假玄武玻璃年代学研究现状及其地震学指示意义
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摘要
假玄武玻璃是一种呈暗色的微晶—隐晶质岩石,一般产于古地震断层滑动面,被认为是研究地震活动的"化石岩"。经过碎裂岩化或摩擦熔融,假玄武玻璃发育于从地表到岩石圈地幔的整个地震活动区,其年代学研究对于揭示某一地区古地震活动频次及发生规律有重要意义。假玄武玻璃的定年一般采用Rb-Sr4、0Ar-39Ar、裂变径迹等三种方法,但Sr的扩散性质、假玄武玻璃内部结构和成分的不均一性及其形成高温快速过程中锆石的退火行为等诸多因素,制约了以上三种方法的应用。文中总结了三种方法,分析了其适用范围和局限性,探讨了假玄武玻璃定年研究中最适用的方法和需注意的事项。最后,阐述了假玄武玻璃研究的地震学指示意义。
Pseudotachylyte is an ultimate product of shearing in fault zones and formed with microlite-cryptocrystalline textures.It normally originates in the dislocation surface of ancient earthquakes and is treated as the "fossil rocks" in the paleo-seismic reasearch.Through comminution or friction melting,pseudotachylyte develops from the crustal surface to lithospheric mantle where earthquakes happen.Comprehensive chronological study on pseudotachylytes has great significances on our understanding of the frequency and rules of paleo-seismic events in certain areas.Currently,Rb-Sr,40Ar/39Ar and fission track are the three methods often used on dating peseudotachylytes.However,many factors have limited their application in the pseudotachylytes' chronological study,such as the diffusion of Sr,the heterogeneities of peseudotachylytes in matrix structure and chemical composition,and the thermal annealing of zircon during the fast megathermal process of its formation,etc.This article summarizes and illustrates these three methods,analyzes their application range and limitations,proposes the proper method and relevant instructions on peseudotachylytes' chrolological study.By the end,this paper elaborates the significances of the pseudotachylyte research to seismology.
Pseudotachylyte is an ultimate product of shearing in fault zones and formed with microlite-cryptocrystalline textures.It normally originates in the dislocation surface of ancient earthquakes and is treated as the "fossil rocks" in the paleo-seismic reasearch.Through comminution or friction melting,pseudotachylyte develops from the crustal surface to lithospheric mantle where earthquakes happen.Comprehensive chronological study on pseudotachylytes has great significances on our understanding of the frequency and rules of paleo-seismic events in certain areas.Currently,Rb-Sr,40Ar/39Ar and fission track are the three methods often used on dating peseudotachylytes.However,many factors have limited their application in the pseudotachylytes' chronological study,such as the diffusion of Sr,the heterogeneities of peseudotachylytes in matrix structure and chemical composition,and the thermal annealing of zircon during the fast megathermal process of its formation,etc.This article summarizes and illustrates these three methods,analyzes their application range and limitations,proposes the proper method and relevant instructions on peseudotachylytes' chrolological study.By the end,this paper elaborates the significances of the pseudotachylyte research to seismology.
引文
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[2]Di Toro G,Nielsen S,Pennacchioni G.Earthquake rupturedynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults[J].Nature,2005,436(7053):1009-1012.
[3]王勤.岩石地震波性质的实验与理论研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2007,26(2):118-126.Wang Qin.Experimental and theoretical study on seismic prop-erties of rocks[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geo-chemistry,2007,26(2):118-126.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
[4]罗文行,李德威,汪校锋.青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2008,33(5):618-626.Luo Wenxing,Li Dewei,Wang Xiaofeng.Focal depth andmechanism of intra-plate earthquake in the Qinghai-Tibet Plat-eau[J].Earth Science Journal of CUG,2008,33(5):618-626.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Olson E L,Allen R M.The deterministic nature of earthquakerupture[J].Nature,2005,438(7065):212-215.
[6]Sibson R H.Generation of pseudotachylyte by ancient seismicfaulting[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical So-ciety,1975,43(3):775-794.
[7]Magloughlin J F,Spray J G.Frictional melting processes andproducts in geological materials:Introduction and discussion[J].Tectonophysics,1992,204(3-4):197-204.
[8]刘建民,董树文.假玄武玻璃的研究进展与现状[J].地质论评.2001,41(01):64-69.Liu Jianmin,Dong Shuwen.Advance and the status quo of theresearch on pseudotachylites[J].Geological Review,2001,41(1):64-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Shand J S,D S.The pseudotachylytes of Parijs(Orange FreeState),and its relation to'Trap-Shotten Gneiss'and'FlintyCrust Rock'[J].Geological Society of London Quarterly Jour-nal,1916,72:198-221.
[10]Spray J G.Pseudotachylyte controversy,fact or friction?[J].Geology,1995,23(12):1119-1122.
[11]Wenk H R.Are pseudotachylites products of fracture or fu-sion?[J].Geology,1978,6(8):507-511.
[12]Bossi G.Petrology of pseudotachylytes from the Alpine Faultof New Zealand[J].Tectonophysics,1991,196(1-2):173-193.
[13]Lin A.Glassy pseudotachylyte veins from the Fuyun faultzone,northwest China[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1994,16(1):71-83.
[14]Zhang J J,Liu S W,Zheng Y D,Chen J.Raman spectral a-nalysis and genetic mechanism of pseudotachylyte in Xiaoqin-ling detachment fault[J].Science in China(series D),1998,41(03):242-247.
[15]Ferr E C,Allen J L,Lin A.Pseudotachylytes and seis-mogenic friction:An introduction to current research[J].Tectonophysics,2005,402(1-4):1-2.
