近松散层采煤覆岩采动裂缝水砂突涌临界水力坡度试验
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摘要
以带不同尺寸裂缝的混凝土块模拟采动裂缝岩体,以黏土、粉土、粗砂和砾砂配制不同颗粒组成的7种土样,采用改装的渗透仪,对松散层经过采煤上覆垮落带和裂缝带发生渗透变形破坏的类型和机制进行研究,得出采煤垮落带和裂缝带上覆松散土层发生从上往下渗透变形破坏的临界水力坡度与土层粒度成分、物理力学性质和裂缝尺寸的关系。试验结果表明,黏粒含量较少的粉土、粗砂、砾砂比较容易发生水砂突涌,土的d50小于裂隙宽度的1/10时,容易出现潜蚀甚至涌(突)砂现象;当临界水力坡度大于1时,同一种颗粒组成的土样重度越大,液性指数越小,土的黏聚力越大,则临界水力坡度越大;同一种土样发生通过裂缝的渗透变形破坏时,裂隙宽度越大,临界水力坡度越小,发生破坏的临界水力坡度随裂缝宽度的增大呈指数下降。试验还获得溃砂时水砂涌出量与裂缝的宽度和初始水头高度的关系,在相同初始水头条件下,随着突砂口尺寸的加大,突砂量基本呈线性增加;在相同突砂口张开的情况下,涌砂量随着初始水头增大而增大。发生水砂突涌的涌出物中含砂量随时间延续逐渐减少。由此可见,含水层的初始水头和突砂口张开程度是控制矿井工作面突砂量的关键因素。
Concrete blocks with fissures of different sizes are adopted to simulate mining fractured rock mass,and the clay,silt,coarse sand and gravel are used to compose 7 kinds of soil samples with different particle size distributions.Then,the types and mechanisms of the seepage deformation and failure of the unconsolidated soil layers across the caving zone and water flowing fractured zone within overburden,and the relationship among the critical percolation gradient of unconsolidated soil layers while seepage failure across mining-induced fissures from above to bellow vertically,soil particle size distributions,physico-mechanical properties and the widths of fissures are studied in laboratory tests by reequipped seepage meters.The results show that the silt,coarse sand and gravel with small amount of clay are easier to quicksand,and pipe and quicksand occurs frequently while d50 is less than 1/10 of the width of fissure.When the critical percolation gradient is larger than 1,the critical percolation gradient of soils with same particle size distributions is in direct proportion to the unit weight and cohesion,in inverse to the liquid index.The wider the fissures are,the smaller the critical percolation gradient for the same soil sample is when seepage failure deformation occurs across fissures,and the critical percolation gradient decreases exponentially with the extension of the width of fissures.Moreover,the relationship among the volume of quicksand and the width of fissure,and the initial water level are also studied in tests,and the results indicate that the volume of quicksand increases linearly with the width of sand inrush mouth in the same initial water head,and increases with the initial water head in the same size of sand inrush mouth,but the sand content in the quicksand decreases with time.So it can be deduced that the initial water level and width of fissures are the key factors controlling the amount of the quicksand in mine working face.
Concrete blocks with fissures of different sizes are adopted to simulate mining fractured rock mass,and the clay,silt,coarse sand and gravel are used to compose 7 kinds of soil samples with different particle size distributions.Then,the types and mechanisms of the seepage deformation and failure of the unconsolidated soil layers across the caving zone and water flowing fractured zone within overburden,and the relationship among the critical percolation gradient of unconsolidated soil layers while seepage failure across mining-induced fissures from above to bellow vertically,soil particle size distributions,physico-mechanical properties and the widths of fissures are studied in laboratory tests by reequipped seepage meters.The results show that the silt,coarse sand and gravel with small amount of clay are easier to quicksand,and pipe and quicksand occurs frequently while d50 is less than 1/10 of the width of fissure.When the critical percolation gradient is larger than 1,the critical percolation gradient of soils with same particle size distributions is in direct proportion to the unit weight and cohesion,in inverse to the liquid index.The wider the fissures are,the smaller the critical percolation gradient for the same soil sample is when seepage failure deformation occurs across fissures,and the critical percolation gradient decreases exponentially with the extension of the width of fissures.Moreover,the relationship among the volume of quicksand and the width of fissure,and the initial water level are also studied in tests,and the results indicate that the volume of quicksand increases linearly with the width of sand inrush mouth in the same initial water head,and increases with the initial water head in the same size of sand inrush mouth,but the sand content in the quicksand decreases with time.So it can be deduced that the initial water level and width of fissures are the key factors controlling the amount of the quicksand in mine working face.
