基于动摩擦应力下调滑移弱化机制,利用地表破裂同震位移约束2001年昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震破裂传播速度
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摘要
利用2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震现场观测所提供的地表破裂同震位移数据,使用简单滑移弱化破裂模型,估算了发震主断层上的破裂传播速度.该模型中考虑了断层破裂时动摩擦过程中应力上调和下调机制对地震波辐射能量分配的影响.对比Bouchon和Vallée有关昆仑山口西地震主断层破裂传播速度超过剪切波速度,甚至达到P波速度的结果,采用动摩擦应力下调时的滑移弱化模型(分数应力降模型),结果表明,伴随较高的地震波辐射效率,主断层的平均破裂传播速度等于或小于瑞利波速度,这与许力生和陈运泰的体波反演结果,以及陈学忠震源应力场估算的结果是一致的.最后,联系到由地表破裂现象所反映出的断层力学特征,如与视应力相关的分数应力降(动摩擦应力下调),基于滑移弱化模型,讨论了可能的震源破裂机制.
With the co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 MS8.1 Western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimate the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on the simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in the consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallee in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of the fault, our results show that, under the slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), the average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. In consideration of the surface rupture behavior, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed in this paper.
With the co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 MS8.1 Western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimate the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on the simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in the consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallee in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of the fault, our results show that, under the slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), the average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. In consideration of the surface rupture behavior, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed in this paper.
引文
①陈运泰,顾浩鼎.2003.震源理论基础.中国科学院研究生院教材.
①陈运泰,顾浩鼎.2003.震源理论基础.中国科学院研究生院教材.
陈学忠.2005.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大地震前后震源区应力水平估计[J].地震学报,27(6):605--609.
陈运泰.2003.地震能量和地震效率[C]∥中国地震局监测预报司编.地震参数:数字地震学在地震预测中的应用.北京:地震出版社:51--72.
许力生,陈运泰.2004.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程[J].中国科学(D辑),34(3):256--264.
Aki K.1967.Scaling lawof seismic spectrum[J].J Geophys Res,72:1217--1231.
Antolik M,Abercrombie R E,Ekstrom E.2004.The14November2001Kokoxili(Kunlunshan),Tibet,earthquake:Rupture transfer through a large extensional step-over[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,94:1173--1194.
Archuleta RJ.1984.Afaulting model for the1979I mperial Valley earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,89:4559--4585.
Barnett D M,Freund L B.1975.An esti mate of strike-slipfault friction stress andfault depthfromsurface displacementdata[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,65:1259--1266.
Beeler N M,Wong T F,Hickman S H.2003.On the expected relationships among apparent stress,static stress drop,effective shear fracture energy,and efficiency[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:1381--1389.
Bhat HS,Dmowska R,King C P.2007.Off-fault damage patterns due to supershear ruptures with application to the2001MS8.1Kokoxili(Kunlun)Tibet earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,112:B06301.
Boore D M,Dunbar WS.1977.Effect of the free surface on calculated stress drops[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,67:1661--1664.
Bouchon M,Toksoz N,Karabulut H.2000.Seismic i maging of the1999Izmit(Turkey)rupture inferred fromthe near-fault recordings[J].Geophys Res Lett,27:3013--3016.
Bouchon M,Bouin MP,Karabulut H,Toksoz M,Dietrich M,Rosakis AJ.2001.Howfast is rupture during an earth-quake?:Newinsights fromthe1999Turkey earthquakes[J].Geophys Res Lett,28:2723--2726.
Bouchon M,Vall啨e M.2003.Observation of long supershear rupture during the magnitude8.1Kunlunshan earthquake[J].Science,301:824--826.
Broberg K B.1999.Cracks and Fracture[M].New York:Elsevier:328--508.
Brune J.N,Thatcher W.2003.Stength and energetics of active fault zones[G]∥International Handbook of Earthquakeand Engineering Seismology,Part A.San Diego:Academic Press:569--588.
Brune J N.1970.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves fromearthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,75:4997--5009.
Brune J N,1976.The physics of earthquake strong motion[C]∥Lomnitz C,Rosenblueth Eeds.Seismic Risk and Engi-neering Decisions.New York:Elsevier:141--177.
