地震静态应力触发模型的全球检验
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摘要
运用 1 976～ 2 0 0 0年哈佛大学矩心矩张量目录 ,采用“地震对”概念对地震静态应力触发模型进行检验 .结果表明 ,从全球角度来看 ,地震静态应力触发效应确实存在 ,但只是一种很弱的效应 .将地震分为正断层、逆断层、走滑断层等分别对静态应力触发模型进行检验 ,发现非走滑断层地震具有明显的触发效应 ,而走滑断层地震触发效应则不明显 .按“地震对”中后续事件的延迟时间分为延迟时间 t≥ 1天、t<1天、t≥ 1 0天、t<1 0天和 1天≤t≤ 1 0天 5个时间段的“地震对”,分别对地震静态应力触发模型进行研究 ,发现静态应力触发效应在地震之后的短时间内不随延迟时间的变化而变化 .对全球不同区域的地震静态应力触发情况的研究表明 ,消减带“地震对”的触发效应较为明显 .为了研究地震静态应力触发模型在中国应用的可能性 ,对中国及邻区的地震进行了检验 ,发现就中国及邻区的地震类型而言 (以走滑断层为主 ) ,不容易观测到地震静态应力触发现象
Seismic static stress triggering model are tested using Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution catalogue of 1976~2000 and concept of ″earthquake doublet″. Result shows that seismic static tress triggering effect does exist in the view of global earthquakes, but the effect is very weak. Dividing the earthquakes into thrust focal mechanism, normal focal mechanism, strike-slip focal mechanism, etc, earthquakes, we find that non-strike-slip focal mechanism earthquakes have significant triggering effect, whereas, the triggering effect in strike-slip focal mechanism earthquakes is not obvious. Divided the subsequent events delay time of ″earthquake doublet″ into 5 classes of t≥1, t<1, t≥10, t<10, 1≤t≤10 (t is in unit of d), seismic static stress triggering effect does not change with delay time in short time period after earthquakes. The research on seismic static stress triggering in different regions in the world indicates that triggering effect is significant in subduction belts. Seismic static stress triggering model is tested by using ″earthquake doublets″ in China and its adjacent. The result indicates that seismic static stress triggering effect cannot be observed easily in China and its adjacent due to the seismic focal mechanism type (most of the earthquakes are strike-slip earthquakes).
Seismic static stress triggering model are tested using Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution catalogue of 1976~2000 and concept of ″earthquake doublet″. Result shows that seismic static tress triggering effect does exist in the view of global earthquakes, but the effect is very weak. Dividing the earthquakes into thrust focal mechanism, normal focal mechanism, strike-slip focal mechanism, etc, earthquakes, we find that non-strike-slip focal mechanism earthquakes have significant triggering effect, whereas, the triggering effect in strike-slip focal mechanism earthquakes is not obvious. Divided the subsequent events delay time of ″earthquake doublet″ into 5 classes of t≥1, t<1, t≥10, t<10, 1≤t≤10 (t is in unit of d), seismic static stress triggering effect does not change with delay time in short time period after earthquakes. The research on seismic static stress triggering in different regions in the world indicates that triggering effect is significant in subduction belts. Seismic static stress triggering model is tested by using ″earthquake doublets″ in China and its adjacent. The result indicates that seismic static stress triggering effect cannot be observed easily in China and its adjacent due to the seismic focal mechanism type (most of the earthquakes are strike-slip earthquakes).