引文
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[8]SUI W H,YANG S G.Study on the safety pillars under water-bearing strata of mining thick coal seam using fully mechanized sub-level caving method in Taiping coalmine,Shandong Province,China[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on NDRM.[S.l.]:Rinton Press,2002:487–490.
[9]赵子友,赵连友,冯建文.第四系底含水体下近距煤层开采试验[J].煤矿开采,2006,11(4):39–40.(ZHAO Ziyou,ZHAO Lianyou,FENG Jianwen.Mining test of coal seam near under the bottom aquifer of the 4th system[J].Coal Mining Technology,2006,11(4):39–40.(in Chinese))
[10]董青红,满海英,郭典伟.厚松散层下近风化带保水采煤的GIS研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(2):190–192.(DONG Qinghong,MAN Haiying,GUO Dianwei.Research on water-keeping mining under thick unconsolidated strata adjacent to weathered zone with GIS[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2004,33(2):190–192.(in Chinese))
[11]仇德岭,邹振启,胡遂彦.横河煤矿抢险钻孔的标定[J].山东煤炭科技,2004,(3):65.(QIU Deling,ZOU Zhenqi,HU Suiyan.Definition of emergency rescue borehole in Henghe coal mine[J].Shandong Coal Science and Technology,2004,(3):65.(in Chinese))
[12]隋旺华,费芳草.松散含水层下采煤水砂突涌防治研究现状与展望[C]//第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:300–304.(SUI Wanghua,PHI T P T.The state-of-the-art and prospecting of study on prevention and treatment of water and sand inrush during coal mining under loose aquifers[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd National Engineering Geological Conference.Beijing:Science Press,2006:300–304.(in Chinese))
[13]杨鹏,冯武林.神府东胜矿区浅埋煤层涌水溃沙灾害研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2002,30(增):65–69.(YANG Peng,FENG Wulin.Research on disaster of water inrush and sand inrush in shallow seam of Shenfu Dongsheng mining area[J].Coal Science and Technology,2002,30(Supp.):65–69.(in Chinese))
[14]武强,安永会,刘文岗,等.神府东胜矿区水土环境问题及其调控技术[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(3):54–58.(WU Qiang,AN Yonghui,LIU Wengang,et al.Water-soil environment issues and its controlling technology in Shendong Mining Field[J].Coal Geology and Exploration,2005,33(3):54–58.(in Chinese))
[15]中华人民共和国行业业标准编写组.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程[S].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2000.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.Regulations for setting coal pillar and mining under buildings,water bodies,railways and main roadways[S].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2000.(in Chinese))
[16]张国祥,金永洙.舒兰矿区含水砂岩层下疏干开采[J].东北煤炭技术,1990(,增):138–144.(ZHANG GuoxiangJ,IN Yongzhu.Drainage mining under water-bearing sandstone in Shulan mining area[J].Coal Technology of Northeast China,1990,(Supp.):138–144.(in Chinese))
[17]张玉军,康永华,刘秀娥.松软砂岩含水层下煤矿开采溃砂预测[J].煤炭学报,2006,31(4):429–432.(ZHANG Yujun,KANG Yonghua,LIU Xiue.Prediction on inrush of sand of mining under loosening sandstone aquifer[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2006,31(4):429–432.(in Chinese))
[18]梁燕,谭周地,李广杰.弱胶结砂层突水、涌砂模拟试验研究[J].西安公路交通大学学报,1996,16(1):19–22.(LIANG Yan,TAN Zhoudi,LI Guangjie.Simulation test research on water and soil outbursts of weak binding soil[J].Journal of Xi′an Highway University,1996,16(1):19–22.(in Chinese))
[19]张敏江,张丽萍,姜秀萍,等.弱胶结砂层突涌机制及预测研究[J].金属矿山,2002,(10):48–50.(ZHANG Minjiang,ZHANG Liping,JIANG Xiuping,et al.Study on the inrushing mechanism of weak cemented quicksand layer and its forecasting[J].Metal Mine,2002,(10):48–50.(in Chinese))