Day S M,Dalguer L A,Lapusta N.2005.Comparison of finite difference and boundaryintegral solutions tothree-di men-sional spontaneous rupture[J].J Geophys Res,110:B12307,doi:10.1029/2005JB003813.
Dunham E M,Archuleta RJ.2004.Evidence for a supershear transient duringthe2002Denali fault earthquake[J].BullSeismSoc Amer,94:256--268.
Ellsworth WL,Celebi M,Evans J R.2004.Processing and modeling of the Pump Station10record fromthe November3,2002,Denali fault,Alaska earthquake[C]∥Proceedings11th Intern Conf Soil Dynam Earthq Eng1.Califor-nia:Berkeley:471--477.
Eshelby J D.1949.Uniformly moving dislocations[J].Proc Phys Soc(London),A62:307--314.
Favreau P,Archuleta R.2003.Direct seismic energy modeling and application to the1979I mperial Valley earthquake[J].Geophys Res Let,30:1198.doi:1029/2002GL015968.
Freund L B.1979.The mechanics of dynamic shear crack propagation[J].J Geophys Res,84:2199--2209.
Freund L B.1998.Dynamic Fracture Mechanics[M].New York:Cambridge University Press:231--242.
Haeussler PJ,Schwartz D P,Dawson T E.2004.Surface rupture of the2002Denali fault,Alaska,earthquake and com-parison with other strike-slip ruptures[J].Earthquake Spectra,20:565--578.
Heaton T H.1990.Evidence for and i mplications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture[J].Phys EarthPlanet Int,64:1--20.
Husseini MI,Randall M.1976.Rupture velocity and radiation efficiency[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,66:1173--1187.
Husseini MI.1977.Energy balance for formation along a fault[J].Geophys J Roy astr Soc,49:699--714.
Kanamori H,Heaton T H.2000.Microscopic and macroscopic physics of earthquakes[M]∥AGU Monograph.Washing-ton D C:American Geophysical Union:120:147--155.
Kanamori H,Brodsky E E.2004.The physics of earthquakes[J].Reports on Progress in Physics,67:1429--1496.
Kanamori H,Rivera L.2006.Energy partition during an earthquake[M]∥AGU Monograph.Washington,D C:Ameri-can Geophysical Union:170:3--14.
Kanamori H.2006.The Radiated Energy ofthe2004Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake[M].Washington,D C:AmericanGeophysical Union:170:59--68.
Klinger Y,Xu X,Tapponnier P.2005.High-resolution satellitei magery mapping of the surface rupture and slip distribu-tion of theMW7.8,14November2001Kokoxili earthquake,Kunlun fault,Northern Tibet,China[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,95:1970--1987.
Kostrov B.1974.Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes,and seismic flow of rock[J].Izv Earth Physics,1:23--40.
Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.1980.Heat flow and energetics of the San Andreas fault zone[J].J Geophys Res,85:6185--6222.
Madariaga R.1977.High frequency radiation fromcrack(stress drop)models of earthquake faulting[J].Geophys J Rastr Soc,51:625--651.
Orowan E.1960.Mechanismof seismic faulting[J].Geological Society of America Memoir,79:323--345.
Ozacar A A,Beck S L.2004.The2002Denali fault and2001Kunlun fault earthquakes:Complex rupture processes oftwo large strike-slip events[J].Bull Seis Soc Amer,94:S278--S292.
Pulido N,Irikura K.2000.Esti mation of dynamic rupture parameters from the radiated seismic energy and apparentstress[J].Geophys Res Lett,27:3945--3948.
Richards P G.1973.The dynamic field of a growing plane elliptical shear crack[J].Int J Sol Struct,9:843--861.
Rivera L,Kanamori H.2005.Representations of the radiated energyin earthquakes[J].Geophys J Int,162:148--155.
Rosakis AJ.2002.Intersonic shear cracks and fault ruptures[J].Adv Phys,51:1189--1257.
Rosakis AJ,Samudrala O,Coker D.1999.Cracks faster than the shear wave speed[J].Science,284:1337--1340.
Savage J C,Wood M D.1971.The relation between apparent stress and stress drop[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,61:1381--1388.
