1976年M_S7.8唐山地震断层动态破裂及近断层强地面运动特征
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摘要
采用美国南加州地震委员会(SCEC)Steven Day博士提供的三维有限差分断层瞬态破裂动力学模型(3DFDM),以1976年唐山Ms 7.8地震为例,从简化的断层双侧破裂模式出发,对该地震发震断层的动态破裂过程及近断层地表运动特征进行了仿真模拟和计算.研究区域为围绕发震断层200 km×140 km×40 km(深度)的长方形块体组成,模拟计算的空间分辨率和时间分辨率分别为200 m和0.012 s,形成的空间网格节点数为1051×701×201.在DELL小型工作站上,我们实现了对源程序的移植和并行计算.同时,通过引进计算机可视化技术,对模拟数据进行了3D/4D解释分析.另外,在对源程序修改过程中,实现了对京津唐地区三维地壳速度结构的嵌入,在一定程度上增强了对地震波传播以及地面运动模拟的真实性,并讨论了地震破裂的方向性对近断层地表运动的影响.最后根据初步研究结果结合京津唐地区活动断层构造特征,对唐山M_S7.8级主震后随之而来的1976滦县M_S7.1级余震及宁河Ms6.9级余震的动态触发机制提出了新的解释.由于受主震破裂方向性作用的影响,使得主震对后续两个较大余震产生的动态应力变化的峰值在断层的走滑方向上较大,为2～3 MPa,在逆冲方向上较小,为0.1～0.2 MPa.即唐山主震的发生使得其周边的应力场有一个瞬态的应力调整,唐山主震对后续余震的发生有促发作用.
Using 3D finite difference code developed by Dr.Day in SCEC, we simulated fault dynamic rupture process and associated near-fault strong ground motion for the 1976 M_S7.8 Tangshan earthquake based on a simplified bi-lateral rupture model and slip-weakening frictional law.The fault length, width, and depth of the model are 200 km, 140 km, and 40 km, respectively.The discretized space and time steps are 200m and 0.012 s, respectively, which make the total number of node points up to 0.15 billion.In the implementation level, a parallel computational algorithm has been developed in DELL work station, and a computer visualization technique has been used in the numerical simulation in order to do data analysis.Furthermore, a regional 3D velocity model also has been embedded into the model to simulate seismic wave propagation and associated ground motion.According to the numerical results, we discussed the characteristics of the ground motions produced from the 3D rupture model with associated 3D velocity structure, including PGA and PGV distributions around fault.A physics based explanation related to the rupture directivity is also proposed to show that the radiated SH-type particle motion (fault-normal component) from ruptured fault has a significant influence on the near fault ground motion along the fault strike direction.Based on the radiated SH wave motion and propagation caused by directivity effect, we proposed that, for the 1976 M_s7.1 Luanxian and M_s6.9 Ninghe earthquakes, a dynamic triggering mechanism related to the temporal stress variation could play a significant role to trigger these two events.The result shows that the dynamic stress change could reach 2～3 MPa in strike direction and 0.1～0.2 MPa in thrust direction.
Using 3D finite difference code developed by Dr.Day in SCEC, we simulated fault dynamic rupture process and associated near-fault strong ground motion for the 1976 M_S7.8 Tangshan earthquake based on a simplified bi-lateral rupture model and slip-weakening frictional law.The fault length, width, and depth of the model are 200 km, 140 km, and 40 km, respectively.The discretized space and time steps are 200m and 0.012 s, respectively, which make the total number of node points up to 0.15 billion.In the implementation level, a parallel computational algorithm has been developed in DELL work station, and a computer visualization technique has been used in the numerical simulation in order to do data analysis.Furthermore, a regional 3D velocity model also has been embedded into the model to simulate seismic wave propagation and associated ground motion.According to the numerical results, we discussed the characteristics of the ground motions produced from the 3D rupture model with associated 3D velocity structure, including PGA and PGV distributions around fault.A physics based explanation related to the rupture directivity is also proposed to show that the radiated SH-type particle motion (fault-normal component) from ruptured fault has a significant influence on the near fault ground motion along the fault strike direction.Based on the radiated SH wave motion and propagation caused by directivity effect, we proposed that, for the 1976 M_s7.1 Luanxian and M_s6.9 Ninghe earthquakes, a dynamic triggering mechanism related to the temporal stress variation could play a significant role to trigger these two events.The result shows that the dynamic stress change could reach 2～3 MPa in strike direction and 0.1～0.2 MPa in thrust direction.