[20]汤爱平,董莹,谭周地,等.振动作用下矿井突水涌砂机制的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1999,19(2):132–135.(TANG Aiping,DONG Ying,TAN Zhoudi,et al.Mechanism of sandy-silt seepage deformation in mine under vibration[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1999,19(2):132–135.(in Chinese))
[21]周健,张刚,胡展飞.软土基坑突水判断方法模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(10):2 115–2 120.(ZHOU Jian,ZHANG Gang,HU Zhanfei.Model test research on judgment method of water gushing in pit[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(10):2 115–2 120.(in Chinese))
[22]蔡光桃.采煤冒裂带上覆松散土层渗透变形研究[硕士学位论文][D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2005.(CAI Guangtao.Research on the seepage deformation of overburden soil layers above fractured rock mass due to coal mining[M.S.Thesis][D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2005.(in Chinese))
[23]董青红.近松散层开采水砂突涌机制及判别研究[博士学位论文][D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2006.(DONG Qinghong.Study on the mechanism and judgment of water and sand burst during mining under unconsolidated soil layers[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2006.(in Chinese))
[24]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.GB50021–2001岩土工程勘察规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.GB50021–2001 Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2002.(in Chinese))
[2]于进广,陈风祥,汪永茂,等.中等含水层下留设防砂煤柱的安全开采机制[J].淮南工业学院学报,2001,21(2):15–17.(YU Jinguang,CHEN Fengxiang,WANG Yongmao,et al.Safely mining mechanism of leaving coal-pole against sand under middle aquifer layer[J].Journal of Huainan Institute of Technology,2001,21(2):15–17.(in Chinese))
[3]吴玉华,于进广,杨本水.砂砾石含水层下留设防砂煤柱的开采试验[J].煤炭科学技术,2002,30(3):7–10.(WU Yuhua,YU Jinguang,YANG Benshui.Test of coal mining with sand proof coal pillar under gravel aquifer[J].Coal Science and Technology,2002,30(3):7–10.(in Chinese))
[4]汪玉泉.百善煤矿含水层下留设防砂煤柱开采的地质保障系统[J].煤田地质与勘探,2004,32(6):39–41.(WANG Yuquan.The geology guarantee system of retaining sand-proof pillar under middling water-abundance aquifer in Baishan Coal Mine[J].Coal Geology and Exploration,2004,32(6):39–41.(in Chinese))
[5]许传峰,王思栋,纪宪江,等.柴里煤矿留设12 m煤柱开采上限研究[J].河北建筑科技学院学报,2001,18(2):68–70.(XU Chuanfeng,WANG Sidong,JI Xianjiang,et al.Upper limit of coal pulling in the condition of remaining 12 m-width coal block in Chaili Coal Mine[J].Journal of Hebei Institute of Architectural Science and Technology,2001,18(2):68–70.(in Chinese))
[6]涂敏,桂和荣,李明好,等.厚松散层及超薄覆岩厚煤层防水煤柱开采试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20):3 494–3 497.(TU Min,GUI Herong,LI Minghao,et al.Testing study on mining of waterproof coal pillars in thick loose bed and thick coal seam under ultra thin overlying strata[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(20):3 494–3 497.(in Chinese))
[7]隋旺华,董青红,狄乾生.工程地质模型在防水煤岩柱研究中的应用[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5):417–420.(SUI Wanghua,DONG Qinghong,DI Qiansheng.Application of engineering geological model in research of safety pillars under water bodies[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,1999,28(5):417–420.(in Chinese))
[8]SUI W H,YANG S G.Study on the safety pillars under water-bearing strata of mining thick coal seam using fully mechanized sub-level caving method in Taiping coalmine,Shandong Province,China[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on NDRM.[S.l.]:Rinton Press,2002:487–490.
