震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害形成机理分析
|
摘要
震后崩塌是强震作用下形成的一类分布广泛、震裂变形严重、潜在威胁大的次生地质灾害。为了较为深入系统地分析其形成机理,本文结合对映秀至卧龙公路沿线震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害详细调查和115条实测剖面的分析,首先把震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害从孕育形成到失稳破坏的演化发展过程分为4个阶段,即原始结构面的形成阶段、潜在变形体的形成阶段、震裂岩体的形成阶段和失稳破坏阶段。在此基础上,分析认为震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害的形成机理可归纳为震裂-滑移式、震裂-倾倒式、震裂-溃屈式和震裂-错断式4种模式,研究成果为灾后公路重建和防灾减灾提供了有力参考。
The unexpected strong 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake caused great economic losses and casualties and affected a large area of Sichuan.After the Wenchuan Earthquake,there were severe secondary geological disasters on the highway from Yingxiu to Wolong.the traffic was usually snarled,which influenced the highway safety operation and reconstruction seriously.What's more,the post-earthquake collapses are a secondary geological disaster with the wide distribution,severe shatter and large potential threat under the action of strong earthquake.This paper analyzes the formation mechanism on post-earthquake collapses in depth.It takes the highway from Yingxiu to Wolong with more post-earthquake collapses as the research object.It combines with predecessors' achievements on Wenchuan Earthquake.It is based on the detailed survey about the post-earthquake collapses of slopes near the sides of the highway from Yingxiu to Wolong and 115 profiles.There are four stages of post-earthquake collapses from start to finish.Namely,they are the original structure,potential variable body,shattering rock and collapse.On this basis,the formation mechanism on the post-earthquake collapses of highway slopes can be described as four models including shatter-slip collapse,shatter-dump collapse,shatter-burst collapse and shatter-offset collapse.Because of the complex rock mass structure,there are usually two or three collapse formation mechanisms with a certain way together in the collapse disasters and the formation mechanisms change from one to another during the constant process of evolution and development.However,among them,there is one mechanism which first happed as the major in the collapse.These reveal that the mechanical mechanism of the slope rock mass changes,and determines the final damage forms and features of post-earthquake collapses.The paper makes expatiation of their formation mechanisms.These results provide a powerful reference for highway reconstruction and disaster prevention and mitigation.At the same time they also provide the technical support for such the problems including disaster reduction countermeasures of transportation infrastructure under the influence of the earthquake and the methods for dealing with to clear the road blocked by the collapse,highway slope collapse disasters prevention in the mountainous area and earthquake disaster prevention highway recovery.
The unexpected strong 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake caused great economic losses and casualties and affected a large area of Sichuan.After the Wenchuan Earthquake,there were severe secondary geological disasters on the highway from Yingxiu to Wolong.the traffic was usually snarled,which influenced the highway safety operation and reconstruction seriously.What's more,the post-earthquake collapses are a secondary geological disaster with the wide distribution,severe shatter and large potential threat under the action of strong earthquake.This paper analyzes the formation mechanism on post-earthquake collapses in depth.It takes the highway from Yingxiu to Wolong with more post-earthquake collapses as the research object.It combines with predecessors' achievements on Wenchuan Earthquake.It is based on the detailed survey about the post-earthquake collapses of slopes near the sides of the highway from Yingxiu to Wolong and 115 profiles.There are four stages of post-earthquake collapses from start to finish.Namely,they are the original structure,potential variable body,shattering rock and collapse.On this basis,the formation mechanism on the post-earthquake collapses of highway slopes can be described as four models including shatter-slip collapse,shatter-dump collapse,shatter-burst collapse and shatter-offset collapse.Because of the complex rock mass structure,there are usually two or three collapse formation mechanisms with a certain way together in the collapse disasters and the formation mechanisms change from one to another during the constant process of evolution and development.However,among them,there is one mechanism which first happed as the major in the collapse.These reveal that the mechanical mechanism of the slope rock mass changes,and determines the final damage forms and features of post-earthquake collapses.The paper makes expatiation of their formation mechanisms.These results provide a powerful reference for highway reconstruction and disaster prevention and mitigation.At the same time they also provide the technical support for such the problems including disaster reduction countermeasures of transportation infrastructure under the influence of the earthquake and the methods for dealing with to clear the road blocked by the collapse,highway slope collapse disasters prevention in the mountainous area and earthquake disaster prevention highway recovery.