引文
[1] 刘桂萍,傅征祥.1976年7月28日唐山7． 8级地震触发的区域地震活动和静应力场变.地震学报,2000,22(1) :17～26Liu G P, Fu Z X. The seismicity and static stress change of the trigger area of 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2000, 22(1) : 17～26
[2] 张昭栋,刘元生,韩海华等.唐山7． 8级地震前后区域应力场的动态变化特征.西北地震学报,2001,23(2) :169～171Zhang S D, Liu Y S, Han H H, et al. Dynamic change of regional stress field inverted by using water level data before and after the Tangshan M_s7． 8 Earthquake. Northwestern Seismological Journal (in Chinese), 2001, 23(2) :169～171
[3] Dan K, Ishii T, Ebihara M. Estimation of strong ground motions in meizoseismal region of the 1976 Tangshan, China, earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1993, 83． .1756～1777
[4] Matsunami K, Zhang W. Estimation of seismic site response in the Tangshan area, China, using deep underground records. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2003, 93:1065～1078
[5] Robinson R, Zhou S. Stress interactions within the Tangshan, China, Earthquake Sequence of 1976． Bull.Seism. Soc. Am. , 2005, 95:2501～2505
[6] 刘启方.基于运动学和动力学震源模型的近断层地震动研究[博士论文].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2005Liu Q F. Studies on Near-fault ground motions based on kinematic and dynamic source models [Ph. D. dissertation]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics , China Earthquake Administration, 2005
[7] Hartzell S, Harmsen S, Frankel A, et al. Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: comparison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1999, 89 : 1484 ～ 1504
[8] Madariaga R, Olsen K, Archuleta R. Modeling dynamic rupture in a 3D earthquake fault model. Bull. Seismol. Soc.Am.,1998, 88:1182～1197
[9] Zhang W, Iwata T. Dynamic source rupture simulation of dipping faults with a 3D finite-difference method. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract, 2004, 85(47)
[10] Zhang W B, Iwata T, Irikuraet K, et al. Dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L10605
[11] Oglesby D D, Day S M. Fault geometry and the dynamics of the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. , 2001, 91:1099～1111
[12] Steven M Day, Luis A Dalguer. Comparison of finite difference and boundary integral solutions to threedimensional spontaneous rupture. J. Geophys. Res. , 2005, 110, B12307
[13] Zhang Haiming, Chen Xiaofei. Dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2009, 22(1) :3～12
[14] Day S M. Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamics: Rectangular faults with fixed rupture velocity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1982, 72:705～727
[15] Olsen K B, Day S M. TeraShake2: Spontaneous rupture simulations of M_w7． 7 Earthquakes on the southern san andreas fault. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2008, 98:1162～1185
[16] Olsen K B, Day S M, Minster J B. Strong shaking in los angeles expected from southern san andreasearthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 2006, 33, L07305
[17] Day S M, Ely G P. Effect of a shallow weak zone on fault rupture: numerical simulation of scale-model experiments. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2002, 92: 3022～3041
[18] 黄立人,王学中,刘天奎.唐山地震前后的水平形变.地震学报,1988,10(4) :375～380Huang L R, Wang X Z, Liu T K. The horizontal deformation of pre-seismic and post-seismic of Tangshan.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1988, 10(4) : 375～380
[19] 刘洁,宋惠珍,巫映祥.唐山地震发震断层运动学特征与 大震重复周期.地震学报,1997,19(6) :566～573Liu J, Song H Z, Wu Y X. The characteristic of Tangshan earthquake fault and recurrence repriod of large earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1997, 19(6) : 566～573
[20] 蔡永恩,何涛,王仁.1976年唐山地震震源动力过程的数值模拟.地震学报,1999,21(5) :469～477Cai Y N, He T, Wang R. Modelling the source dynamic process of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1999, 21(5) : 469～477
[21] 谢礼力,张敏政,曲传军.唐山主震近场地震动的模拟.地震工程与工程振动,1994,14(3) :1～10Xie L L, Zhang M Z, Qu C J. Simulation of strong seismic motions for the Tangshan earthquake. Earthquake Engineering And Engineering Vibration (in Chinese), 1994,14(3) : 1～10