[16]杨主恩,应思淮,林传勇.北京密云北石城断裂带的断层岩特征及其地震事件的可能证据[J].地震地质,1981,3(4):1-14.Yang Zhu’en,Ying Shihuai,Lin Chuanyong.Characteristicsof fault rocks and their potential evidences for seismic event[J].Seismology and Geology,1981,3(4):1-14.(in Chi-nese with English abstract)
[17]翟淳.桐柏北部韧性剪切带中假玄武玻璃的成因[J].地质论评,1988,34(3):203-212.Zhai Chun.Origin of pseudotachylite in ductile shear zones inthe northern part of Tongbai,Henan Province[J].GeologicalReview,1988,34(3):203-212.(In Chinese with Englishabstract)
[18]陈柏林,周刚,张小林,刘建民.阿勒泰青河地区发现假玄武玻璃[J].地质论评,2005(06):718.Chen Bolin,Zhou Gang,Zhang Xiaolin,Liu Jianmin.Discov-ery of Pseudotachylytes in the Aletai area[J].Geological Re-view,2005(06):718.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]刘建民,董树文,张家声.大别造山带东部假玄武玻璃的成因[J].地质力学学报,2003,9(02):97-105.Liu Jianmin,Dong Shuwen,Zhang Jiasheng.Origin of pseud-otachylites from the eastern Dabieshan orogenic belt[J].Jour-nal of Geomechanics,2003,9(2):97-105.(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
[20]史兰斌,林传勇,张小鸥,陈孝德,柏美祥.新疆可可托海-二台断裂带假玄武玻璃的基本特征[J].中国科学(D辑),1997,27(02):137-142.Shi Lanbing,Lin Chuanyong,Zhang Xiao'ou,Chen Xiaode,Bo meixiang.Characters of pseudotachylytes in the Keketuo-hai-Ertai fault,Xinjiang Province[J].Science in China(se-ries D),1997,27(2):137-142.(in Chinese)
[21]郑亚东,张进江.假玄武玻璃及其形成过程和机制综述[J].地质科技情报,1995,14(04):22-28.Zheng Yadong,Zhang Jingjiang.A general survey of pseudot-achylyte and its formation process and mechanism[J].Geo-logical Science and Technology Information,1995,14(4):22-28.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[22]刘建民,董树文,张家声,刘晓春,陈文,陈柏林.大别造山带东部假玄武玻璃及其围岩的K-Ar和40Ar/39Ar年龄及地质意义[J].地质学报,2004,78(03):374-379.Liu Jianmin,Dong Shuwen,Zhang Jiasheng,Liu Xiaochun,Chen Wen,Chen Bolin.K-Ar and40Ar-39Ar ages of psdu-dochylites and their wall rocks from the eastern Dabiemountains and their implications[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(3):374-379.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[23]刘建民,陈柏林,董树文,赵越,刘晓春.新疆富蕴可可托海—二台断裂带中假玄武玻璃及其围岩的年代学研究[J].地质论评,2009,55(4):581-589.Liu Jianmin,Chen Bailin,Dong Shuwen,Zhao Yue,Liu Xi-aochun.Ages of Pseudotachylite and its wall rocks fromKeketuohai-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,northwest China[J].Geological Review,2009,55(4):581-589.(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
[24]Takagi H,Arita K,Danhara T.Timing of the Tsergo Rilandslide,Langtang Himal,determined by fission-track dat-ing of pseudotachylyte[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2007,29(2-3):466-472.
[25]Swanson M T.Fault structure,wear mechanisms and ruptureprocesses in pseudotachylyte generation[J].Tectonophysics,1992,204(3-4):223-242.
[26]Magloughlin J F.Microstructural and chemical changes asso-ciated with cataclasis and frictional melting at shallow crustallevels:the cataclasite-pseudotachylyte connection[J].Tec-tonophysics,1992,204(3-4):243-260.
[27]Scott J S,Drever H I.Frictional fusion along a Himalayanthrust[J].Proceedings(section B)-Biological Sciences,1953,65(2):121-140.
[28]Philpotts A R.Origin of pseudotachylites[J].American Jour-nal of Science,1964,262(8):1008-1035.
[29]Allen J L.A multi-kilometer pseudotachylyte system as anexhumed record of earthquake rupture geometry at hypocen-tral depths(Colorado,USA)[J].Tectonophysics,2005,402(1-4):37-54.
[30]Fabbri O,Lin A,Tokushige H.Coeval formation of catacla-site and pseudotachylyte in a Miocene fore arc granodiorite,southern Kyushu,Japan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2000,22(8):1015-1025.
[31]Spray J G.Artificial generation of pseudotachylyte using fric-tion welding apparatus:Simulation of melting on a fault plane[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1987,9(1):49-60.
[32]Cosca M A,Caby R,Bussy F.Geochemistry and40Ar/39Argeochronology of pseudotachylyte associated with UHP whi-teschists from the Dora Maira massif,Italy[J].Tectonophys-ics,2005,402(1-4):93-110.
[33]Spray J G.A physical basis for the frictional melting of somerock-forming minerals[J].Tectonophysics,1992,204(3-4):205-221.
[34]Maddock R H.Effects of lithology,cataclasis and melting onthe composition of fault-generated pseudotachylytes in Lewi-sian gneiss,Scotland[J].Tectonophysics,1992,204(3-4):261-278.
[35]Fullagar Q S A P.Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systematics dur-ing greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation,exam-ples from the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge[J].Journal ofGeology,1995,103(4):423-436.
[36]D C Kamineni,D S A Z.Early Proterozoic deformation in thewestern Superior Province,Canadian Shield[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,1990,102(12):1623-1634.
[37]Maddock R H.The petrology and geological significance ofsome fault-generated pseudotachylytes[D].London:Uni-versity of London,1986:3-12.
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