引文
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黄福明,王廷韫.1981.强余震的空间分布特征[J].地震科学研究,2:56～59
刘桂萍,傅征祥.2000.1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震触发的区域地震活动和静应力场变化[J].地震学报,22(5):17～26
石耀霖.2001.关于应力触发和应力影概念在地震预报中应用的一些思考[J].地震,21(3):1～7
吴忠良.2000.地震震源物理中的临界现象[M].北京:地震出版社,134
宇津德治(主编).1987;李裕彻,卢振业,丁鉴海,等译.1990.地震事典[M].北京:地震出版社,317～318
AndersonG,JohnsonH.1999.A new statistical testfor static stress triggering:Application to the1987SuperstitionHillsearthquake sequence[J].J GeophysRes,104:20153～20168
BerozaG C,ZobackM D.1993.Mechanism diversity of theLomaPrieta aftershocksand the mechanics of mainshock-after-shock interaction[J].Science,259:210～213
CaskeyS J,WesnouskyS G.1997.Static stresschangesand earthquake triggering during the1954FairviewPeak andDixieValley earthquakes,CentralNevada[J].BullSeismSocAmer,87:521～527
ChinneryM A.1963.The stress changes thataccompany strike-slip faulting[J].BullSeismSocAmer,53:921～932
ChinneryM A.1966 a.Secondary faulting,.Theoretical aspects[J].CanJ EarthSci,3(2):163～174
ChinneryM A.1966 b.Secondary faulting,.Geological aspects[J].CanJ EarthSci,3(2):175～190
CrescentiniL,AmorusoA,ScarpaR.1996.Constraintson slow earthquake dynamicsfrom a swarm in centralItaly[J].Sci-ence,286:2132～2134
DengJ,HudnutK,GurnisM,etal.1999.Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershockfollowing the1994Northridge,California,earthquake[J].GeophysResLett,26:3209～3212
DengJ,SykesL R.1997a.Evolution of the stressfield in southernCaliforniaand triggering of moderate-size earthquakes:A200-yearperspective[J].J GeophysRes,102:9859～9886
DengJ,SykesL R.1997b.Stressevolution in southernCaliforniaand triggering of moderate-,small-,and micro-sizeearth-quakes[J].J GeophysRes,102:24411～24435
DragoniM,TallaricoA.1992.Interaction between seismicand aseismicslip along a transcurrentplate boundary:a modelforaseismic sequences[J].PhysEarthPlanetInter,72:49～57
FrohlichC.1992.Triangle diagrams:ternary graphs to display similarity and diversity of earthquake focal mechanisms[J].PhysEarthPlanetInter,75:193～198
HardebeckJL,NazarethJJ,HaukssonE.1998.The static stress change triggering model constraints from two southernCalifornia aftershock sequences[J].J GeophysRes,103:24427～24437
HarrisR A.1998.Introduction to special section stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard[J].JGeophysRes,103:24347～24358
HarrisR A,SimpsonR W,ReasenbergP A.1995.Influence of static stresschangeson earthquake locationsin southernCalifornia[J].N ature,375:221～224
HillD P,ReasenbergP A,MichaelA,etal.1993.Seismicity remotely triggered by themagnitude7.3Landers,California,earthquake[J].Science,260:1617～1623
HoriT,KanedaY.2001.A simple explanation forthe occurrence of the1911MorganHill earthquake in the stressshadowof the1906SanFrancisco earthquake[J].GeophysResLett,28:2261～2264
HorikawaH.2001.Earthquake doublet inKagoshima,Japan:rupture of asperities in a stress shadow[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:112～127
HudnutK W,SeeberL,PachecoJ.1989.Cross-fault triggering in theNovember1987SuperstitionHills earthquake se-quence,southernCalifornia[J].GeophysResLett,16:199～202
KaganY Y,JacksonD D.1999.Worldwide doublets of large shallow earthquakes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,89:1147～1155
KerrR A.1997.Geophysicists ponder ancient chillsand elusive quakes.Science,276:1792～1793
KilbD,EllisM,GombergJ,etal.1997.On the origin of diverse aftershock mechanisms following theLomaPrieta earth-quake[J].GeophysJ Int,128:557～570
KingG C P,SteinR S,LinJ.1994.Static stress changesand thetriggering of earthquakes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,84:935～953