引文
[1]吴珍汉,张作辰.汶川8级地震地质灾害的类型及实例[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1747～1757.Wu Zhenhan,Zhang Zuochen.Types of seismic and geological haz-ards caused by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Acta GeologicaSinica,2008,82(12):1747～1757.
[2]唐永建,庄卫林,吉随旺.“5.12”汶川大地震四川灾区公路应急调查与抢通[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2008.Tang Yongjian,Zhuang Weilin,Ji Sui wang.EmergencyInvestigation and Open of Sichuan Roads in the Disaster Areaunder“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake,Beijing:China Communica-tions Press,2008.
[3]黄润秋,王贤能,等.热应力的交变作用对边坡危岩体形成的影响[J].自然科学进展,1999,9(8):716～722.Huang Runqiu,Wang Xianneng,et al.The influence on alternatingrole of the thermal stress to the formation of unstable rock on theslope.Progress in Natural Science,1999,9(8):716～722.
[4]徐永年,匡尚富,李文武,等.边坡形状对崩塌的影响[J].泥沙研究,1999,5:67～73.Xu Yongnian,Kuang Shang fu,Li Wenwu,et al.Effects of slopeshape on avalanches.Journal of Sediment Research,1999,5:67～73.
[5]胡存亮.山区公路崩塌地质灾害评判模型研究[J].交通标准化,2007,7:53～56.Hu Cunliang.Rock fall evaluation model in mountain high-way.Communications Standardization,2007,7:53～56.
[6]李贡辉.基于模糊综合评价方法的崩塌落石影响参数关系探讨[J].中国水运,2008,8(8):67～69.Li Gonghui.Discuss on influence parameter relations between col-lapses and falling rock based the fuzzy comprehensive evaluationmethod.China Water Transport,2008,8(8):67～69.
[7]张立,刘建华,等.地震荷载下岩质边坡动力失稳机制及影响因素分析[J].中外公路,2010,30(6):21～26.Zhang Li,Liu Jianhua,et al.Analysis of rock slope dynamic insta-bility mechanism and influencing factors under seismicload.Journal of China and Foreign Highway,2010,30(6):21～26.
[8]Siad L.Seismicstability analysis of fractured rockslopes by yielddesign theory.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2003,23:203～2l2.
[9]Keefer DV.Landslides caused by earthquakes.Gerological Societyof America Bulletin.l984,95(4):406～421.
[10]Wilson RC,Keefer DK.A real limits of earthquake～inducedlandsliding[A].In:Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the LosAngeles Region[C].U.S.Geol.Sur.Press,1985,(sl):316～345.
[11]Abrahamson NA,Silva WJ.Empiricalresponse specrtralattenuation relations for shallow crustal earthrquakes.Bulletin ofthe International Association of Engineering Geology,1997,68(1):94～109.
[12]唐永建,庄卫林,等.“5.12”汶川大地震四川灾区公路应急调查与抢通[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2008.Tang Yongjian,Zhuang Weilin,et al.Sichuan Highways EmergencyInvestigation and Open in Disaster Area after“5.12”WenchuanEarthquake.Beijing:China Communications Press,2008.
[13]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585～2592.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development anddistribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquakon 12th May,2008.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and En-gineering,2008,27(12):2585～2592.
[14]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researchs on the geo-hazards triggered byWenchuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[15]祁生文,许强,等.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):39～49.Qi Shengwen,Xu Qiang,et al.Slope instabilities in the severestdisaster areas of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2009,17(1):39～49.
[16]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19～28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):19～28.
[17]王运生,罗永红,吉峰,等.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):759～763.Wang Yunsheng,Luo Yonghong,Ji Feng,et al.Analysis of thecontrolling factors on geo-hazards in mountainous epicenter zonesof the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):759～763.
[18]谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1781～1791.Xie Heping,Deng Jianhui,Tai Jiajia,et al.Wenchuan largeearthquake and post earthquake reconstruction relatedgeotechnical problems.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2008,27(9):1781～1791.
[19]杨志法,赵汝斌,王靖,等.安县西部地震次生地质灾害及工程地质力学问题思考[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1807～1813.Yang Zhifa,Zhao Rubin,Wang Jing,et al.Earthquake-inducedgeological hazards in west of Anxian county and considerations ofe.g.neering geomechanical problems.Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1807～1813.
