网络层析成像研究综述
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摘要
网络层析成像技术作为通信网络、层析成像技术和统计学理论相结合的产物,是一种全新的网络链路级参数推理、拓扑结构识别和OD(Origin-Destination)流估计的技术。在简要介绍网络层析成像的基本概念和数学模型的基础上,本文从网络链路级参数的推理、网络拓扑结构识别和OD流的估计3方面介绍了网络层析成像的研究现状,分析和展望了一些有价值的新发展,并指出了下一步的研究方向。
As a result of combination of tomography technology,statistics theory and communication networking,net- work tomography is a novel technology about acquiring and processing information.In this paper,the cnception and mathematical model of network tomography network are briefly introduced.Next,the up-to-date research work on Link-Level Network Inference,topology identification and Origin-Destination Tomography are introduced and some ef- ficient network tomography techniques are analyzed emphatically.Some valuable applications are explained and forecas- ted.Finally,the research direction in the network tomography in the future is proposed.
As a result of combination of tomography technology,statistics theory and communication networking,net- work tomography is a novel technology about acquiring and processing information.In this paper,the cnception and mathematical model of network tomography network are briefly introduced.Next,the up-to-date research work on Link-Level Network Inference,topology identification and Origin-Destination Tomography are introduced and some ef- ficient network tomography techniques are analyzed emphatically.Some valuable applications are explained and forecas- ted.Finally,the research direction in the network tomography in the future is proposed.
引文
1黄志尧，金宁德．李海青．层析成像技术在多相流检测中的应用．化学反应工程与工艺，1996．12(4)：395～405
2胥颐，刘福田，刘建华，等．中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像．中国科学D辑，2000．30(2)：113～122
3许有生，蒋伟荣，赵富金，等．外伤性脾破裂的CT诊断(附38例分析)．临床放射学杂志，1998，17(3)：153～155
4张宏莉，方滨兴，胡铭曾，等．Internet测量与分析综述．软件学报．14(1)：110～116
5 Claffy K,Monk TE,McRobb D.Internet tomngraphy.Nature,1999,January 7,http://www,nature,com/nature/webmatters/tomog/tomog,html
6 Coates M,Hero A,Nowak R,et al.Internet tomography.IEEE SignalProcess Mag.2002,19(3):47～65
7 Kay SM．统计信号处理基础：估计与检测理论．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
8 Vardi Y.Network tomography:Estimating ource-destination traffic intensitiesfrom link data.J Amer Star Assoc.,1996,91(433):365～377
9 Coates M,Nowak R.Network tomography for internal delay estimation.In:Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.Acoust,Speech,and SignalProc.,2001.3409～3412
10 Cao J,Davis D,Wiel S V,et al.Time-varying network tomography:Router link data.J Amer Statist Assoc.,2000,95:1063～1075
11 Coates M J,Nowak R D.Sequential Monte Carlo Inference of Internal Delays in Nonstationary Data Networks.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2002,50(2):366～376
12 Multicast-based inference of network-internal characteristics(MINC).http://gaia,cs.umass,edu/minc
13 Cáceres R,Duffield N,Horowitz J,et al:Multicast-based inference of network-internal loss characteristics.IEEE Trans Inform Theory,1999,45:2462～2480
14 Coates M,Nowak R.Network loss inference using unicast endto-end measurement.In:ITC Seminar on IP Traffic,Measurement and Modelling,Monterey,CA,2000,28:1～9
15 Coates M,Nowak R.Network tomography for internal delay estimation.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf.Acoust.Speech and Signal Proc.,2001.3409～3412
16 Duffield N G,Presti F L,Paxson V,et al.Inferring link loss using striped unicast probes.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 2001,Anchorage,Alaska,2001,(2):915～923
17 Presti F L,Duffield N G,Horowitz J,et aL Multicast-based inference of network-internal delay distributions.Univ.Amherst,MA:[Tech Rep].Massachusetts,1999.99～55
18 Bastavros A,Harfoush K,Byers J.Robust identification of shared losses using end-to-end unicast probes.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf.Network Protocols,Osaka,Japan,2000.22～33
19 Lai K,Baker M.Measuring link bandwidths using a deterministic model of packet delay.In:Proc.ACM SIGCOMM 2000,Stockholm,Sweden,Aug,2000
20 Ramasamy S,McCanne S.Inference of multicast routing trees and bottleneck bandwidths using end-to-end measurements.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 1999,New York,1999(1):353～360
21 Duffield N G,Horowitz H,Presti F L,et aL Multicast topology inference from end-to-end measurements.In:ITC Seminar on IP Traffic,Measurement and Modelling,Monterey,CA,2000,27:1～10
22 Duffield N G,Horowitz J,Lo Presti F,et al.Multicast topology inference from measured end-to-end loss.IEEE Trans Inform Theory,2002,48:26～45
