东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震研究
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摘要
对东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段进行了断错地貌填图和古地震探槽揭露研究。除2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震外,共揭露出9次古地震事件,它们的年龄分别为31900±1923aB.P.,27990±1681aB.P.,23635±1427aB.P.,20345±1225aB.P.,16865±1018aB.P.,12935±774aB.P.,9730±592aB.P.,6955±425aB.P.和3100±201aB.P.;古地震重复间隔分别为3910±2554a,4355±2205a,3290±1881a,3480±1593a,3930±1279a,3205±975a,2775±728a,3855±470a和3100±201a。研究结果表明,库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震活动具有准周期性,其平均重复间隔为3544±416a。发生在距今3100年前的倒数第1次古地震事件的离逝时间与重复间隔非常接近,这意味着2001年11月14日发生在库赛湖段的8.1级大地震为该断裂地震活动在准周期上的再现。高的滑动速率和长周期复发间隔表明库赛湖段活动习性以重复发生大地震为特征。
The East Kunlun fault zone in northern Tibetan Plateau is a typical active fault zone,characterized by sinistral strike-slip faults.Field investigation indicates that there are a lot of relics along the fault traces of the Kusai Lake segment,Kunlun Fault.The relices include push-up,pull-apart basins,sag pond,and earthquake fault scarps.This implies that the Kusai Lake segment of the Kunlun Fault is a seismogenic fault on which surface-rupturing earthquakes often occur in regular or irregular intervals.To determine the chronology of Late Quaternary surface ruptures of this part of the Kunlun Fault,five trenches were excavated.All sediment samples collected from the trenches were dated by using thermoluminescence(TL)method.Paleoseismic evidence,combined with TL dating,show that the Kusai Lake segment of the Kunlun Fault has generated at least 9 paleoearthquakes since Late Quaternary,whose ages are 31900±1923aB.P.,27990±1681aB.P.,23635±1427aB.P.,20345±1225aB.P.,16865±1018aB.P.,12935±774aB.P.,9730±592aB.P.,6955±425aB.P.,and 3100±201aB.P.,respectively.The recurrence interval between two adjacent events is 3910±2554a,4355±2205a,3290±1881a,3480±1593a,3930±1279a,3205±975a,2775±728a,3855±470a,and 3100±201a,respectively.Its average recurrence interval is 3544±416a.It shows that recurrence of these events is uniform with time,and suggests that the Kusai Lake segment of the fault displays time-dependent seismic behavior.These results have significant implications for seismic hazard assessment in the Kusai Lake segment of the fault.On Nov.14,2001,a great earthquake with magnitude of 8.1 occurred along the Kusai Lake segment.The surface rupture has a length of 426km with a maximum left-lateral co-seismic displacement of 6.4m.The penultimate great earthquake occurred before 3100a,coherenting with the average recurrence interval.
The East Kunlun fault zone in northern Tibetan Plateau is a typical active fault zone,characterized by sinistral strike-slip faults.Field investigation indicates that there are a lot of relics along the fault traces of the Kusai Lake segment,Kunlun Fault.The relices include push-up,pull-apart basins,sag pond,and earthquake fault scarps.This implies that the Kusai Lake segment of the Kunlun Fault is a seismogenic fault on which surface-rupturing earthquakes often occur in regular or irregular intervals.To determine the chronology of Late Quaternary surface ruptures of this part of the Kunlun Fault,five trenches were excavated.All sediment samples collected from the trenches were dated by using thermoluminescence(TL)method.Paleoseismic evidence,combined with TL dating,show that the Kusai Lake segment of the Kunlun Fault has generated at least 9 paleoearthquakes since Late Quaternary,whose ages are 31900±1923aB.P.,27990±1681aB.P.,23635±1427aB.P.,20345±1225aB.P.,16865±1018aB.P.,12935±774aB.P.,9730±592aB.P.,6955±425aB.P.,and 3100±201aB.P.,respectively.The recurrence interval between two adjacent events is 3910±2554a,4355±2205a,3290±1881a,3480±1593a,3930±1279a,3205±975a,2775±728a,3855±470a,and 3100±201a,respectively.Its average recurrence interval is 3544±416a.It shows that recurrence of these events is uniform with time,and suggests that the Kusai Lake segment of the fault displays time-dependent seismic behavior.These results have significant implications for seismic hazard assessment in the Kusai Lake segment of the fault.On Nov.14,2001,a great earthquake with magnitude of 8.1 occurred along the Kusai Lake segment.The surface rupture has a length of 426km with a maximum left-lateral co-seismic displacement of 6.4m.The penultimate great earthquake occurred before 3100a,coherenting with the average recurrence interval.
