1985,3:673~688.
[11]Antsilevich M G.The infulence of Tashkent earthquake onthe Earth’s magnetic field and the ionosphere,Tashkentearthquake 26 April 1966[J].Tashkent,FAN,1971,187~188.
[12]Pulinets S A.Strong earthquakes prediction possibility withthe help of topside sounding from satellites[J].Advances inSpace Research,1998,21(3):455~458.
[13]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphericsignatures prior to M≥6:0 Taiwan earthquakes[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2000,27(19):3113~3116.
[14]Silina A S,Liperovskaya E V,Liperovsky V A,et al.Iono-spheric phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1:113~118.
[15]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies inthe f0Es prior to M?6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[A].SeismoElectromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere cou-pling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp,309~312.
[16]Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere cou-pling mechanism and its application to the earthquake in Iranon June 20,1990:A review of ionosphere measurements andbasic assumptions[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:211~218.
[17]Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere cou-pling mechanism and its application in the case of the June 20,1990 earthquake in Iran:Interpretation of its ionosphereeffects[J].J.Earthquake Pre Res.,1998,7:98~111.
[18]Garavaglia M,Dal Moro G,Zadro M.Radon and tilt meas-urements in a seismic area:tempreature effects[J].Physicsand Chemistry of the Earth,2000,25(3):233~237.
[19]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A.Ionospheric Precursors ofEarthquakes[M].Springer Verlag Pub,2004.
[20]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A,Hegai V V,et al.Conceptionand model of seismo-ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling[A].In:Hayakawa M.and O.A.Molchanov(Eds.),Seismo-E-lectromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Cou-pling[C],TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002,353~361.
[21]Voitov G I,Dobrovolsky I P.Chemical and isotopic-carboninstabilities of the native gas flows in seismically active re-gions[J].Izvestiya Earth Science,1994,3:20~31.
[22]Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A,Khegai V V,et al.Quasielec-trostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere cou-pling[J].Adv.Space Res.,2000,26:1209~1218.
[23]Jianguo H.Near earth surface anomalies of the atmosphericelectric field and earthquakes[J].Acta Seismol.Sin.,1989,2:289~298.
[24]Nikiforova N N,Michnowski S.Atmospheric electric field a-nomalies analysis during great Carpatian Earthquake at PolishObservatory Swider[A].IUGG XXI General Assem.Abst.,Boulder,Colo.[C],VA11D-16,1995.
[25]Vershinin E F,Buzevich A V,Yumoto K,et al.Correla-tions of seismic activity with electromagnetic emissions andvariations in Kamchatka region[A].In:Hayakawa M.(Ed.),Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phe-nomena Associated with Earthquakes[C],TERRAPUB,To-kyo,1999,pp513~517.
[26]Hao J,Tang T,Li D.Progress in the research of atmospher-ic electric field anomaly as an index for short-impending pre-diction of earthquakes[J].J.Earthquake Pred.Res.,2000,8:241~255.
[27]Rulenko O P,Operative precursors of earthquakes in thenear-ground atmosphere electricity[J].Vulcanology and Seis-mology,2000,4:57~68.
[28]Park C G,Dejnakarintra M.Penetration of thundercloud e-lectric fields into the ionosphere and magnetosphere,1.Mid-dle and auroral latitudes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1973,84:960~964.
[29]Kim V P,Khegai V V.The Effect of an Electric Field on theNightside E Region of the Midlatitude Ionosphere[J].Geo-magnetism and Aeronomy,(English Edition Published byAGU),1985,25(5):717~718.
[30]Hegai V V,Kim V P.The formation of a cavity in the night-time midlatitude ionospheric E-region above a thundercloud[J].Planet.Space Sci.,1990.38(6):703~707.
[31]Dobrovolsky I R,Zubkov S I,Myachkin V I.Estimation ofthe size of earthquake preparation zones[J].Pure and Ap-plied Geophysics,1979,117:1025~1044.
[32]Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G,et al.An observationtest of the critical earthquake concept[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1998,103,24359~24372.
[33]Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,et al.Statistical study of iono-spheric precursors of strong earthquakes at Taiwan area[A].XXVI URSI General Assembly[C],Toronto,13?21 Au-gust 1999,Abstracts 745.
[34]黄捷.电波大气折射误差修正[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1999.Huang J.Correction for atmospheric refractive error of radiowave[M].Beijing:National Defence Industry Press,1999.
[35]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.Xiong H.Electromagnetic wave dissemination and spatial en-vironment[M].Beijing:Electronics Industry PublishingHouse,2004.
[36]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.The earth-quakes prediction possibility on the base of topside sounding data[J],IZMIRAN preprint N 34a(981),1991,25.
[37]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Zelenova T I.Dependence ofthe seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum onthe local time[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,1998,38(3):188~193.
[38]Biryukov A S,Grigoryan O R,Kuznetsov S N,et al.SpacePhysics and Ecology:Effects from the Earthquakes on the I-onospheric Heights[J].Engineering Ecology,1996,5:92.
[39]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J.A statistical investigation ofpre-earthquake-ionospheric anomaly[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,111,A05304.
[40]Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionosphericvariability[J].Advances in Space Research,1998,22(6):903~906.
[41]Gaivoronskaya T V,Pulinets S A.Analysis of the F2 layervariability over the areas of seismic activity[J].PreprintIZMIRAN No.2(1145),IZMIRAN,Russian Academy ofScience,2002,20pp.
[42]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.A statistical study ofionospheric precursors of M≥5:0 earthquakes in Taiwan area[A].Eos Transactions AGU 81(48)[C],Fall Meeting Sup-plement,2000,Abstract S11B-07.
[43]杜品仁,蒋和荣,郭兼善.电离层异常能否作为地震前兆研究[J].地震,1998,18(2):119~126.Du P R,Jiang H R,Guo J S.Research on possibility of iono-spheric anomalies as an earthquake precursor[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),1998,18(2):119~126.
[44]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphericsignatures prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[J].Geo-phys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:3113~3116.
[45]Chuo Y J,Chen Y I,Liu J Y,et al.Ionospheric f0F2 varia-tions prior to strong earthquakes in TaiWan area[J].Adv.Space Res.,2001,27:1305~1310.
[46]Ondoh T.Seismo-ionospheric effects[A].Atmospheric andIonospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated withEarthquakes[C].Terra Scientific Publishing company,To-kyo,1999,pp789~803.
[47]卓裕荣.电离层地震前兆之研究[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2002.Chuo Y J.A study of seismo-ionospheric precursor[D].Tai-wan:NCU Institute of Space Science,2002.
[48]Kim V P,Hegai V V.A possible presage of strong earth-quakes in the night-time mid-latitude region ionosphere[A].Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic PhenomenaAssociated with Earthquakes[C].Terra Scientific Publishingcompany,Tokyo,1999,pp619~627.
[49]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D,Gaivoronskaya T V,et al.Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors ofstrong earthquake[J].Journal of Atmosphere and Solar-Ter-restrial Physics,2003,65:1337~1347.
[50]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D.Spatial-temporal characteristicsof large scale distributions of electron density observed in theionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes[J].CosmicResearch,2003,41(3):221~229.
[51]Davies K.Ionospheric Radio[M].Pter Peregrinus Ltd.,1990.
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