[20]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29～38.Yin Yueping.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuanearthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29～38.
[21]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730～741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianbin.Basic characteristicsand formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Dagung-bao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engi-neering Geology,2008,16(6):730～741.
[22]苏生瑞,张永双,李松,等.汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动积累数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例[J].地球科学与环境学报,2010,32(3):277～287.Su Shengrui,Zhang Yongshuang,Li Song,et al.Numericalanalysis on motion mechanism of highspeed and long runout land-slide by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Earth Sciences and En-vironment,2010,32(3):277～287.
[23]冯文凯,许强,黄润秋.斜坡震裂变形力学机制初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(S):3124～3130.Feng Wenkai,Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Preliminary study onmechanical mechanism of slope earthquake-induced deforma-tion.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S):3124～3130.
[24]Mouchir Chenouda,Ashraf Ayoub.Probabilistic collapse analysisof degrading multi degree of freedom structures under earthquakeexcitation.Engineering Structures,2009,31(12):2909～2921.
[25]Ashley Shuler,Gran Ekstrm.Anomalous earthquakes associatedwith Nyiragongo volcano:Observations and potential mechanisms.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2009,181(3～4):219～230.
[26]张倬元,王士天,等.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1994.Zhang Zhuoyuan,Wang Shitian,et al.Engineering Geological A-nalysis Principles.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994.
[27]许向宁,王兰生.地震导致山体变形破裂机制地质力学模拟试验研究[J].地学前缘,2008,16(3):333～340.Xu Xiangning,Wang Lansheng.Geomechanica modeling test ondeformation fracture mechanism of mountain caused by earth-quake.Earth Science Frontiers,2008,16(3):333～340.
[28]黄润秋.岩石高边坡发育的动力过程及其稳定性控制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(8):1525～1544.Huang Runqiu.Geodynaical process and stability control of highrock slope development.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2008,27(8):1525～1544.
[29]徐茂其,王昕,罗守贵.山地岩石斜坡崩塌类型及发育分期研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(3):28～32.Xu Maoqi,Wang Xin,Luo Shougui.Apprpach to the types andstages of avalanches of mountainous rock slopes.Journal of Soiland Water Conservation,1995,9(3):28～32.
[2]唐永建,庄卫林,吉随旺.“5.12”汶川大地震四川灾区公路应急调查与抢通[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2008.Tang Yongjian,Zhuang Weilin,Ji Sui wang.EmergencyInvestigation and Open of Sichuan Roads in the Disaster Areaunder“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake,Beijing:China Communica-tions Press,2008.
[3]黄润秋,王贤能,等.热应力的交变作用对边坡危岩体形成的影响[J].自然科学进展,1999,9(8):716～722.Huang Runqiu,Wang Xianneng,et al.The influence on alternatingrole of the thermal stress to the formation of unstable rock on theslope.Progress in Natural Science,1999,9(8):716～722.
[4]徐永年,匡尚富,李文武,等.边坡形状对崩塌的影响[J].泥沙研究,1999,5:67～73.Xu Yongnian,Kuang Shang fu,Li Wenwu,et al.Effects of slopeshape on avalanches.Journal of Sediment Research,1999,5:67～73.
[5]胡存亮.山区公路崩塌地质灾害评判模型研究[J].交通标准化,2007,7:53～56.Hu Cunliang.Rock fall evaluation model in mountain high-way.Communications Standardization,2007,7:53～56.
[6]李贡辉.基于模糊综合评价方法的崩塌落石影响参数关系探讨[J].中国水运,2008,8(8):67～69.Li Gonghui.Discuss on influence parameter relations between col-lapses and falling rock based the fuzzy comprehensive evaluationmethod.China Water Transport,2008,8(8):67～69.
[7]张立,刘建华,等.地震荷载下岩质边坡动力失稳机制及影响因素分析[J].中外公路,2010,30(6):21～26.Zhang Li,Liu Jianhua,et al.Analysis of rock slope dynamic insta-bility mechanism and influencing factors under seismicload.Journal of China and Foreign Highway,2010,30(6):21～26.
[8]Siad L.Seismicstability analysis of fractured rockslopes by yielddesign theory.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2003,23:203～2l2.