LomnitzC.1996.Search of a worldwide catalog for earthquakes triggered at intermediate distances[J].BullSeismSocAmer,86:293～298
McGuireJJ,IhmleP F,JordanT H.1996.Time-domain observations of slow precursor to the1994Romanche transformearthquake[J].Science,274:82～85
MikumoT,SinghS K,SantoyoM A.1999.A possible stress interaction between large thrust and normal faulting earth-quakes in theMexican subduction zone[J].BullSeismSocAmer,89:1418～1427
NalbantS S,HubertA,KingG C P.1998.Stress coupling between earthquakes in the northwestTurkey and the northAegeanSea[J].J GeophysRes,103:24469～24486
NoirJ,JacquesE,BékriS,etal.1997.Fluid flow triggered migration of events in the1989Dobi earthquake sequence ofcentralAfar[J].GeophysResLett,24:2335～2338
OkadaY.1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J].BullSeismSocAmer,82:1018～1040
PeresanA,CostaG,PanzaG F.1999.Seismotectonicmodel andCN earthquake prediction inItaly[J].PureApplGeophys,154:281～306
PollardD D,SegallP.1987.Theoreticaldisplacementsand stressesnear fracturesin rock;with applications to faults,joints,veins,dikes,and solution surfaces[A],In:AtkinsonB K ed.FractureMechanicsofRock[M].SanDiego:Cliff,277～350
ReasenbergP A.1999.Foreshock occurrence before large earthquakes[J].J GeophysRes,104:4755～4768
ReilingerR E,ErgintavS,BürgmannR,etal.2000.Coseismic and postseismicfaultslip forthe17August1999,M=7.5,Izmit,Turkey earthquake[J].Science,289:1519～1523
RiceJR.1992.Faultstressstates,porepressuredistribution,and the weaknessof theSanAndreas fault[A].In:EvansB,WongT F eds.F aultMechanicsandTransportPropertiesofRock[C].London:AcademicPress,475～503
RundleJB.1978.Viscouelastic crustal deformation by finite quasi-static sources[J].J GeophysRes,83:5937～5945
RydelekP A,SacksIS.1990.Asthenospheric viscosity and stress diffusion:a mechanism to explain correlated earthquakesand surface deformation inNE Japan[J].GeophysJ Int,100:39～58
RydelekP A,SacksIS.1999.Large earthquake occurrence affected by smallstress changes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,89:822～828
ScholzC H.1990.TheMechanics ofEarthquakes andFaulting[M].NewYork:CambridgeUnivPress,439
SeeberL,ArmbrusterJG.2000.Earthquakes as beacons of stress change[J].Nature,407:69～72
SpudichP,SteckL K,HellwegM,etal.1995.TransientstressesatParkfield,California,produced by theM7.4Landerearthquake ofJune28,1992:Observations from theUPSAR dense seismograph array[J].J GeophysRes,100:675～690
SteinR S.1999.The role of stress transferin earthquake occurrence[J].N ature,402:605～609
SteinR S,BarkaA A,DieterichJH.1997.Progressivefailure on theNorthAnatolian faultsince1939by earthquake stresstriggering[J].GeophysJ Int,128:594～604
SteinR S,KingG C P,LinJ.1992.Change in failure stresson the southernSanAndreasfaultsystem caused by the1992magnitude=7.4Landers earthquake[J].Science,258:1328～1332
TodaS,SteinR S,ReasenbergP A,etal.1998.Stresstransferred by the1995MW=6.9Kobe,Japan shock effecton af-tershocks and future earthquake probabilities[J].J GeophysRes,103:24543～24565
TroiseC,DeNataleG,PingueF,et al.1998.Evidence for static stress interaction among earthquakes in south-centralApennines(Italy)[J].GeophysJ Int,134:809～817
TsuruokaH,OhtakeM,SatoH.1995.Statistical testof the tidal triggering of earthquakes:contribution of the ocean tideloading effect[J].GeophysJ Int,122:183～194
ZhaoD,KanamoriH,NegishiH,etal.1996.Tomography of the source area of the1995Kobe earthquake:Evidence forfluidsatthe hypocenter?[J].Science,274:1891～1894
ZivA,RubinA M.2000.Staticstress transferand earthquaketriggering:No lowerthreshold in sight?[J].J GeophysRes,105:13631～13642
