东汉早期的地震活动
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摘要
东汉早期(公元25—127年)的地震史料十分宝贵,它反映了从远古零散、不系统的地震记载转入连续记载并逐渐认识地震的过程.这时的地震事件较多,但研究不充分,地震参数基本呈空白状.史料的记载方式以"郡国地震"和"京师地震"为主;时间上,基本在汉和帝以后;地点上,以大华北为主.本文具体分析了东汉早期的33次地震事件,利用新的地震烈度衰减关系,采用郡国平均地理面积和有感面积的概念,比照地震范例的标准,按《中国地震目录》的烈度震级表进行参数估算.研究期间最主要的地震事件是4次震级≥61/2的强震,即公元46年10月和119年3月南阳地震、121年10月冀南-鲁西地震和123年5月汉阳地震,震后都有持续1—2年的余震活动.公元118年前的地震主要分布于大华北,震中至京师洛阳的距离多在200km以外.除两次51/2—6级地震外,均属5—51/2级中等强度地震,少数小于43/4级.京师洛阳虽经历过多次地震,但其受影响程度并不强,基本为有感或强有感的水平,没有遭受过破坏性或中等强度的震害.
The historical literatures of earthquakes in early Eastern Han Dynasty(AD 25—127)are valuable.They reflect the transfer-process of earthquake documentary from scattered and nonsystematic records in early years to continuous records and being understood gradually.The documented earthquake events in this period are rather plentiful.However,the relevant information about these earthquakes has not been studied deeply and the parameters of few earthquakes in this period have been obtained so far.The existing investigations show that the reporting manners in this period are mainly expressed as"Junguo earthquake"and"Capital area earthquake".The documented events occurred mainly in the region of the Great North China after He Emperor of Han Dynasty.In this paper,a new relationship of seismic intensity attenuation is used.By means of the intensity-magnitude table in Earthquake Catalogue of China,the earthquake parameters in this period are evaluated following the conceptions of Junguo-average geographic area and seismic felt area.In the light of earthquake example standard,33 earthquake events in early Eastern Han Dynasty are analyzed particularly.The most important events in the studied period are four strong earthquakes with magnitude ≥61/2,i.e.,the Nanyang earthquakes in October of AD 46 and March of AD 119,the south Hebei-West-Shandong earthquake in October of AD 121 and the Hanyang earthquake in May of AD123;their aftershocks all occurred in 1—2 years.On the other hand,the earthquake events before AD 118 distribute principally in the Great North China,and their epicentral distances from the capital Luoyang are all larger than 200km.Except for the two events with magnitude of 51/2—6,all the others are of moderate magnitude of 5—51/2.Though the capital Luoyang underwent many earthquakes,it has not subjected to destructive or medium catastrophes.The effects caused by these earthquakes in this period are not strong and they are basically seismically felt or strong felt events.
The historical literatures of earthquakes in early Eastern Han Dynasty(AD 25—127)are valuable.They reflect the transfer-process of earthquake documentary from scattered and nonsystematic records in early years to continuous records and being understood gradually.The documented earthquake events in this period are rather plentiful.However,the relevant information about these earthquakes has not been studied deeply and the parameters of few earthquakes in this period have been obtained so far.The existing investigations show that the reporting manners in this period are mainly expressed as"Junguo earthquake"and"Capital area earthquake".The documented events occurred mainly in the region of the Great North China after He Emperor of Han Dynasty.In this paper,a new relationship of seismic intensity attenuation is used.By means of the intensity-magnitude table in Earthquake Catalogue of China,the earthquake parameters in this period are evaluated following the conceptions of Junguo-average geographic area and seismic felt area.In the light of earthquake example standard,33 earthquake events in early Eastern Han Dynasty are analyzed particularly.The most important events in the studied period are four strong earthquakes with magnitude ≥61/2,i.e.,the Nanyang earthquakes in October of AD 46 and March of AD 119,the south Hebei-West-Shandong earthquake in October of AD 121 and the Hanyang earthquake in May of AD123;their aftershocks all occurred in 1—2 years.On the other hand,the earthquake events before AD 118 distribute principally in the Great North China,and their epicentral distances from the capital Luoyang are all larger than 200km.Except for the two events with magnitude of 51/2—6,all the others are of moderate magnitude of 5—51/2.Though the capital Luoyang underwent many earthquakes,it has not subjected to destructive or medium catastrophes.The effects caused by these earthquakes in this period are not strong and they are basically seismically felt or strong felt events.
引文
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谢毓寿,蔡美彪(主编).1983.中国地震历史资料汇编(第一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社:14--32.
袁道阳,雷中生,刘小凤,刘百篪,才树华,郑文俊.2004.138年金城—陇西63/4级地震的史料考证与构造背景探讨[J].地震地质,26(1):52--60.
周天游(校注).1987.后汉纪校注[M].袁宏(撰).天津:天津古籍出版社:466--467.
周振鹤.1998.中国历代行政区划的变迁[M].北京:商务印书馆:1--188.
冯锐,武玉霞.2013.张衡地动仪的诞生[J].中国地震,29(2):178--196.
冯锐,俞言祥.2006.张衡地动仪与公元134年陇西地震[J].地震学报,28(6):654--668.
范晔.1935.后汉书(顺帝纪)[M].上海:世界书局:1085--1108.
高建国.2001.汉代地震考(上)[J].城市与减灾,(5):20--23.顾功叙(主编).1983.中国地震目录[M].北京:科学出版社:1--100.
钱国祥.2002.汉魏洛阳故城沿革与形制演变初探[C]∥中国社会科学院考古研究所编.纪念中国社会科学院考古研究所成立50周年大会暨21世纪中国考古学与世界考古学国际学术研讨会论文集.北京:中国社会科学出版社:46--51.
万年历编写组.1994.中华两千年历书(1--2060)[M].北京:气象出版社:1--80.
汪素云,时振梁.1993.有感半径与震级的关系及其应用[G]∥国家地震局震害防御司编.中国地震区划文集.北京:地震出版社:179--184.
汪素云,俞言祥,高阿甲,阎秀杰.2000.中国分区地震动衰减关系的确定[J].中国地震,16(2):99--106.
王振铎.1963a.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,(2):1--8.
王振铎.1963b.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,(4):1--20.
王鹏飞.2005.张衡候风地动仪功能测试和感震原理的探讨[J].自然科学史研究,24(4):291--318.
谢毓寿,蔡美彪(主编).1983.中国地震历史资料汇编(第一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社:14--32.
袁道阳,雷中生,刘小凤,刘百篪,才树华,郑文俊.2004.138年金城—陇西63/4级地震的史料考证与构造背景探讨[J].地震地质,26(1):52--60.
周天游(校注).1987.后汉纪校注[M].袁宏(撰).天津:天津古籍出版社:466--467.
周振鹤.1998.中国历代行政区划的变迁[M].北京:商务印书馆:1--188.
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