2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流
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摘要
2008年,在"5.12"汶川地震后,随着降雨的发生,地震重灾区的中高山区较普遍地多次发生了泥石流灾害,尤其是对一些地震灾民安置点板房区造成了危害,累计造成人员伤亡(含失踪)达450余人,进一步加重了灾情。按照地震与泥石流暴发的时间顺序分类,区内的泥石流属后发型地震泥石流。其特征主要为:泥石流活动频率增高,暴发点多,规模大小不一,流体性质一般以粘性为主,密度值多在2.0～2.3 t/m3之间;泥石流的活动范围与降雨关系密切,活动范围还受地形因素控制,主要集中在龙门山等中高山区;泥石流危害形式有冲毁、淤埋、堵塞主河等多种形式。因此,在汶川地震重灾区这样的区域选址恢复重建,实质上是在工程地质条件复杂的不稳定区内选择相对稳定的安全岛,可供选择的场地极为有限。故恢复重建居民点时应因地制宜,尤其是岷江等江河峡谷区等地的居民点重建,宜保持当地居民传统的分散、多点居住的特点,而不宜于搞成规模较大的集中成片的居民点。这样既有助于场址的安全,又可以避免大规模泥石流、滑坡、崩塌、山洪等山地灾害发生时造成大量的人员伤亡。地震重灾区2008年的泥石流活动显示,龙门山及邻近的邛崃山等山区因汶川地震的影响,泥石流已进入强烈活动时期。其强烈活动时间,可能持续10～30 a,甚至更长。对此,要有足够的重视。在可能遭遇泥石流的区域开展的各种工程建设,一定要加强防范措施,防止泥石流危害。
On May 12,2008,Wenchuan earthquake happened.In quake-hit area,with rainfall occurred after the earthquake,in middle-high mountain areas were common to many debris flow hazards happened,especially for some of the victims of the earthquake damage caused by the site,causing casualties(including missing) of more than 450,further aggravated disasters by debris flow.According to the earthquake and debris flow activity of time sequence,the area of the classification of earthquake debris flow after earthquake.With increased frequency of debris flow activities,scale,the outbreak point size,with sticky fluid properties of characteristics;debris flow range of activities and rainfall close range,also terrain factors control,mainly concentrated in Longmenshan Mountains where is middle and high mountain areas,etc.;debris flow hazards are destroyed,deposition and buried and damming river a variety of forms.Therefore,the worst-hit areas such regional location area,restoration and reconstruction is essentially in unstable areas relatively stable and safe choice of venue selection is limited.So the restoration and reconstruction measures,especially residential construction of Minjiang River valley,and other similar regions,the settlement of local residents in reconstruction,the dispersion,more traditional characteristic of living,and not to get into a larger scale of the settlement,sliced concentration is not only beneficial to site safety location,and can avoid large-scale debris flow,landslide,collapse,mountain torrent disaster when such large casualties.Earthquake-hit area in 2008,the activity of Longmenshan Mountains and adjacent Qionglaishan Mountains areas,etc,due to earthquake debris flow has entered intense activity.The strong activity time,possibly continues 10-30 years,even longer time.Therefore,we should have enough attention to debris flow.In may encounter in the area of debris flow construction,and must strengthen prevent debris flow hazards prevention measures.
On May 12,2008,Wenchuan earthquake happened.In quake-hit area,with rainfall occurred after the earthquake,in middle-high mountain areas were common to many debris flow hazards happened,especially for some of the victims of the earthquake damage caused by the site,causing casualties(including missing) of more than 450,further aggravated disasters by debris flow.According to the earthquake and debris flow activity of time sequence,the area of the classification of earthquake debris flow after earthquake.With increased frequency of debris flow activities,scale,the outbreak point size,with sticky fluid properties of characteristics;debris flow range of activities and rainfall close range,also terrain factors control,mainly concentrated in Longmenshan Mountains where is middle and high mountain areas,etc.;debris flow hazards are destroyed,deposition and buried and damming river a variety of forms.Therefore,the worst-hit areas such regional location area,restoration and reconstruction is essentially in unstable areas relatively stable and safe choice of venue selection is limited.So the restoration and reconstruction measures,especially residential construction of Minjiang River valley,and other similar regions,the settlement of local residents in reconstruction,the dispersion,more traditional characteristic of living,and not to get into a larger scale of the settlement,sliced concentration is not only beneficial to site safety location,and can avoid large-scale debris flow,landslide,collapse,mountain torrent disaster when such large casualties.Earthquake-hit area in 2008,the activity of Longmenshan Mountains and adjacent Qionglaishan Mountains areas,etc,due to earthquake debris flow has entered intense activity.The strong activity time,possibly continues 10-30 years,even longer time.Therefore,we should have enough attention to debris flow.In may encounter in the area of debris flow construction,and must strengthen prevent debris flow hazards prevention measures.