[9]赵子友,赵连友,冯建文.第四系底含水体下近距煤层开采试验[J].煤矿开采,2006,11(4):39–40.(ZHAO Ziyou,ZHAO Lianyou,FENG Jianwen.Mining test of coal seam near under the bottom aquifer of the 4th system[J].Coal Mining Technology,2006,11(4):39–40.(in Chinese))
[10]董青红,满海英,郭典伟.厚松散层下近风化带保水采煤的GIS研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(2):190–192.(DONG Qinghong,MAN Haiying,GUO Dianwei.Research on water-keeping mining under thick unconsolidated strata adjacent to weathered zone with GIS[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2004,33(2):190–192.(in Chinese))
[11]仇德岭,邹振启,胡遂彦.横河煤矿抢险钻孔的标定[J].山东煤炭科技,2004,(3):65.(QIU Deling,ZOU Zhenqi,HU Suiyan.Definition of emergency rescue borehole in Henghe coal mine[J].Shandong Coal Science and Technology,2004,(3):65.(in Chinese))
[12]隋旺华,费芳草.松散含水层下采煤水砂突涌防治研究现状与展望[C]//第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:300–304.(SUI Wanghua,PHI T P T.The state-of-the-art and prospecting of study on prevention and treatment of water and sand inrush during coal mining under loose aquifers[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd National Engineering Geological Conference.Beijing:Science Press,2006:300–304.(in Chinese))
[13]杨鹏,冯武林.神府东胜矿区浅埋煤层涌水溃沙灾害研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2002,30(增):65–69.(YANG Peng,FENG Wulin.Research on disaster of water inrush and sand inrush in shallow seam of Shenfu Dongsheng mining area[J].Coal Science and Technology,2002,30(Supp.):65–69.(in Chinese))
[14]武强,安永会,刘文岗,等.神府东胜矿区水土环境问题及其调控技术[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(3):54–58.(WU Qiang,AN Yonghui,LIU Wengang,et al.Water-soil environment issues and its controlling technology in Shendong Mining Field[J].Coal Geology and Exploration,2005,33(3):54–58.(in Chinese))
[15]中华人民共和国行业业标准编写组.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程[S].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2000.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.Regulations for setting coal pillar and mining under buildings,water bodies,railways and main roadways[S].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2000.(in Chinese))
[16]张国祥,金永洙.舒兰矿区含水砂岩层下疏干开采[J].东北煤炭技术,1990(,增):138–144.(ZHANG GuoxiangJ,IN Yongzhu.Drainage mining under water-bearing sandstone in Shulan mining area[J].Coal Technology of Northeast China,1990,(Supp.):138–144.(in Chinese))
[17]张玉军,康永华,刘秀娥.松软砂岩含水层下煤矿开采溃砂预测[J].煤炭学报,2006,31(4):429–432.(ZHANG Yujun,KANG Yonghua,LIU Xiue.Prediction on inrush of sand of mining under loosening sandstone aquifer[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2006,31(4):429–432.(in Chinese))
[18]梁燕,谭周地,李广杰.弱胶结砂层突水、涌砂模拟试验研究[J].西安公路交通大学学报,1996,16(1):19–22.(LIANG Yan,TAN Zhoudi,LI Guangjie.Simulation test research on water and soil outbursts of weak binding soil[J].Journal of Xi′an Highway University,1996,16(1):19–22.(in Chinese))
[19]张敏江,张丽萍,姜秀萍,等.弱胶结砂层突涌机制及预测研究[J].金属矿山,2002,(10):48–50.(ZHANG Minjiang,ZHANG Liping,JIANG Xiuping,et al.Study on the inrushing mechanism of weak cemented quicksand layer and its forecasting[J].Metal Mine,2002,(10):48–50.(in Chinese))
[20]汤爱平,董莹,谭周地,等.振动作用下矿井突水涌砂机制的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1999,19(2):132–135.(TANG Aiping,DONG Ying,TAN Zhoudi,et al.Mechanism of sandy-silt seepage deformation in mine under vibration[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1999,19(2):132–135.(in Chinese))
[21]周健,张刚,胡展飞.软土基坑突水判断方法模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(10):2 115–2 120.(ZHOU Jian,ZHANG Gang,HU Zhanfei.Model test research on judgment method of water gushing in pit[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(10):2 115–2 120.(in Chinese))
[22]蔡光桃.采煤冒裂带上覆松散土层渗透变形研究[硕士学位论文][D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2005.(CAI Guangtao.Research on the seepage deformation of overburden soil layers above fractured rock mass due to coal mining[M.S.Thesis][D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2005.(in Chinese))
[23]董青红.近松散层开采水砂突涌机制及判别研究[博士学位论文][D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2006.(DONG Qinghong.Study on the mechanism and judgment of water and sand burst during mining under unconsolidated soil layers[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2006.(in Chinese))
[24]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.GB50021–2001岩土工程勘察规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.GB50021–2001 Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2002.(in Chinese))
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