傅征祥,刘桂萍.1999.海原大地震可能触发古浪大地震的力学机制[A].见:陈运泰主编.中国地震学会成立20周年纪念文集[C].北京:地震出版社,234～243
黄福明,王廷韫.1981.强余震的空间分布特征[J].地震科学研究,2:56～59
刘桂萍,傅征祥.2000.1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震触发的区域地震活动和静应力场变化[J].地震学报,22(5):17～26
石耀霖.2001.关于应力触发和应力影概念在地震预报中应用的一些思考[J].地震,21(3):1～7
吴忠良.2000.地震震源物理中的临界现象[M].北京:地震出版社,134
宇津德治(主编).1987;李裕彻,卢振业,丁鉴海,等译.1990.地震事典[M].北京:地震出版社,317～318
AndersonG,JohnsonH.1999.A new statistical testfor static stress triggering:Application to the1987SuperstitionHillsearthquake sequence[J].J GeophysRes,104:20153～20168
BerozaG C,ZobackM D.1993.Mechanism diversity of theLomaPrieta aftershocksand the mechanics of mainshock-after-shock interaction[J].Science,259:210～213
CaskeyS J,WesnouskyS G.1997.Static stresschangesand earthquake triggering during the1954FairviewPeak andDixieValley earthquakes,CentralNevada[J].BullSeismSocAmer,87:521～527
ChinneryM A.1963.The stress changes thataccompany strike-slip faulting[J].BullSeismSocAmer,53:921～932
ChinneryM A.1966 a.Secondary faulting,.Theoretical aspects[J].CanJ EarthSci,3(2):163～174
ChinneryM A.1966 b.Secondary faulting,.Geological aspects[J].CanJ EarthSci,3(2):175～190
CrescentiniL,AmorusoA,ScarpaR.1996.Constraintson slow earthquake dynamicsfrom a swarm in centralItaly[J].Sci-ence,286:2132～2134
DengJ,HudnutK,GurnisM,etal.1999.Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershockfollowing the1994Northridge,California,earthquake[J].GeophysResLett,26:3209～3212
DengJ,SykesL R.1997a.Evolution of the stressfield in southernCaliforniaand triggering of moderate-size earthquakes:A200-yearperspective[J].J GeophysRes,102:9859～9886
DengJ,SykesL R.1997b.Stressevolution in southernCaliforniaand triggering of moderate-,small-,and micro-sizeearth-quakes[J].J GeophysRes,102:24411～24435
DragoniM,TallaricoA.1992.Interaction between seismicand aseismicslip along a transcurrentplate boundary:a modelforaseismic sequences[J].PhysEarthPlanetInter,72:49～57
FrohlichC.1992.Triangle diagrams:ternary graphs to display similarity and diversity of earthquake focal mechanisms[J].PhysEarthPlanetInter,75:193～198
HardebeckJL,NazarethJJ,HaukssonE.1998.The static stress change triggering model constraints from two southernCalifornia aftershock sequences[J].J GeophysRes,103:24427～24437
HarrisR A.1998.Introduction to special section stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard[J].JGeophysRes,103:24347～24358
HarrisR A,SimpsonR W,ReasenbergP A.1995.Influence of static stresschangeson earthquake locationsin southernCalifornia[J].N ature,375:221～224
HillD P,ReasenbergP A,MichaelA,etal.1993.Seismicity remotely triggered by themagnitude7.3Landers,California,earthquake[J].Science,260:1617～1623
HoriT,KanedaY.2001.A simple explanation forthe occurrence of the1911MorganHill earthquake in the stressshadowof the1906SanFrancisco earthquake[J].GeophysResLett,28:2261～2264
HorikawaH.2001.Earthquake doublet inKagoshima,Japan:rupture of asperities in a stress shadow[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:112～127
HudnutK W,SeeberL,PachecoJ.1989.Cross-fault triggering in theNovember1987SuperstitionHills earthquake se-quence,southernCalifornia[J].GeophysResLett,16:199～202
KaganY Y,JacksonD D.1999.Worldwide doublets of large shallow earthquakes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,89:1147～1155
KerrR A.1997.Geophysicists ponder ancient chillsand elusive quakes.Science,276:1792～1793
KilbD,EllisM,GombergJ,etal.1997.On the origin of diverse aftershock mechanisms following theLomaPrieta earth-quake[J].GeophysJ Int,128:557～570
KingG C P,SteinR S,LinJ.1994.Static stress changesand thetriggering of earthquakes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,84:935～953