[9]Keefer DV.Landslides caused by earthquakes.Gerological Societyof America Bulletin.l984,95(4):406～421.
[10]Wilson RC,Keefer DK.A real limits of earthquake～inducedlandsliding[A].In:Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the LosAngeles Region[C].U.S.Geol.Sur.Press,1985,(sl):316～345.
[11]Abrahamson NA,Silva WJ.Empiricalresponse specrtralattenuation relations for shallow crustal earthrquakes.Bulletin ofthe International Association of Engineering Geology,1997,68(1):94～109.
[12]唐永建,庄卫林,等.“5.12”汶川大地震四川灾区公路应急调查与抢通[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2008.Tang Yongjian,Zhuang Weilin,et al.Sichuan Highways EmergencyInvestigation and Open in Disaster Area after“5.12”WenchuanEarthquake.Beijing:China Communications Press,2008.
[13]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585～2592.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development anddistribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquakon 12th May,2008.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and En-gineering,2008,27(12):2585～2592.
[14]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researchs on the geo-hazards triggered byWenchuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[15]祁生文,许强,等.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):39～49.Qi Shengwen,Xu Qiang,et al.Slope instabilities in the severestdisaster areas of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2009,17(1):39～49.
[16]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19～28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):19～28.
[17]王运生,罗永红,吉峰,等.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):759～763.Wang Yunsheng,Luo Yonghong,Ji Feng,et al.Analysis of thecontrolling factors on geo-hazards in mountainous epicenter zonesof the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):759～763.
[18]谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1781～1791.Xie Heping,Deng Jianhui,Tai Jiajia,et al.Wenchuan largeearthquake and post earthquake reconstruction relatedgeotechnical problems.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2008,27(9):1781～1791.
[19]杨志法,赵汝斌,王靖,等.安县西部地震次生地质灾害及工程地质力学问题思考[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1807～1813.Yang Zhifa,Zhao Rubin,Wang Jing,et al.Earthquake-inducedgeological hazards in west of Anxian county and considerations ofe.g.neering geomechanical problems.Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1807～1813.
[20]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29～38.Yin Yueping.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuanearthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29～38.
[21]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730～741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianbin.Basic characteristicsand formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Dagung-bao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engi-neering Geology,2008,16(6):730～741.
[22]苏生瑞,张永双,李松,等.汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动积累数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例[J].地球科学与环境学报,2010,32(3):277～287.Su Shengrui,Zhang Yongshuang,Li Song,et al.Numericalanalysis on motion mechanism of highspeed and long runout land-slide by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Earth Sciences and En-vironment,2010,32(3):277～287.
[23]冯文凯,许强,黄润秋.斜坡震裂变形力学机制初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(S):3124～3130.Feng Wenkai,Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Preliminary study onmechanical mechanism of slope earthquake-induced deforma-tion.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S):3124～3130.
[24]Mouchir Chenouda,Ashraf Ayoub.Probabilistic collapse analysisof degrading multi degree of freedom structures under earthquakeexcitation.Engineering Structures,2009,31(12):2909～2921.
[25]Ashley Shuler,Gran Ekstrm.Anomalous earthquakes associatedwith Nyiragongo volcano:Observations and potential mechanisms.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2009,181(3～4):219～230.
[26]张倬元,王士天,等.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1994.Zhang Zhuoyuan,Wang Shitian,et al.Engineering Geological A-nalysis Principles.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994.
[27]许向宁,王兰生.地震导致山体变形破裂机制地质力学模拟试验研究[J].地学前缘,2008,16(3):333～340.Xu Xiangning,Wang Lansheng.Geomechanica modeling test ondeformation fracture mechanism of mountain caused by earth-quake.Earth Science Frontiers,2008,16(3):333～340.
[28]黄润秋.岩石高边坡发育的动力过程及其稳定性控制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(8):1525～1544.Huang Runqiu.Geodynaical process and stability control of highrock slope development.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2008,27(8):1525～1544.
[29]徐茂其,王昕,罗守贵.山地岩石斜坡崩塌类型及发育分期研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(3):28～32.Xu Maoqi,Wang Xin,Luo Shougui.Apprpach to the types andstages of avalanches of mountainous rock slopes.Journal of Soiland Water Conservation,1995,9(3):28～32.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心