亚像素相位相关法在获取汶川地震近场形变中的应用
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摘要
震后地表实际破裂带的分布及其近场的形变特征,是理解块体运动学特性、断层破裂特征、地震发生机制等科学问题的十分重要的约束条件。基于InSAR获取的汶川地震同震形变场,由于发震断层附近同震形变梯度巨大,沿断层带出现了非相干条带,以致于无法获得断层附近的形变量。而基于亚像素级的光学影像偏移量法为获取断层附近大形变分布提供了可能。文中以SPOT卫星影像为数据源,采用光学影像偏移量法获得了什邡及茂县地区的水平位移形变场。结果显示龙门山断裂带上至少2条断裂同时发生破裂,形成了主要地表破裂带(龙门山镇-高川破裂带)和次级地表破裂带(汉旺破裂带),沿龙门山镇-高川破裂带平均位移量为4～6m,在高川附近伴随的平均右旋水平位移为1～3m;汉旺破裂带因逆冲导致水平缩短,平均位移量一般为1～2m。汶川-茂县断裂带没有明显的地表破裂带。研究表明,利用光学影像相位相关法能够获得近断层位错量,可以成为InSAR手段的重要补充。
The distribution and characteristic of ground deformation is a key issue in geodesy,which brings insight into the geometry of the ruptured fault and seismic hazard assessment in the future in the surrounding areas. It also provides better constraint conditions for geophysical inversion. Compared with field research,satellite imagery regularly provides detailed and spatially comprehensive images and is a most valuable alternative especially for the study in remote areas. So,observing seismic rupture is urgent after earthquake. InSAR is useful for measuring ground displacement,but the technique has severe limitations that are mainly due to data decorrelation and signal saturation,and it does not generally provide measurements in the near-fault area where large displacements occur. In this paper,the sub-pixel correlation method and SPOT image are used to map the Wenchuan earthquake rupture and to identify the faults activated by the earthquake. A computation is introduced of the inverse projection matrices for which a rigorous resampling is proposed. Image registration and correlation is achieved with an iterative unbiased processor that estimates the phase plane in the Fourier domain for subpixel shift detection,then the earthquake deformation field is derived.The results indicate that the Wenchuan earthquake produced at least surface ruptures on two faults along the Longmenshan Fault,the main rupture named Beichuan-Yinxiu rupture zone(Longmenshan town-Gaochuan in this map)and the secondary rupture named Hanwang rupture zone.The former is characterized by dextral-slip thrusting with a horizontal displacement of 4～6m in average and a dextral-slip displacement of 1～3m near Gaochuan town.The latter is characterized by pure thrusting,with horizontal displacement 1～2m in average. There is no obvious ground rupture along Wenchuan-Maoxian Fault.The research indicates that sub-pixel correlation using optical image can be a powerful complement to differential radar interferometry,which can measure ground displacement near the fault zone.The study also shows that earthquake displacement fields can be calculated by remote sensing technology.The surface rupture can be traced and the meizoseismal area can be located by this method. Compared with field research,satellite imagery regularly provides detailed and spatially comprehensive images and is a most valuable alternative especially for the study in remote areas.
The distribution and characteristic of ground deformation is a key issue in geodesy,which brings insight into the geometry of the ruptured fault and seismic hazard assessment in the future in the surrounding areas. It also provides better constraint conditions for geophysical inversion. Compared with field research,satellite imagery regularly provides detailed and spatially comprehensive images and is a most valuable alternative especially for the study in remote areas. So,observing seismic rupture is urgent after earthquake. InSAR is useful for measuring ground displacement,but the technique has severe limitations that are mainly due to data decorrelation and signal saturation,and it does not generally provide measurements in the near-fault area where large displacements occur. In this paper,the sub-pixel correlation method and SPOT image are used to map the Wenchuan earthquake rupture and to identify the faults activated by the earthquake. A computation is introduced of the inverse projection matrices for which a rigorous resampling is proposed. Image registration and correlation is achieved with an iterative unbiased processor that estimates the phase plane in the Fourier domain for subpixel shift detection,then the earthquake deformation field is derived.The results indicate that the Wenchuan earthquake produced at least surface ruptures on two faults along the Longmenshan Fault,the main rupture named Beichuan-Yinxiu rupture zone(Longmenshan town-Gaochuan in this map)and the secondary rupture named Hanwang rupture zone.The former is characterized by dextral-slip thrusting with a horizontal displacement of 4～6m in average and a dextral-slip displacement of 1～3m near Gaochuan town.The latter is characterized by pure thrusting,with horizontal displacement 1～2m in average. There is no obvious ground rupture along Wenchuan-Maoxian Fault.The research indicates that sub-pixel correlation using optical image can be a powerful complement to differential radar interferometry,which can measure ground displacement near the fault zone.The study also shows that earthquake displacement fields can be calculated by remote sensing technology.The surface rupture can be traced and the meizoseismal area can be located by this method. Compared with field research,satellite imagery regularly provides detailed and spatially comprehensive images and is a most valuable alternative especially for the study in remote areas.