Smith K D,Brune J N,Priestly K F.1991.The seismic spectrum,radiated energy,and the Savage and Woodinequalityfor complex earthquakes[J].Tectonophys,188:303--320.
Weert man J.1965.Relationship between displacements on a free surface and the stress on a fault[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,55:945--953.
Wyss M,Brune J N.1968.Seismic moment stress and source di mension for earthquake in California-Nevada region[J].J Geophys Res,73:4681--4694.
Xu X,Chen W,Ma W,Yu G,Chen G.2002.Surface rupture of the Kunlunshan earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibet-an plateau,China[J].SeismRes Lett,73:884--892.
Zuniga F R.1993.Frictional overshoot and partial stress drop.Which one?[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,83:939--944.
①陈运泰,顾浩鼎.2003.震源理论基础.中国科学院研究生院教材.
陈学忠.2005.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大地震前后震源区应力水平估计[J].地震学报,27(6):605--609.
陈运泰.2003.地震能量和地震效率[C]∥中国地震局监测预报司编.地震参数:数字地震学在地震预测中的应用.北京:地震出版社:51--72.
许力生,陈运泰.2004.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程[J].中国科学(D辑),34(3):256--264.
Aki K.1967.Scaling lawof seismic spectrum[J].J Geophys Res,72:1217--1231.
Antolik M,Abercrombie R E,Ekstrom E.2004.The14November2001Kokoxili(Kunlunshan),Tibet,earthquake:Rupture transfer through a large extensional step-over[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,94:1173--1194.
Archuleta RJ.1984.Afaulting model for the1979I mperial Valley earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,89:4559--4585.
Barnett D M,Freund L B.1975.An esti mate of strike-slipfault friction stress andfault depthfromsurface displacementdata[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,65:1259--1266.
Beeler N M,Wong T F,Hickman S H.2003.On the expected relationships among apparent stress,static stress drop,effective shear fracture energy,and efficiency[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:1381--1389.
Bhat HS,Dmowska R,King C P.2007.Off-fault damage patterns due to supershear ruptures with application to the2001MS8.1Kokoxili(Kunlun)Tibet earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,112:B06301.
Boore D M,Dunbar WS.1977.Effect of the free surface on calculated stress drops[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,67:1661--1664.
Bouchon M,Toksoz N,Karabulut H.2000.Seismic i maging of the1999Izmit(Turkey)rupture inferred fromthe near-fault recordings[J].Geophys Res Lett,27:3013--3016.
Bouchon M,Bouin MP,Karabulut H,Toksoz M,Dietrich M,Rosakis AJ.2001.Howfast is rupture during an earth-quake?:Newinsights fromthe1999Turkey earthquakes[J].Geophys Res Lett,28:2723--2726.
Bouchon M,Vall啨e M.2003.Observation of long supershear rupture during the magnitude8.1Kunlunshan earthquake[J].Science,301:824--826.
Broberg K B.1999.Cracks and Fracture[M].New York:Elsevier:328--508.
Brune J.N,Thatcher W.2003.Stength and energetics of active fault zones[G]∥International Handbook of Earthquakeand Engineering Seismology,Part A.San Diego:Academic Press:569--588.
Brune J N.1970.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves fromearthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,75:4997--5009.
Brune J N,1976.The physics of earthquake strong motion[C]∥Lomnitz C,Rosenblueth Eeds.Seismic Risk and Engi-neering Decisions.New York:Elsevier:141--177.
Day S M,Dalguer L A,Lapusta N.2005.Comparison of finite difference and boundaryintegral solutions tothree-di men-sional spontaneous rupture[J].J Geophys Res,110:B12307,doi:10.1029/2005JB003813.
Dunham E M,Archuleta RJ.2004.Evidence for a supershear transient duringthe2002Denali fault earthquake[J].BullSeismSoc Amer,94:256--268.
Ellsworth WL,Celebi M,Evans J R.2004.Processing and modeling of the Pump Station10record fromthe November3,2002,Denali fault,Alaska earthquake[C]∥Proceedings11th Intern Conf Soil Dynam Earthq Eng1.Califor-nia:Berkeley:471--477.