23 Bestavros A,Byers J,Harfoush H.Inference and labeling of metric-induced network topologies:[Tech Rep].Computer Boston,MA,BUCS-2001-010.Science Department,Boston Univ.June 2001
24 Castro R,Coates M J,Gadhiok M,et al.Maximum likelihood network topology identification from edge-based unicast measurements:[Tech Rep].Houston,TX,Dept.Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rice Univ,TREE0107,Oct.2001
25 Castro R,Coates M,Nowak R.Maximum likelihood identificationof network topology from end-to-end measurement:[Tech Rep].Rice Univ.TREE0109.Houston,TX,Feb.2002
26 Tebaldi C,West M.Bayesian inference on network traffic using link count data(with discussion).J,Amer.Statist.Assoc,1998,93(442):557～576
27 Cao J,Davis D,Wiel S V,et al.Time-varying network tomography:Router link data.J.Amer.Statist.Assoc.,2000,95:1063～1075
28 Vanderbei R J,Iannone J.An EM approach to OD matrix estimation:[Tech Rep].Princeton,NJ.Princeton University.SOR 94-04,1994
29 Feldmann A,Greenberg A,Lurid C,et al.Deriving traffic demands for operational IP networks:Methodology and experience.In:Proc.ACM SIGCOMM 2000,Stockholm,Sweden,Aug.2000.257～270
30 Deming W E,Stephan F F.On a least squares adjustment of a sampled frequency table when the expected marginal totals are known.Ann.Math.Statist.,1940,11,427～444
31 Csiszáar I.Divergence geometry of probability distributions and minimization problems.Ann.Prob.,1975,3(1):146～158
32 Presti F L,Duffield N G,Horowitz J,et al.Multicast-hased inference of network-internal delay distributions:[Tech Rep].Amherst,MA,Univ.Massachusetts,1999.99～55
33 Ratnasamy S,McCanne S.Inference of multicast routing trees and bottleneck handwidths using end-to-end measurements.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 1999,New York,1999,1:353～360
34 Shih M F,Hero A O.Unicast inference of network link delay distributions from edge measurements.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf.Acoust.Speech and Signal Processing.Salt Lake City,UT,May.2001.3421～3424
35 Ziotopolous A G,Hero A O,Wasserman K.Estimation of network link loss rates via chaining in multicast trees.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf Acoust.Speech and Signal Proc.Salt Lake City,UT,May 2001.2517～2520
36 Coates M,Nowak R.Networks for networks:Internet analysis using Bayesian graphical models.In:Proc.2000 IEEE Neural Network for Signal Processing Workshop,vol.2.Sydney,Australia,Dec.2000.755～764
37 Duffield N,Presti F L.Multicast inference of packet delay variance at interior network links.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 2000.vol 3.Tel Aviv,Israel,Mar.2000.1351～1360
38 Tsang Y,Coates M,Nowak R.Passive network tomngraphy using EM algorithms.In:Proc.2001 IEEE Int Conf.Acoust,Speech,sad Signal Processing,vol.3,May 2001.1469～1472
39 Recommendations on queue management end congestion avoidance in the Internet.IETF Internet Request for Comments:RFC 2309,Apr.1998 40 Paxson V.End-to-end Internet packet dynamics.IEEE/ACM Trans Networking,1999,7:277～292
2胥颐，刘福田，刘建华，等．中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像．中国科学D辑，2000．30(2)：113～122
3许有生，蒋伟荣，赵富金，等．外伤性脾破裂的CT诊断(附38例分析)．临床放射学杂志，1998，17(3)：153～155
4张宏莉，方滨兴，胡铭曾，等．Internet测量与分析综述．软件学报．14(1)：110～116
5 Claffy K,Monk TE,McRobb D.Internet tomngraphy.Nature,1999,January 7,http://www,nature,com/nature/webmatters/tomog/tomog,html
6 Coates M,Hero A,Nowak R,et al.Internet tomography.IEEE SignalProcess Mag.2002,19(3):47～65
7 Kay SM．统计信号处理基础：估计与检测理论．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
8 Vardi Y.Network tomography:Estimating ource-destination traffic intensitiesfrom link data.J Amer Star Assoc.,1996,91(433):365～377
9 Coates M,Nowak R.Network tomography for internal delay estimation.In:Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.Acoust,Speech,and SignalProc.,2001.3409～3412
10 Cao J,Davis D,Wiel S V,et al.Time-varying network tomography:Router link data.J Amer Statist Assoc.,2000,95:1063～1075
11 Coates M J,Nowak R D.Sequential Monte Carlo Inference of Internal Delays in Nonstationary Data Networks.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2002,50(2):366～376
12 Multicast-based inference of network-internal characteristics(MINC).http://gaia,cs.umass,edu/minc
13 Cáceres R,Duffield N,Horowitz J,et al:Multicast-based inference of network-internal loss characteristics.IEEE Trans Inform Theory,1999,45:2462～2480
14 Coates M,Nowak R.Network loss inference using unicast endto-end measurement.In:ITC Seminar on IP Traffic,Measurement and Modelling,Monterey,CA,2000,28:1～9