引文
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李海兵,付小方,Jerome V D,等.2008.汶川地震(MS8.0)地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用[J].地质学报82(12):1623—1643.LI Hai-bing,FU Xiao-fang,Jerome V D,et al.2008.Co-seismic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique thrusting of theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,82(12):1623—1643(in Chinese).
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屈春燕,单新建,宋小刚,等.2010.D_InSAR技术应用于汶川地震地表位移场的空间分析[J].地震地质,32(2):175—190.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2010.02.001.QU Chun-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,SONG Xiao-gang,et al.2010.Spatial analysis of coseismic displacement field of theWenchuan MS8.0earthquake derived using D-InSAR[J].Seismology and Geology,32(2):175—190(in Chi-nese).
任俊杰,张世民.2008.汶川8级地震地表破裂带特征及其构造意义[J].大地测量与地球动力学,28(6):47—52.doi:1671-5942(2008)06-0047—06.REN Jun-jie,ZHANG Shi-min.2008.Characteristics of surface ruptures zone of Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake and itstectonic significance[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,28(6):47—52(in Chinese).
单新建,屈春燕,宋小刚,等.2009.汶川MS8.0级地震InSAR同震形变场观测与研究[J].地球物理学报,52(3):496—504.doi:0001-5733(2009)02-0496—09.SHAN Xin-jian,QU Chun-yan,SONG Xiao-gang,et al.2009.Coseismic surface deformation caused by the WenchuanMS8.0earthquake from InSAR data analysis[J].Chinese J Geophys,52(2):496—504(in Chinese).
孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康.2008.汉川MS8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析[J].地震地质,30(3):789—795.SUN Jian-bao,LIANG Fang,SHEN Zheng-kang,et al.2008.InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysisof the MS8Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):789—795(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
张永生.2000.遥感图像信息系统(第一版)[M].北京:科学出版社.ZHANG Yong-sheng.2000.Remote Sensing Image Information System(First Edition)[M].Science Press,Beijing(inChinese).
Barzilai J,Borwein J M.1988.Two-point step size gradient methods[J].IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis,8(1):141—148.
Binet R,Bollinger L.2005.Horizontal coseismic deformation of the2003Bam(Iran)earthquake measured from SPOT-5THR satellite imagery[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(L02307):1—4.doi:10.1029/2004GL021897.
Dominguez S,Avouac J P,Michel R.2003.Horizontal coseismic deformation of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake measuredfrom SPOT satellite images:Implications for the seismic cycle along the western foothills of central Taiwan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,108(B2):1—19.doi:10.1029/2001JB000951.
Leprince S,Sylvain B,Franois A,et al.2007.Automatic and precise orthorectification,coregistration,and subpixel cor-relation of satellite images,application to ground deformation measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscienceand Remote Sensing,45(6):1529—1558.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.888937.
Linlin Ge,Kui Zhang,Alex Ng,et al.2008.Preliminary results of satellite radar differential interferometry for the co-seismic deformation of the12May2008MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geographic Information Sciences,14(1):12—19.doi:1082-4006/08/14(01)-12.
Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C.1993.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interfer-ometry[J].Nature,364:138—142.doi:10.1038/364138a0.
Michel R,Avouac J P.2002.Deformation due to the17August1999Izmit,Turkey,earthquake measured from SPOTimages[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B4).doi:10.1029/2000JB000102.
NASA.2009.ASTER GDEM Readme File-ASTER GDEM Version1.1—7.Retrieved(http:∥srtm.datamirror.csdb.cn/resource/doc/gdem0.pdf).
Riazanoff.2002.SPOT Satellite Geometry Handbook[M].Toulouse:Spot Image.
Vadon H,Massonnet D,Edouard B,et al.2000.Earthquake displacement fields mapped by very precise correlation:Complementarity with radar interferometry[C].In:IGARSS proc,pp.2700—2702.Homolulu.doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.859686.
Van Puymbroeck N,Michel R,Binet R,et al.2000.Measuring earthquakes from optical satellite images[J].AppliedOptics,39(20):3486—3494.10.1364/AO.39.003486.
XU Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Yu Guihua,et al.2009.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008MW7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,37(6):515—518.doi:10.1130/G25462A.1.
贾建中,束晨阳,邓武功,等.2008.汶川地震灾区风景名胜区灾后恢复重建研究(一):灾损类型、灾损评估与原因分析[J].中国园林,24(9):5—12.doi:1000-6664(2008)09-005—08.JIA Jian-zhong,SHU Chen-yang,DENG Wu-gong,et al.2008.Research on the post-earthquake rehabilitation and recon-struction of the scenic areas in Wenchuan earthquake stricken area(1):Earthquake damage types,damage evalua-tion and analysis of reasons[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,24(9):5—12(in Chinese).