Eshelby J D.1949.Uniformly moving dislocations[J].Proc Phys Soc(London),A62:307--314.
Favreau P,Archuleta R.2003.Direct seismic energy modeling and application to the1979I mperial Valley earthquake[J].Geophys Res Let,30:1198.doi:1029/2002GL015968.
Freund L B.1979.The mechanics of dynamic shear crack propagation[J].J Geophys Res,84:2199--2209.
Freund L B.1998.Dynamic Fracture Mechanics[M].New York:Cambridge University Press:231--242.
Haeussler PJ,Schwartz D P,Dawson T E.2004.Surface rupture of the2002Denali fault,Alaska,earthquake and com-parison with other strike-slip ruptures[J].Earthquake Spectra,20:565--578.
Heaton T H.1990.Evidence for and i mplications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture[J].Phys EarthPlanet Int,64:1--20.
Husseini MI,Randall M.1976.Rupture velocity and radiation efficiency[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,66:1173--1187.
Husseini MI.1977.Energy balance for formation along a fault[J].Geophys J Roy astr Soc,49:699--714.
Kanamori H,Heaton T H.2000.Microscopic and macroscopic physics of earthquakes[M]∥AGU Monograph.Washing-ton D C:American Geophysical Union:120:147--155.
Kanamori H,Brodsky E E.2004.The physics of earthquakes[J].Reports on Progress in Physics,67:1429--1496.
Kanamori H,Rivera L.2006.Energy partition during an earthquake[M]∥AGU Monograph.Washington,D C:Ameri-can Geophysical Union:170:3--14.
Kanamori H.2006.The Radiated Energy ofthe2004Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake[M].Washington,D C:AmericanGeophysical Union:170:59--68.
Klinger Y,Xu X,Tapponnier P.2005.High-resolution satellitei magery mapping of the surface rupture and slip distribu-tion of theMW7.8,14November2001Kokoxili earthquake,Kunlun fault,Northern Tibet,China[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,95:1970--1987.
Kostrov B.1974.Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes,and seismic flow of rock[J].Izv Earth Physics,1:23--40.
Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.1980.Heat flow and energetics of the San Andreas fault zone[J].J Geophys Res,85:6185--6222.
Madariaga R.1977.High frequency radiation fromcrack(stress drop)models of earthquake faulting[J].Geophys J Rastr Soc,51:625--651.
Orowan E.1960.Mechanismof seismic faulting[J].Geological Society of America Memoir,79:323--345.
Ozacar A A,Beck S L.2004.The2002Denali fault and2001Kunlun fault earthquakes:Complex rupture processes oftwo large strike-slip events[J].Bull Seis Soc Amer,94:S278--S292.
Pulido N,Irikura K.2000.Esti mation of dynamic rupture parameters from the radiated seismic energy and apparentstress[J].Geophys Res Lett,27:3945--3948.
Richards P G.1973.The dynamic field of a growing plane elliptical shear crack[J].Int J Sol Struct,9:843--861.
Rivera L,Kanamori H.2005.Representations of the radiated energyin earthquakes[J].Geophys J Int,162:148--155.
Rosakis AJ.2002.Intersonic shear cracks and fault ruptures[J].Adv Phys,51:1189--1257.
Rosakis AJ,Samudrala O,Coker D.1999.Cracks faster than the shear wave speed[J].Science,284:1337--1340.
Savage J C,Wood M D.1971.The relation between apparent stress and stress drop[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,61:1381--1388.
Smith K D,Brune J N,Priestly K F.1991.The seismic spectrum,radiated energy,and the Savage and Woodinequalityfor complex earthquakes[J].Tectonophys,188:303--320.
Weert man J.1965.Relationship between displacements on a free surface and the stress on a fault[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,55:945--953.
Wyss M,Brune J N.1968.Seismic moment stress and source di mension for earthquake in California-Nevada region[J].J Geophys Res,73:4681--4694.
Xu X,Chen W,Ma W,Yu G,Chen G.2002.Surface rupture of the Kunlunshan earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibet-an plateau,China[J].SeismRes Lett,73:884--892.
Zuniga F R.1993.Frictional overshoot and partial stress drop.Which one?[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,83:939--944.
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