高速远程地震黄土滑坡发生机制试验研究
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摘要
1920年海原大地震触发了多处典型高速远程地震黄土滑坡,本文在对西吉党家岔滑坡进行野外调研的基础上,采集了具有代表性的滑带土作为试验样品,以1940年5月18日美国帝国谷强震记录作为波动输入,利用DPRI环剪试验机,对该滑坡的发生机制进行了一系列环剪试验研究。结果表明,地震发生时,坡体潜在滑面的滑带土在强震作用下发生的"滑动面液化"(Sliding surface liquefaction)现象是导致高速远程滑坡形成的一个重要因素。伴随着"滑动面液化"过程,滑体产生了逐渐增大的剪切位移及孔隙水压力(地震力作用结束瞬间已分别达到2.03m及104kPa),并获得了较大的速度,为高速远程滑坡的发生提供了条件。
The 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake caused a great number of loess landslides,and resulted in more than 100,000 deaths.This paper investigates the Dangjiacha landslide,a typical rapid and long run-out landslide located in Xiji County triggered by Haiyuan earthquake.Representative soils on sliding surface were collected for soil tests.By using the advanced DPRI ring shear apparatus,a series of ring shear tests were carried out to study the initiation mechanism of Dangjiacha landslide under the seismic wave loading of EL-Centro Earthquake.This Earthquake occurred on May 18,1940 in United States.The ring shear test results show that when the earthquake happened,the "sliding surface liquefaction" occurred on potential sliding surface of landslide.It was an important reason for taking place of rapid and long run-out landslide.Meanwhile,a large shear displacement(2.03 m)and a high pore water pressure(104 kPa)could be generated and a high velocity could be got for the sliding mass,which supplied a necessary condition for the generation of rapid and long run-out landslide.
The 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake caused a great number of loess landslides,and resulted in more than 100,000 deaths.This paper investigates the Dangjiacha landslide,a typical rapid and long run-out landslide located in Xiji County triggered by Haiyuan earthquake.Representative soils on sliding surface were collected for soil tests.By using the advanced DPRI ring shear apparatus,a series of ring shear tests were carried out to study the initiation mechanism of Dangjiacha landslide under the seismic wave loading of EL-Centro Earthquake.This Earthquake occurred on May 18,1940 in United States.The ring shear test results show that when the earthquake happened,the "sliding surface liquefaction" occurred on potential sliding surface of landslide.It was an important reason for taking place of rapid and long run-out landslide.Meanwhile,a large shear displacement(2.03 m)and a high pore water pressure(104 kPa)could be generated and a high velocity could be got for the sliding mass,which supplied a necessary condition for the generation of rapid and long run-out landslide.
引文
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[9]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153～164.Yin Yueping.Papid and long run-out features of landslides trig-gered bu the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geolo-gy,2009,17(2):153～164.
[10]崔芳鹏,胡瑞林,张明等.重庆小南海地震崩滑体的基本特征及形成机制研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):167～174.Cui Fangpeng,Hu Ruilin,Zhang Ming,et al..Basic character-istics and formation mechanism of collapse and slided debris mass induced by Xiaonanhai earthquake in Chongqing city.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(2):167～174.
[11]胡卸文,黄润秋,施裕兵等.唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(1):181～189.Hu Xiewen,Huang Runqiu,Shi Yubing,et al..Analysis of blo-king river mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide and dam-break-ing mode of its narrier dam.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(1):181～189.
[12]辛鸿博,王余庆.岩土边坡地震崩滑及其初判准则[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(5):311～314.Xin Hongbo,Wang Yuqing.Earthquake-induced landslide and avalanche and their primary predication[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,199921,(5):311～314.
[13]卢育霞,石玉成,陈永明等.地震诱发黄土滑坡的滑距估测[J].西北地震学报,2006,28(3):248～251.Lu Yuxia,Shi Yucheng,Chen Yongming,et al..Slippage esti-mation of the loess landslide triggered by earthquake.Northwest-ern Seismological Journal,2006,28(3):248～251.
[14]Fawu Wang,Kyojj Sassa,Hiroshi Fukuoka.Geotechnical simu-lation test for the Nikawa landslide induced by January17,1995Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake[J],2000,40(1):35～46.
[15]Fawu Wang.An experimental study on Grain crushing and excess pore pressure generation during shearing of sandy soils-A key factor for rapid landslide motion.Doctoral Thesis of Kyoto Uni-versity,Japan,1999,114.
[16]Yueping Yin,Fawu Wang,Ping Sun.Geo-hazards triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[C].The First Landslide Forum,To-kyo,2008,1～15.
[17]Sassa K.Geotechnical model for the motion of landslides.Special Lecture of5thInternational Symposium on Landslides,Land-slides,1988,10～15July,(1):37～55.
[18]Sassa K,Fukuoka H,Scarascia-Mugnozza G,et al..Earth-quake-induced-landslides:Distribution,motion and mecha-nisms[J].Soil and Foundations,1996,(Special Issue for the great Hanshin Earthquake Disasters):53～64.
