罕遇地震作用下当前减隔震技术的局限性
摘要
在进行结构的抗震设计时,减隔震已经成为常规的工程技术,并且在强震区的公路桥梁中被广泛采用。现行的规范及规程中有具体的设计步骤,可参见[1],[2],[4],[10],[13],[33]。最近二十余年,美国、日本、土耳其、中国大陆及台湾省发生了多次大地震,其中采用基础隔震的建筑物及桥梁也遭受了破坏,破坏情况可见[6]、[7]、[8]、[9]、[16]、[17]、[20]、[24]、[25]、[26]、[27]、[28]、[29]、[30]、[31]、[32]、[34]、[35]、[36]。研究减隔震结构抗震性能的报告及出版物并不能很明确地说明减隔震技术的优越性,例如,不能够证明减隔震技术在减隔震结构抗震性能中的有效性。一个明显的原因是缺乏实际的工程验证,另一个原因就是缺乏理论基础和设计指导细则。在联邦公路署的资助下,作者和他的同事们对减隔震技术的理论基础以及建立减隔震设计指导原则的假定进行了多年的研究。主要研究内容为罕遇地震作用下阻尼在减隔震设计中所起的作用。本论文主要介绍该研究项目的由来及一些研究成果,主要包括:(1)大震下当前的减隔震设计方法优越性及不足;(2)建议的设计方法,抵御罕遇地震的设计周期窗口;(3)一种新的滚轴减隔震体系,能够有效地提高桥梁抗震性能。
引文
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[5]Austin M A,Lin WJ.Energy Balance Assessment ofBase-Isolated Structures[J]J.Engineering Mechan-ics,2004,130(3).
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[22]Lee G C,Liang Z.Towards Next Generation SeismicIsolation Technology[R].Advances in BuildingTechnology/,2,961-968.2002.
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[31]Sabnis G M,Harris H G,White R N,Mirza M S.Structural Modeling and Experi mental Techniques[Z],Prentice-Hall,Inc.1983.
[32]Soong T T,Dargush G F.Passive Energy DissipationSystems in Structural Engineering[Z].Wiley,Chich-ester,UKand New York,NY.1997.
[33]StructuralEngineers Association of Northern Califor-nia(SEAONC).Tentative Seismic Isolation DesignRequirements[S],Yellow Book.1986.
[34]Wen Y K.Approxi mate Method for Nonlinear Ran-dom Vibration[J].J.Engineering Mechanics Divi-sion,ASCE,1975.101(EM8).
[35]Whittaker AS,Constantinou MC.Chapter 12,Seis-mic Energy Dissipation Systems for Buildings[R].Borzognia and Bertero(eds),CRC Press LLC.2004.
[36]ZayasV A,Low S S,Mahin S A.A Si mple Pendu-lum Technique for Achieving Seismic Isolation[J].Earthquake Spectra,1990,6.
[2]AASHTO.Guide Specifications for Seismic IsolationDesign[S].Interi m2000.Washington,D.C.
[3]Anderson J C,Bertero V V.Uncertainties in Establis-hing Design Earthquakes[J].Journal of Structural En-gineering,ASCE,1987,113(8).
[4]Applied Technology Council.Tentative Provisions forthe Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings[S].ATC 3-06.1978.
[5]Austin M A,Lin WJ.Energy Balance Assessment ofBase-Isolated Structures[J]J.Engineering Mechan-ics,2004,130(3).
[6]Buckle I G,Mayes R L.Seismic Isolation:History,Application,and Performance-A World View[J].Earthquake Spectra,1990,6(2).
[7]Clark P W,Whittaker A S,Aiken L D,Egan J A.Performance Considerations for Isolation Systems inRegions of High Seismicity[R].Proceedings of ATC-17-1 Seminar on Seismic Isolation,Passive EnergyDissipation,and Active Control,San Francisco,CA,1993,March 11-12.
[8]Constantinou MC,Caccese J,Harris H G.FrictionalCharacteristics of Teflon-Steel Interfaces under Dy-namic Conditions[J].Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics,1987,15.
[9]Constantinou MC,Soong T T,Dargush G F.PassiveEnergy Dissipation Systems for Structural Design andRetrofit[R],Multidisciplinary Center for EarthquakeEngineering Research,Buffalo,NY.1998.
[10]Federal Emergency Management Agency.NEHRPGuidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings(FEMA-273)[S].1997.