LomnitzC.1996.Search of a worldwide catalog for earthquakes triggered at intermediate distances[J].BullSeismSocAmer,86:293～298
McGuireJJ,IhmleP F,JordanT H.1996.Time-domain observations of slow precursor to the1994Romanche transformearthquake[J].Science,274:82～85
MikumoT,SinghS K,SantoyoM A.1999.A possible stress interaction between large thrust and normal faulting earth-quakes in theMexican subduction zone[J].BullSeismSocAmer,89:1418～1427
NalbantS S,HubertA,KingG C P.1998.Stress coupling between earthquakes in the northwestTurkey and the northAegeanSea[J].J GeophysRes,103:24469～24486
NoirJ,JacquesE,BékriS,etal.1997.Fluid flow triggered migration of events in the1989Dobi earthquake sequence ofcentralAfar[J].GeophysResLett,24:2335～2338
OkadaY.1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J].BullSeismSocAmer,82:1018～1040
PeresanA,CostaG,PanzaG F.1999.Seismotectonicmodel andCN earthquake prediction inItaly[J].PureApplGeophys,154:281～306
PollardD D,SegallP.1987.Theoreticaldisplacementsand stressesnear fracturesin rock;with applications to faults,joints,veins,dikes,and solution surfaces[A],In:AtkinsonB K ed.FractureMechanicsofRock[M].SanDiego:Cliff,277～350
ReasenbergP A.1999.Foreshock occurrence before large earthquakes[J].J GeophysRes,104:4755～4768
ReilingerR E,ErgintavS,BürgmannR,etal.2000.Coseismic and postseismicfaultslip forthe17August1999,M=7.5,Izmit,Turkey earthquake[J].Science,289:1519～1523
RiceJR.1992.Faultstressstates,porepressuredistribution,and the weaknessof theSanAndreas fault[A].In:EvansB,WongT F eds.F aultMechanicsandTransportPropertiesofRock[C].London:AcademicPress,475～503
RundleJB.1978.Viscouelastic crustal deformation by finite quasi-static sources[J].J GeophysRes,83:5937～5945
RydelekP A,SacksIS.1990.Asthenospheric viscosity and stress diffusion:a mechanism to explain correlated earthquakesand surface deformation inNE Japan[J].GeophysJ Int,100:39～58
RydelekP A,SacksIS.1999.Large earthquake occurrence affected by smallstress changes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,89:822～828
ScholzC H.1990.TheMechanics ofEarthquakes andFaulting[M].NewYork:CambridgeUnivPress,439
SeeberL,ArmbrusterJG.2000.Earthquakes as beacons of stress change[J].Nature,407:69～72
SpudichP,SteckL K,HellwegM,etal.1995.TransientstressesatParkfield,California,produced by theM7.4Landerearthquake ofJune28,1992:Observations from theUPSAR dense seismograph array[J].J GeophysRes,100:675～690
SteinR S.1999.The role of stress transferin earthquake occurrence[J].N ature,402:605～609
SteinR S,BarkaA A,DieterichJH.1997.Progressivefailure on theNorthAnatolian faultsince1939by earthquake stresstriggering[J].GeophysJ Int,128:594～604
SteinR S,KingG C P,LinJ.1992.Change in failure stresson the southernSanAndreasfaultsystem caused by the1992magnitude=7.4Landers earthquake[J].Science,258:1328～1332
TodaS,SteinR S,ReasenbergP A,etal.1998.Stresstransferred by the1995MW=6.9Kobe,Japan shock effecton af-tershocks and future earthquake probabilities[J].J GeophysRes,103:24543～24565
TroiseC,DeNataleG,PingueF,et al.1998.Evidence for static stress interaction among earthquakes in south-centralApennines(Italy)[J].GeophysJ Int,134:809～817
TsuruokaH,OhtakeM,SatoH.1995.Statistical testof the tidal triggering of earthquakes:contribution of the ocean tideloading effect[J].GeophysJ Int,122:183～194
ZhaoD,KanamoriH,NegishiH,etal.1996.Tomography of the source area of the1995Kobe earthquake:Evidence forfluidsatthe hypocenter?[J].Science,274:1891～1894
ZivA,RubinA M.2000.Staticstress transferand earthquaketriggering:No lowerthreshold in sight?[J].J GeophysRes,105:13631～13642
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