[19]Kyoji Sassa,Hiroshi Fukuoka,Gonghui Wang,et al..Undr-ained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatusand its application to landslide dynamics[J].Landslides,2004,(1):7～19.
[20]Keefer D.V.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1984,95(4):406～421.
[21]Papadopoulos G.A.and Plessa A..Magnitude-distance rela-tions for earthquake-induced landslide in Greece[J].Engi-neering Geology,Special Issue,2000,(58):377～386.
[22]Prestininzi A.and Romeo R.Earthquake-induced ground fail-ures in Italy[J].Engineering Geology,Special Issue,2000,(58):387～397.
[2]袁丽侠.宁夏地震诱发黄土滑坡[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,2005.Yuan Lixia.Loess landslides induced by Ningxia earthquake.Yin-chuan:Ningxia People Press,2005.
[3]曲永新,张永双等.三趾马红土与西北黄土高原滑坡[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(3):257～265.Qu Yongxin,Zhang Yongshuang,et al..Hipparion laterite and landslide hazards on loess plateau of northwestern China.Journal of Engineering Geology,1999,7(3):257～265.
[4]陈永明,石玉成.中国西北黄土地区地震滑坡基本特征[J].地震研究,2006,29(3):276～280.Chen Yongming,Shi Yucheng.Basic characteristics of seismic landslides in loess area of northwest China.Journal of Seismologi-cal Research,2006,29(3):276～280.
[5]王兰生等.黄土动力学[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.Wang Lansheng,et al..Loess dynamicas.Beijing:Seismic Press,2003.
[6]宁夏回族自治区地震办公室区划组.宁夏地震烈度区域划分报告[R],1970,34～43.Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Office of seismic zoning Group.Ningxia region report on the intensity of earthquakes,1970,34～43.
[7]胡广韬,等.滑坡动力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.Hu Guangtao,et al..Landslide dynamics.Beijing:Geology Press,1995.
[8]王家鼎,张倬元.地震诱发高速黄土滑坡的机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,1999,6(21):670～674.Wang Jiading,Zhang Zhuoyuan.A study on the mechanism of high speed loess landslide induced by earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1999,6(21):670～674.
[9]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153～164.Yin Yueping.Papid and long run-out features of landslides trig-gered bu the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geolo-gy,2009,17(2):153～164.
[10]崔芳鹏,胡瑞林,张明等.重庆小南海地震崩滑体的基本特征及形成机制研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):167～174.Cui Fangpeng,Hu Ruilin,Zhang Ming,et al..Basic character-istics and formation mechanism of collapse and slided debris mass induced by Xiaonanhai earthquake in Chongqing city.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(2):167～174.
[11]胡卸文,黄润秋,施裕兵等.唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(1):181～189.Hu Xiewen,Huang Runqiu,Shi Yubing,et al..Analysis of blo-king river mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide and dam-break-ing mode of its narrier dam.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(1):181～189.
[12]辛鸿博,王余庆.岩土边坡地震崩滑及其初判准则[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(5):311～314.Xin Hongbo,Wang Yuqing.Earthquake-induced landslide and avalanche and their primary predication[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,199921,(5):311～314.
[13]卢育霞,石玉成,陈永明等.地震诱发黄土滑坡的滑距估测[J].西北地震学报,2006,28(3):248～251.Lu Yuxia,Shi Yucheng,Chen Yongming,et al..Slippage esti-mation of the loess landslide triggered by earthquake.Northwest-ern Seismological Journal,2006,28(3):248～251.
[14]Fawu Wang,Kyojj Sassa,Hiroshi Fukuoka.Geotechnical simu-lation test for the Nikawa landslide induced by January17,1995Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake[J],2000,40(1):35～46.
[15]Fawu Wang.An experimental study on Grain crushing and excess pore pressure generation during shearing of sandy soils-A key factor for rapid landslide motion.Doctoral Thesis of Kyoto Uni-versity,Japan,1999,114.
[16]Yueping Yin,Fawu Wang,Ping Sun.Geo-hazards triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[C].The First Landslide Forum,To-kyo,2008,1～15.
[17]Sassa K.Geotechnical model for the motion of landslides.Special Lecture of5thInternational Symposium on Landslides,Land-slides,1988,10～15July,(1):37～55.
[18]Sassa K,Fukuoka H,Scarascia-Mugnozza G,et al..Earth-quake-induced-landslides:Distribution,motion and mecha-nisms[J].Soil and Foundations,1996,(Special Issue for the great Hanshin Earthquake Disasters):53～64.
[19]Kyoji Sassa,Hiroshi Fukuoka,Gonghui Wang,et al..Undr-ained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatusand its application to landslide dynamics[J].Landslides,2004,(1):7～19.
[20]Keefer D.V.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1984,95(4):406～421.
[21]Papadopoulos G.A.and Plessa A..Magnitude-distance rela-tions for earthquake-induced landslide in Greece[J].Engi-neering Geology,Special Issue,2000,(58):377～386.
[22]Prestininzi A.and Romeo R.Earthquake-induced ground fail-ures in Italy[J].Engineering Geology,Special Issue,2000,(58):387～397.
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