[22] Cherry J T. A deterministic approach to the prediction of the frequency field ground motion and responmse spectra from stick-slip earthquakes. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynamics, 1976, 4: 315～332
[23] Das S, Aki K. A numerical study of two-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation. Geophys. J., 1976, 50: 643～668
[24] Wu F T, Thomosn K C, Kuenzler H. Stick-slip propagation velocity and seismic source mechanism. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1972, 62: 1621～1628
[25] Hussenini M I, Jovanovich D B. The fracture energy of earthquake. Geophys. J., 1975, 45: 367～385
[26] Madariaga R. Modeling of the three-dimensional earthquake faulting. Geophys. J. , 1977, 51:625～651
[27] Ida Y. Cohesive force across the tip of a longitudinal shear crack and Grifith′ Specific surface Energy. J. Geophys. Res. , 1972, 77:3796～3805
[28] Andrews D J. Rupture velocity of plane strain shear cracks. J. Geophys. Res., 1976, 81: 5679～5687
[29] Dieterich J H. Time dependent friction and mechanics of stick-slip. Pure Appl, Geophys., 1978, 116:790～806
[30] Dalguer L A, Day S M. Comparison of fault representation methods in finite difference simulations of dynamic rupture. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 2006, 92:1764～1778
[31] 陈运泰,林邦慧,王新华等.用大地测量资料反演1976年唐山地震的位错模式.地球物理学报,1979,22(3) :201～216Chen Y T, Lin B H, Wang X H. The inversion of dislocation-mode of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake with the geodetic data. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 1979, 22 (3) : 201～216
[32] Butler R, Stewart G S, Kanamori H, et al. The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake-A complex sequence of interpolate events. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1979, 69(1) : 207～220
[33] 周蕙兰.浅源走滑大震震源过程的某些特征.地球物理学 报,1985,28(6) :579～587Zhou H L. The characteristics of strike-slip earthquake with low epicenter. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) , 1985, 28 (6) : 579～587
[34] Xie X B, Yao Z X. The faulting process of Tangshan earthquake inverted simultaneously from teleseismic waveforms and geodetic deformation. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1991,66:265～277
[35] Huang B S, Yeh Y T. The fault rupture of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence inferred from coseismic crustal deformation. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. ,1997, 87:1046～1057
[36] 于湘伟,陈运泰,王培德.京津唐地区中上地壳三维P波速度结构,地震学报,2003,25(1) :1～14Yu X W, Chen Y T, Wang P D. Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure in Beijing-Tianjing Tangshan area. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2003, 25(1) :1～14
[37] 中国近代地震目录.中国地震局震害防御司编.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999The Catalog of Modern Earthquake of China. Department of the Persistence of Earthquake Disaster. Beijing, China Science Tech Press, 1999
[38] Somerville, Somerville P G. Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Phys. Earth. Planetary. Int, 2003, 137: 201～212
[39] Day S M, Gonzalez S H. Scale-model and numerical simulations of near-fault seismic directivity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2008, 98:1186～1206
[40] Nabelek J, Chen W P, Ye H. The Tangshan earthquake sequence and its implications for the evolution of the North China basin. J. Geophys. Res. , 92,12615～12628
[41] 张之立,王成宝,方兴等.唐山地震破裂过程的雁行断裂模式及理论和试验的模拟.地震学报,1989,11(3) :291～302Zhang Z L, Wang C B, Fang X, et al. An echelon fracture model for the Tangshan earthquake sequence as well as simulation in theory and experiment. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1989,11(3) :291～302
[42] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究.地震学报,2008,30(6) :581～593Wang Y G, Shen Z K, Zeng Y H, et al. Study on viscoelastic stress triggering model of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence. Acta Seismologica Sinica ( in Chinese), 2008, 30(6) : 581～593