李海兵,付小方,Jerome V D,等.2008.汶川地震(MS8.0)地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用[J].地质学报82(12):1623—1643.LI Hai-bing,FU Xiao-fang,Jerome V D,et al.2008.Co-seismic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique thrusting of theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,82(12):1623—1643(in Chinese).
李海兵,王宗秀,付小方,等.2008.2008年5月12日汶川地震(MS8.0)地表破裂带的分布特征[J].中国地质,35(5):803—813.doi:1000-3657(2008)05-0803—11.LI Hai-bing,WANG Zong-xiu,FU Xiao-fang,et al.2008.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earth-quake(MS8.0)happened on May12th,2008[J].Geology in China,35(5):803—813(in Chinese).
屈春燕,单新建,宋小刚,等.2010.D_InSAR技术应用于汶川地震地表位移场的空间分析[J].地震地质,32(2):175—190.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2010.02.001.QU Chun-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,SONG Xiao-gang,et al.2010.Spatial analysis of coseismic displacement field of theWenchuan MS8.0earthquake derived using D-InSAR[J].Seismology and Geology,32(2):175—190(in Chi-nese).
任俊杰,张世民.2008.汶川8级地震地表破裂带特征及其构造意义[J].大地测量与地球动力学,28(6):47—52.doi:1671-5942(2008)06-0047—06.REN Jun-jie,ZHANG Shi-min.2008.Characteristics of surface ruptures zone of Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake and itstectonic significance[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,28(6):47—52(in Chinese).
单新建,屈春燕,宋小刚,等.2009.汶川MS8.0级地震InSAR同震形变场观测与研究[J].地球物理学报,52(3):496—504.doi:0001-5733(2009)02-0496—09.SHAN Xin-jian,QU Chun-yan,SONG Xiao-gang,et al.2009.Coseismic surface deformation caused by the WenchuanMS8.0earthquake from InSAR data analysis[J].Chinese J Geophys,52(2):496—504(in Chinese).
孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康.2008.汉川MS8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析[J].地震地质,30(3):789—795.SUN Jian-bao,LIANG Fang,SHEN Zheng-kang,et al.2008.InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysisof the MS8Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):789—795(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
张永生.2000.遥感图像信息系统(第一版)[M].北京:科学出版社.ZHANG Yong-sheng.2000.Remote Sensing Image Information System(First Edition)[M].Science Press,Beijing(inChinese).
Barzilai J,Borwein J M.1988.Two-point step size gradient methods[J].IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis,8(1):141—148.
Binet R,Bollinger L.2005.Horizontal coseismic deformation of the2003Bam(Iran)earthquake measured from SPOT-5THR satellite imagery[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(L02307):1—4.doi:10.1029/2004GL021897.
Dominguez S,Avouac J P,Michel R.2003.Horizontal coseismic deformation of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake measuredfrom SPOT satellite images:Implications for the seismic cycle along the western foothills of central Taiwan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,108(B2):1—19.doi:10.1029/2001JB000951.
Leprince S,Sylvain B,Franois A,et al.2007.Automatic and precise orthorectification,coregistration,and subpixel cor-relation of satellite images,application to ground deformation measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscienceand Remote Sensing,45(6):1529—1558.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.888937.
Linlin Ge,Kui Zhang,Alex Ng,et al.2008.Preliminary results of satellite radar differential interferometry for the co-seismic deformation of the12May2008MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geographic Information Sciences,14(1):12—19.doi:1082-4006/08/14(01)-12.
Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C.1993.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interfer-ometry[J].Nature,364:138—142.doi:10.1038/364138a0.
Michel R,Avouac J P.2002.Deformation due to the17August1999Izmit,Turkey,earthquake measured from SPOTimages[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B4).doi:10.1029/2000JB000102.
NASA.2009.ASTER GDEM Readme File-ASTER GDEM Version1.1—7.Retrieved(http:∥srtm.datamirror.csdb.cn/resource/doc/gdem0.pdf).
Riazanoff.2002.SPOT Satellite Geometry Handbook[M].Toulouse:Spot Image.
Vadon H,Massonnet D,Edouard B,et al.2000.Earthquake displacement fields mapped by very precise correlation:Complementarity with radar interferometry[C].In:IGARSS proc,pp.2700—2702.Homolulu.doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.859686.
Van Puymbroeck N,Michel R,Binet R,et al.2000.Measuring earthquakes from optical satellite images[J].AppliedOptics,39(20):3486—3494.10.1364/AO.39.003486.
XU Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Yu Guihua,et al.2009.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008MW7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,37(6):515—518.doi:10.1130/G25462A.1.
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