引文
1Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F Jet al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of the Kunlun fault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophysical Journal International,2002,148(3):356～388
2陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629～639Chen Jie,Chen Yukun,Ding Guoyuet al.Surface rupture zones of the2001earthquakeMS8.1west of Kunlun Pass,Northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(6):629～639
3Liao Chunting,Zhang Chunshan,Wu Manluet al.Stress change near the Kunlun fault before and after theMS8.1Kunlun earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(20):2027,doi:10.1029/2003GL018106,2003
4Lin Aiming,Fu Bihong,Guo Jianminget al.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced by the2001MS8.1Central Kunlun earthquake.Science,2002,296:2015～2017
5徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1):1～13Xu Xiwei,Chen Wenbin,Yu Guihuaet al.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1)Northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismology andGeology,2002,24(1):1～13
6Xu Lisheng,Chen Yuntai.Temporal and spatial rupture process of the great Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake of November14,2001from the GDSN long period waveform data.Science in China(Series D),2005,48(1):112～122
7任金卫,王敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1):34～44Ren Jinwei,Wang Min.GPS measured crustal deformation of the MS8.1Kunlun earthquake on November14th2001in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2005,25(1):34～44
8Wu Zhenhan,Barosh P J,Hu Daogonget al.Hazards posed by active major faults along the Golmud-Lhasa railway route,Tibetan Plateau,China.Engineering Geology,2004,74(3～4):163～182
9万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393～404Wan Yongge,Wang Min,Shen Zhengkanget al.Co-seismic slip distribution of the2001west of Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data.Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):393～404
10胡道功,欧阳永龙,叶培盛等.东昆仑断裂粘滑错动对青藏铁路变形效应的数值模拟.现代地质,2005,19(2):176～180Hu Daogong,Ouyang Yonglong,Ye Peishenget al.Numeric simulation on destructive effect of Golmud-Lhasa railway resulting in stick-slip movement of the eastern Kunlun Fault.Geoscience,2005,19(2):176～180
11田勤俭,丁国瑜.青藏高原北部第四纪早期断裂活动的新生性变化初步研究.第四纪研究,2006,26(1):32～39Tian Qinjian,Ding Guoyu.Preliminary analysis on an Early Quaternary new fault trace in North of Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1):32～39
12王峰,王驹,范洪海等.甘肃北山旧井地区晚第四纪活动断裂分布及其构造意义.地质论评,2005,51(3):250～256Wang Feng,Wang Ju,Fan Honghaiet al.Distribution of Late Quaternary active faults and its tectonic significance in the Beishan region,Gansu Province,China.Geological Review,2005,51(3):250～256
13Wen Xueze.Assessment of time-dependent seismic hazards on segments of active fault,and its problem.Chinese Science Bulletin,1998,43(14):1457～1466
14邓起东,汪一鹏,廖玉华等.断层崖崩积楔及贺兰山山前断裂全新世活动历史.科学通报,1984,29(9):557～560Deng Qidong,Wang Yipeng,Liao Yuhuaet al.Colluvial wedge of fault scarp and Holocene active history along the Helanshan Mt.Piedmont fault.Chinese Science Bulletin,1984,29(9):557～560
15聂高众,高建国,邓砚.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究.第四纪研究,2004,24(3):293～301Nie Gaozhong,Gao Jianguo,Deng Yan.Preliminary study on earthquake-induced dammed lake.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):293～301
16冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东等.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究.地震地质,1997,19(2):97～107Ran Yongkang,Duan Ruitao,Deng Qidonget al.3-D trench excavation and paleoseismology at Gaowanzi of the Haiyuan fault.Seismology and Geology,1997,19(2):97～107
17毛凤英,张培震.古地震研究中的逐次限定法与新疆北部主要断裂带的古地震研究.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社,1995.153～164Mao Fengying,Zhang Peizhen.Method for progressive constraint of paleoseismic events and paleoseismological study of major fault zone in northern Xinjiang.Research on Active Fault(4).Beijing:Seismologial Press,1995.153～164
18闻学则.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社,1995.43～50Wen Xueze.Quantitative Estimates of Seismic Potential on Active Faults.Beijing:Seismological Press,1995.43～50
19Cui Zhijiu,Wu Yongqiu,Liu Gengnianet al.On Kunlun-Yellow River tectonic movement.Scinece in China(Series D),1998,41(6):592～600
20胡道功,赵希涛,尹功明等.昆仑山口羌塘组湖相层的ESR年龄测定.第四纪研究,2004,24(3):366～367Hu Daogong,Zhao Xitao,Yin Gongminget al.ESR dating of the lacustrine deposits of Qingtang Formation fromthe Kunlun Mountains Pass areas.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):366～367
21胡道功,叶培盛,吴珍汉等.东昆仑断裂带西大滩段全新世古地震研究.第四纪研究,2006,26(6):1012～1020Hu Daogong,Ye Peisheng,Wu Zhenhanet al.Research on Holocene paleoearthquakes on the Xidatan segment of the East Kunlun fault zone in Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(6):1012～1020
2陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629～639Chen Jie,Chen Yukun,Ding Guoyuet al.Surface rupture zones of the2001earthquakeMS8.1west of Kunlun Pass,Northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(6):629～639
3Liao Chunting,Zhang Chunshan,Wu Manluet al.Stress change near the Kunlun fault before and after theMS8.1Kunlun earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(20):2027,doi:10.1029/2003GL018106,2003
4Lin Aiming,Fu Bihong,Guo Jianminget al.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced by the2001MS8.1Central Kunlun earthquake.Science,2002,296:2015～2017
5徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1):1～13Xu Xiwei,Chen Wenbin,Yu Guihuaet al.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1)Northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismology andGeology,2002,24(1):1～13
6Xu Lisheng,Chen Yuntai.Temporal and spatial rupture process of the great Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake of November14,2001from the GDSN long period waveform data.Science in China(Series D),2005,48(1):112～122
7任金卫,王敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1):34～44Ren Jinwei,Wang Min.GPS measured crustal deformation of the MS8.1Kunlun earthquake on November14th2001in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2005,25(1):34～44
8Wu Zhenhan,Barosh P J,Hu Daogonget al.Hazards posed by active major faults along the Golmud-Lhasa railway route,Tibetan Plateau,China.Engineering Geology,2004,74(3～4):163～182
9万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393～404Wan Yongge,Wang Min,Shen Zhengkanget al.Co-seismic slip distribution of the2001west of Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data.Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):393～404
10胡道功,欧阳永龙,叶培盛等.东昆仑断裂粘滑错动对青藏铁路变形效应的数值模拟.现代地质,2005,19(2):176～180Hu Daogong,Ouyang Yonglong,Ye Peishenget al.Numeric simulation on destructive effect of Golmud-Lhasa railway resulting in stick-slip movement of the eastern Kunlun Fault.Geoscience,2005,19(2):176～180
11田勤俭,丁国瑜.青藏高原北部第四纪早期断裂活动的新生性变化初步研究.第四纪研究,2006,26(1):32～39Tian Qinjian,Ding Guoyu.Preliminary analysis on an Early Quaternary new fault trace in North of Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1):32～39
12王峰,王驹,范洪海等.甘肃北山旧井地区晚第四纪活动断裂分布及其构造意义.地质论评,2005,51(3):250～256Wang Feng,Wang Ju,Fan Honghaiet al.Distribution of Late Quaternary active faults and its tectonic significance in the Beishan region,Gansu Province,China.Geological Review,2005,51(3):250～256
13Wen Xueze.Assessment of time-dependent seismic hazards on segments of active fault,and its problem.Chinese Science Bulletin,1998,43(14):1457～1466
14邓起东,汪一鹏,廖玉华等.断层崖崩积楔及贺兰山山前断裂全新世活动历史.科学通报,1984,29(9):557～560Deng Qidong,Wang Yipeng,Liao Yuhuaet al.Colluvial wedge of fault scarp and Holocene active history along the Helanshan Mt.Piedmont fault.Chinese Science Bulletin,1984,29(9):557～560
15聂高众,高建国,邓砚.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究.第四纪研究,2004,24(3):293～301Nie Gaozhong,Gao Jianguo,Deng Yan.Preliminary study on earthquake-induced dammed lake.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):293～301
16冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东等.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究.地震地质,1997,19(2):97～107Ran Yongkang,Duan Ruitao,Deng Qidonget al.3-D trench excavation and paleoseismology at Gaowanzi of the Haiyuan fault.Seismology and Geology,1997,19(2):97～107
17毛凤英,张培震.古地震研究中的逐次限定法与新疆北部主要断裂带的古地震研究.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社,1995.153～164Mao Fengying,Zhang Peizhen.Method for progressive constraint of paleoseismic events and paleoseismological study of major fault zone in northern Xinjiang.Research on Active Fault(4).Beijing:Seismologial Press,1995.153～164
18闻学则.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社,1995.43～50Wen Xueze.Quantitative Estimates of Seismic Potential on Active Faults.Beijing:Seismological Press,1995.43～50
19Cui Zhijiu,Wu Yongqiu,Liu Gengnianet al.On Kunlun-Yellow River tectonic movement.Scinece in China(Series D),1998,41(6):592～600
20胡道功,赵希涛,尹功明等.昆仑山口羌塘组湖相层的ESR年龄测定.第四纪研究,2004,24(3):366～367Hu Daogong,Zhao Xitao,Yin Gongminget al.ESR dating of the lacustrine deposits of Qingtang Formation fromthe Kunlun Mountains Pass areas.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):366～367
21胡道功,叶培盛,吴珍汉等.东昆仑断裂带西大滩段全新世古地震研究.第四纪研究,2006,26(6):1012～1020Hu Daogong,Ye Peisheng,Wu Zhenhanet al.Research on Holocene paleoearthquakes on the Xidatan segment of the East Kunlun fault zone in Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(6):1012～1020
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