15 Coates M,Nowak R.Network tomography for internal delay estimation.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf.Acoust.Speech and Signal Proc.,2001.3409～3412
16 Duffield N G,Presti F L,Paxson V,et al.Inferring link loss using striped unicast probes.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 2001,Anchorage,Alaska,2001,(2):915～923
17 Presti F L,Duffield N G,Horowitz J,et aL Multicast-based inference of network-internal delay distributions.Univ.Amherst,MA:[Tech Rep].Massachusetts,1999.99～55
18 Bastavros A,Harfoush K,Byers J.Robust identification of shared losses using end-to-end unicast probes.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf.Network Protocols,Osaka,Japan,2000.22～33
19 Lai K,Baker M.Measuring link bandwidths using a deterministic model of packet delay.In:Proc.ACM SIGCOMM 2000,Stockholm,Sweden,Aug,2000
20 Ramasamy S,McCanne S.Inference of multicast routing trees and bottleneck bandwidths using end-to-end measurements.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 1999,New York,1999(1):353～360
21 Duffield N G,Horowitz H,Presti F L,et aL Multicast topology inference from end-to-end measurements.In:ITC Seminar on IP Traffic,Measurement and Modelling,Monterey,CA,2000,27:1～10
22 Duffield N G,Horowitz J,Lo Presti F,et al.Multicast topology inference from measured end-to-end loss.IEEE Trans Inform Theory,2002,48:26～45
23 Bestavros A,Byers J,Harfoush H.Inference and labeling of metric-induced network topologies:[Tech Rep].Computer Boston,MA,BUCS-2001-010.Science Department,Boston Univ.June 2001
24 Castro R,Coates M J,Gadhiok M,et al.Maximum likelihood network topology identification from edge-based unicast measurements:[Tech Rep].Houston,TX,Dept.Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rice Univ,TREE0107,Oct.2001
25 Castro R,Coates M,Nowak R.Maximum likelihood identificationof network topology from end-to-end measurement:[Tech Rep].Rice Univ.TREE0109.Houston,TX,Feb.2002
26 Tebaldi C,West M.Bayesian inference on network traffic using link count data(with discussion).J,Amer.Statist.Assoc,1998,93(442):557～576
27 Cao J,Davis D,Wiel S V,et al.Time-varying network tomography:Router link data.J.Amer.Statist.Assoc.,2000,95:1063～1075
28 Vanderbei R J,Iannone J.An EM approach to OD matrix estimation:[Tech Rep].Princeton,NJ.Princeton University.SOR 94-04,1994
29 Feldmann A,Greenberg A,Lurid C,et al.Deriving traffic demands for operational IP networks:Methodology and experience.In:Proc.ACM SIGCOMM 2000,Stockholm,Sweden,Aug.2000.257～270
30 Deming W E,Stephan F F.On a least squares adjustment of a sampled frequency table when the expected marginal totals are known.Ann.Math.Statist.,1940,11,427～444
31 Csiszáar I.Divergence geometry of probability distributions and minimization problems.Ann.Prob.,1975,3(1):146～158
32 Presti F L,Duffield N G,Horowitz J,et al.Multicast-hased inference of network-internal delay distributions:[Tech Rep].Amherst,MA,Univ.Massachusetts,1999.99～55
33 Ratnasamy S,McCanne S.Inference of multicast routing trees and bottleneck handwidths using end-to-end measurements.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 1999,New York,1999,1:353～360
34 Shih M F,Hero A O.Unicast inference of network link delay distributions from edge measurements.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf.Acoust.Speech and Signal Processing.Salt Lake City,UT,May.2001.3421～3424
35 Ziotopolous A G,Hero A O,Wasserman K.Estimation of network link loss rates via chaining in multicast trees.In:Proc.IEEE Int Conf Acoust.Speech and Signal Proc.Salt Lake City,UT,May 2001.2517～2520
36 Coates M,Nowak R.Networks for networks:Internet analysis using Bayesian graphical models.In:Proc.2000 IEEE Neural Network for Signal Processing Workshop,vol.2.Sydney,Australia,Dec.2000.755～764
37 Duffield N,Presti F L.Multicast inference of packet delay variance at interior network links.In:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 2000.vol 3.Tel Aviv,Israel,Mar.2000.1351～1360
38 Tsang Y,Coates M,Nowak R.Passive network tomngraphy using EM algorithms.In:Proc.2001 IEEE Int Conf.Acoust,Speech,sad Signal Processing,vol.3,May 2001.1469～1472
39 Recommendations on queue management end congestion avoidance in the Internet.IETF Internet Request for Comments:RFC 2309,Apr.1998 40 Paxson V.End-to-end Internet packet dynamics.IEEE/ACM Trans Networking,1999,7:277～292
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