引文
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[7]Chen Xiaoqing,Li Zhiguang,Cui Peng,et al.Estimation of soil ero-sion caused by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2009,27(1):122~127[陈晓清,李智广,崔鹏,等.5.12汶川地震重灾区水土流失初步估算[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):122~127]
[8]Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS.Research andPrevention of Debris Flow[M].Chengdu:Science and TechnologyPress of Sichuan,1989:60,119[中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所.泥石流研究与防治[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1989:60,119]
[9]Xie Hong,Liu Shijian,Zhong Dunlun.Environment background ofdebris flow development in the lower rearches of the JinshanjiangRiver,Sichuan Province[A].In:Inistitne of Mountain Hazards andEnvironment,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of WaterConservancy.Debris Flow(4)[C].Beijing:Science Press,1995:26~31[谢洪,刘世健,钟敦伦.四川境内金沙江下游泥石流发育背景[A].见:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.泥石流(4)[C].北京:科学出版社,1995:26~31]
[10]Sichuan Province Meteorological Bureau.Sichuan Ground ClimaticData Year after Year Value[Z].Chengdu:Sichuan Province Mete-orological Bureau,1983:193~218[四川省地面气候资料累年值(1951-1980)[Z].成都:四川省气象局行政处,1983:193~218]
[11]Sichuan Meteorological Observatory.The weather report 6th issue:Sichuan basins on September22-26 present the long-enduring rain-storm synoptic process[R].2008-09-28[四川省气象台.天气报告第6期:四川盆地9月22~26日出现持续性暴雨天气过程[R].2008-09-28]
[12]Zhong Dunlun.A trial discussion on effect of earthquake on debrisflow activities[A].In:Collected Papers on Debris Flow(No.1)[C].Chongqing:Science and Technology Titerature PressChongqing Branch,1981:30~35[钟敦伦.试论地震在泥石流活动中的作用[A].见:中国科学院成都地理研究所.泥石流论文集(1)[C].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1981:30~35
[13]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun.Features and risk zonation of debris flowin Futangba Ravine of Wenchuan County of the Minjiang River[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2003,14(4):30~32,53[谢洪,钟敦伦.岷江上游汶川县佛堂坝沟泥石流特征及危险性分区[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(4):30~32,53]
[2]Information Office of the State Council of China.Sichuan Wenchuanearthquck relief work progress(on September 25)[EB/OL].ht-tp://www.512gov.cn/GB/123057/8107719.HTM/[国务院新闻办公室.四川汶川地震抗震救灾进展情况(9月25日)[EB/OL].人民网,http://www.512gov.cn/GB/123057/8107719.HTM]
[3]Zhong Dunlun,Xie Hong,Wei Fangqiang,et al.Map of DebrisFlow Distribution and Danger Degree Division in Sichuan andChongqing and Its Manual[Z].Chengdu:Chengdu CartographicPublishing House,1997[钟敦伦,谢洪,韦方强,等.四川与重庆泥石流分布及危险度区划图(1∶100万)及说明书[Z].成都:成都地图出版社,1997]
[4]Xie Hong,Wei Fangqiang,Zhong Dunlun,et al.A research of Chinamountain towns debris flow and non-engineering disaster reductionmeasures[R].Chengdu:IMHE,CAS,2000[谢洪,韦方强,钟敦伦,等.中国山区城镇泥石流及非工程减灾措施研究报告[R].成都:中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所,2000]
[5]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun,Wei Fangqiang,et al.Debris flow hazardsand their formation causes in mountain urban area of China[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2006,24(1):79~87[谢洪,钟敦伦,韦方强,等.我国山区城镇泥石流灾害及其成因[J].山地学报,2006,24(1):79~87]
[6]Xu Junming,Tan Wanpei.Earthquake triggered debris flows in theSungpan-Pingwu of August 1976 in Sichuan[A].In:Chengdu In-stitute of Geography.Debris Flow(No.3)[C].Chongqing:Chongqing Branch of Science and Technology Literature Press,1986:67~75[涂俊名,谭万沛.1976年松潘平武地震泥石流[A].见:中国科学院成都地理研究所.泥石流(3)[C].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1986:67~75]
[7]Chen Xiaoqing,Li Zhiguang,Cui Peng,et al.Estimation of soil ero-sion caused by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2009,27(1):122~127[陈晓清,李智广,崔鹏,等.5.12汶川地震重灾区水土流失初步估算[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):122~127]
[8]Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS.Research andPrevention of Debris Flow[M].Chengdu:Science and TechnologyPress of Sichuan,1989:60,119[中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所.泥石流研究与防治[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1989:60,119]
[9]Xie Hong,Liu Shijian,Zhong Dunlun.Environment background ofdebris flow development in the lower rearches of the JinshanjiangRiver,Sichuan Province[A].In:Inistitne of Mountain Hazards andEnvironment,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of WaterConservancy.Debris Flow(4)[C].Beijing:Science Press,1995:26~31[谢洪,刘世健,钟敦伦.四川境内金沙江下游泥石流发育背景[A].见:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.泥石流(4)[C].北京:科学出版社,1995:26~31]
[10]Sichuan Province Meteorological Bureau.Sichuan Ground ClimaticData Year after Year Value[Z].Chengdu:Sichuan Province Mete-orological Bureau,1983:193~218[四川省地面气候资料累年值(1951-1980)[Z].成都:四川省气象局行政处,1983:193~218]
[11]Sichuan Meteorological Observatory.The weather report 6th issue:Sichuan basins on September22-26 present the long-enduring rain-storm synoptic process[R].2008-09-28[四川省气象台.天气报告第6期:四川盆地9月22~26日出现持续性暴雨天气过程[R].2008-09-28]
[12]Zhong Dunlun.A trial discussion on effect of earthquake on debrisflow activities[A].In:Collected Papers on Debris Flow(No.1)[C].Chongqing:Science and Technology Titerature PressChongqing Branch,1981:30~35[钟敦伦.试论地震在泥石流活动中的作用[A].见:中国科学院成都地理研究所.泥石流论文集(1)[C].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1981:30~35
[13]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun.Features and risk zonation of debris flowin Futangba Ravine of Wenchuan County of the Minjiang River[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2003,14(4):30~32,53[谢洪,钟敦伦.岷江上游汶川县佛堂坝沟泥石流特征及危险性分区[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(4):30~32,53]
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