[11]Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,Wald D WJ.Near-Source Ground Motion and Its Effects on Flex-ible Buildings[J].Earthquake Spectra,1995,11(4).
[12]Inaudi J A,Kelly J M.Opti mum Damping in LinearIsolation Systems[J].Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics,1993,22.
[13]International Building Code.International Congressof Building Officials[S].Whittier,CA.2000.
[14]Kelly J M.State-of-the-Art and State-of-the-Practicein Base Isolation[C].Proceedings of ATC-17-1 Semi-nar on Seismic Isolation,Passive Energy Dissipation,and Active Control,San Francisco,California,1993.
[15]Kelly J M.The Role of Damping in Seismic Isolation[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynam-ics,1999,28.
[16]Kircher C A,Lashkari B.Statistical Evaluation ofNonlinear Response of Seismic Isolation Systems[R].Report No.JBA 109-070,Jack R.Benjamin andAssociates,inc.,Mountain View,CA,1989.
[17]Komodromos P I.Seismic Isolation for Earthquake-Resistant Structures[R].Southampton,UK:WITPress,2000.
[18]Inman DJ.Engineering Vibration[C].3rd ed.Pear-son Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NewJersey,2008.
[19]Lee G C,Liang Z.Design Considerations of Bridge I-solation Bearings for Large Displacements[C].paperpresented at the 81st TRB Annual Meeting,Wash-ington,DC,Jan.,2002.
[20]Li L.Base Isolation Measure for Aseismic BuildinginChina[C].Proceedings of the 8th World Conferenceon Earthquake Engineering,San Francisco,CA,1984.
[21]Liang Z,G C Lee.Damping of structures part 1,Theory of complex damping[R].Technical ReportNCEER-91-0004,State University of New Yorkat Buffalo.1991.
[22]Lee G C,Liang Z.Towards Next Generation SeismicIsolation Technology[R].Advances in BuildingTechnology/,2,961-968.2002.
[23]G C Lee,Y C Ou,Z Liang,T C Niu,J Song.MCEER-07-0019,Principles and performance ofroller seismic isolation bearings for highway bridges[P].2007.
[24]Mosqueda G,Whittaker A S,Fenves G L.Charac-terization and Modeling of Friction Pendulum Bear-ings Subjected to Multiple Components of Excitation[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(3).
[25]Mostaghel N,Khodaverdian M.Dynamics of Resili-ent-Friction Base Isolator(R-FBI)[J].Earth-quake Engineering and Structural Dyanmics,1987,11.
[26]Naei m F,Anderson J C.Design Classification ofHorizontal and Vertical Earthquake Ground Motion[R].JAMA Report No.7738.
[27]Naei m F,Kelly J M.Design of Seismic IsolationStructures from Theory to Practice[Z].John Wiley&Sons Inc.1999.
[28]Nagarajaiah S,Reinhorn A M,Constantinou M C.3D-BASIS Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Three-Di mensional Base Isolated Structures[R].Part II.Report,MCEER-91-0005.1991.
[29]Newmark N M,Hall WJ.Earthquake Spectra andDesign[J].Earthquake Engineering Research Institu-te,1982.
[30]Robinson W H.Lead-Rubber Hysteretic BearingsSuitable for Protecting Structures During Earthquakes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynam-ics,1982,10.
[31]Sabnis G M,Harris H G,White R N,Mirza M S.Structural Modeling and Experi mental Techniques[Z],Prentice-Hall,Inc.1983.
[32]Soong T T,Dargush G F.Passive Energy DissipationSystems in Structural Engineering[Z].Wiley,Chich-ester,UKand New York,NY.1997.
[33]StructuralEngineers Association of Northern Califor-nia(SEAONC).Tentative Seismic Isolation DesignRequirements[S],Yellow Book.1986.
[34]Wen Y K.Approxi mate Method for Nonlinear Ran-dom Vibration[J].J.Engineering Mechanics Divi-sion,ASCE,1975.101(EM8).
[35]Whittaker AS,Constantinou MC.Chapter 12,Seis-mic Energy Dissipation Systems for Buildings[R].Borzognia and Bertero(eds),CRC Press LLC.2004.
[36]ZayasV A,Low S S,Mahin S A.A Si mple Pendu-lum Technique for Achieving Seismic Isolation[J].Earthquake Spectra,1990,6.
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