[43] Hough S E, Leonardo Seeber, Armbruster J G. Intraplate triggered earthquakes : observations and interpretation. Bull.Seism. Soc. Am., 2003, 93(5) :2212～2221
[2] 张昭栋,刘元生,韩海华等.唐山7． 8级地震前后区域应力场的动态变化特征.西北地震学报,2001,23(2) :169～171Zhang S D, Liu Y S, Han H H, et al. Dynamic change of regional stress field inverted by using water level data before and after the Tangshan M_s7． 8 Earthquake. Northwestern Seismological Journal (in Chinese), 2001, 23(2) :169～171
[3] Dan K, Ishii T, Ebihara M. Estimation of strong ground motions in meizoseismal region of the 1976 Tangshan, China, earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1993, 83． .1756～1777
[4] Matsunami K, Zhang W. Estimation of seismic site response in the Tangshan area, China, using deep underground records. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2003, 93:1065～1078
[5] Robinson R, Zhou S. Stress interactions within the Tangshan, China, Earthquake Sequence of 1976． Bull.Seism. Soc. Am. , 2005, 95:2501～2505
[6] 刘启方.基于运动学和动力学震源模型的近断层地震动研究[博士论文].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2005Liu Q F. Studies on Near-fault ground motions based on kinematic and dynamic source models [Ph. D. dissertation]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics , China Earthquake Administration, 2005
[7] Hartzell S, Harmsen S, Frankel A, et al. Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: comparison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1999, 89 : 1484 ～ 1504
[8] Madariaga R, Olsen K, Archuleta R. Modeling dynamic rupture in a 3D earthquake fault model. Bull. Seismol. Soc.Am.,1998, 88:1182～1197
[9] Zhang W, Iwata T. Dynamic source rupture simulation of dipping faults with a 3D finite-difference method. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract, 2004, 85(47)
[10] Zhang W B, Iwata T, Irikuraet K, et al. Dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L10605
[11] Oglesby D D, Day S M. Fault geometry and the dynamics of the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. , 2001, 91:1099～1111
[12] Steven M Day, Luis A Dalguer. Comparison of finite difference and boundary integral solutions to threedimensional spontaneous rupture. J. Geophys. Res. , 2005, 110, B12307
[13] Zhang Haiming, Chen Xiaofei. Dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2009, 22(1) :3～12
[14] Day S M. Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamics: Rectangular faults with fixed rupture velocity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1982, 72:705～727
[15] Olsen K B, Day S M. TeraShake2: Spontaneous rupture simulations of M_w7． 7 Earthquakes on the southern san andreas fault. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2008, 98:1162～1185
[16] Olsen K B, Day S M, Minster J B. Strong shaking in los angeles expected from southern san andreasearthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 2006, 33, L07305
[17] Day S M, Ely G P. Effect of a shallow weak zone on fault rupture: numerical simulation of scale-model experiments. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2002, 92: 3022～3041
[18] 黄立人,王学中,刘天奎.唐山地震前后的水平形变.地震学报,1988,10(4) :375～380Huang L R, Wang X Z, Liu T K. The horizontal deformation of pre-seismic and post-seismic of Tangshan.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1988, 10(4) : 375～380
[19] 刘洁,宋惠珍,巫映祥.唐山地震发震断层运动学特征与 大震重复周期.地震学报,1997,19(6) :566～573Liu J, Song H Z, Wu Y X. The characteristic of Tangshan earthquake fault and recurrence repriod of large earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1997, 19(6) : 566～573
[20] 蔡永恩,何涛,王仁.1976年唐山地震震源动力过程的数值模拟.地震学报,1999,21(5) :469～477Cai Y N, He T, Wang R. Modelling the source dynamic process of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1999, 21(5) : 469～477
[21] 谢礼力,张敏政,曲传军.唐山主震近场地震动的模拟.地震工程与工程振动,1994,14(3) :1～10Xie L L, Zhang M Z, Qu C J. Simulation of strong seismic motions for the Tangshan earthquake. Earthquake Engineering And Engineering Vibration (in Chinese), 1994,14(3) : 1～10
[22] Cherry J T. A deterministic approach to the prediction of the frequency field ground motion and responmse spectra from stick-slip earthquakes. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynamics, 1976, 4: 315～332
[23] Das S, Aki K. A numerical study of two-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation. Geophys. J., 1976, 50: 643～668
[24] Wu F T, Thomosn K C, Kuenzler H. Stick-slip propagation velocity and seismic source mechanism. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1972, 62: 1621～1628
[25] Hussenini M I, Jovanovich D B. The fracture energy of earthquake. Geophys. J., 1975, 45: 367～385
[26] Madariaga R. Modeling of the three-dimensional earthquake faulting. Geophys. J. , 1977, 51:625～651
[27] Ida Y. Cohesive force across the tip of a longitudinal shear crack and Grifith′ Specific surface Energy. J. Geophys. Res. , 1972, 77:3796～3805
[28] Andrews D J. Rupture velocity of plane strain shear cracks. J. Geophys. Res., 1976, 81: 5679～5687
[29] Dieterich J H. Time dependent friction and mechanics of stick-slip. Pure Appl, Geophys., 1978, 116:790～806
[30] Dalguer L A, Day S M. Comparison of fault representation methods in finite difference simulations of dynamic rupture. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 2006, 92:1764～1778
[31] 陈运泰,林邦慧,王新华等.用大地测量资料反演1976年唐山地震的位错模式.地球物理学报,1979,22(3) :201～216Chen Y T, Lin B H, Wang X H. The inversion of dislocation-mode of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake with the geodetic data. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 1979, 22 (3) : 201～216
[32] Butler R, Stewart G S, Kanamori H, et al. The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake-A complex sequence of interpolate events. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1979, 69(1) : 207～220
[33] 周蕙兰.浅源走滑大震震源过程的某些特征.地球物理学 报,1985,28(6) :579～587Zhou H L. The characteristics of strike-slip earthquake with low epicenter. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) , 1985, 28 (6) : 579～587
[34] Xie X B, Yao Z X. The faulting process of Tangshan earthquake inverted simultaneously from teleseismic waveforms and geodetic deformation. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1991,66:265～277
[35] Huang B S, Yeh Y T. The fault rupture of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence inferred from coseismic crustal deformation. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. ,1997, 87:1046～1057
[36] 于湘伟,陈运泰,王培德.京津唐地区中上地壳三维P波速度结构,地震学报,2003,25(1) :1～14Yu X W, Chen Y T, Wang P D. Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure in Beijing-Tianjing Tangshan area. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2003, 25(1) :1～14
[37] 中国近代地震目录.中国地震局震害防御司编.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999The Catalog of Modern Earthquake of China. Department of the Persistence of Earthquake Disaster. Beijing, China Science Tech Press, 1999
[38] Somerville, Somerville P G. Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Phys. Earth. Planetary. Int, 2003, 137: 201～212
[39] Day S M, Gonzalez S H. Scale-model and numerical simulations of near-fault seismic directivity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2008, 98:1186～1206
[40] Nabelek J, Chen W P, Ye H. The Tangshan earthquake sequence and its implications for the evolution of the North China basin. J. Geophys. Res. , 92,12615～12628
[41] 张之立,王成宝,方兴等.唐山地震破裂过程的雁行断裂模式及理论和试验的模拟.地震学报,1989,11(3) :291～302Zhang Z L, Wang C B, Fang X, et al. An echelon fracture model for the Tangshan earthquake sequence as well as simulation in theory and experiment. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1989,11(3) :291～302
[42] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究.地震学报,2008,30(6) :581～593Wang Y G, Shen Z K, Zeng Y H, et al. Study on viscoelastic stress triggering model of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence. Acta Seismologica Sinica ( in Chinese), 2008, 30(6) : 581～593
[43] Hough S E, Leonardo Seeber, Armbruster J G. Intraplate triggered earthquakes : observations and interpretation. Bull.Seism. Soc. Am., 2003, 93(5) :2212～2221
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